Hypertonic fluid administration in patients with septic shock: a prospective randomized controlled pilot study

We assessed the short-term effects of hypertonic fluid versus isotonic fluid administration in patients with septic shock. This was a double-blind, prospective randomized controlled trial in a 15-bed intensive care unit. Twenty-four patients with septic shock were randomized to receive 250 mL 7.2% NaCl/6% hydroxyethyl starch (HT group) or 500 mL 6% hydroxyethyl starch (IT group). Hemodynamic measurements included mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), central venous pressure, stroke volume index, stroke volume variation, intrathoracic blood volume index, gastric tonometry, and sublingual microcirculatory flow as assessed by sidestream dark field imaging. Systolic tissue Doppler imaging velocities of the medial mitral annulus were measured using echocardiography to assess left ventricular contractility. Log transformation of the ratio MAP divided by the norepinephrine infusion rate (log MAP/NE) quantified the combined effect on both parameters. Compared with the IT group, hypertonic solution treatment resulted in an improvement in log MAP/NE (P = 0.008), as well as an increase in systolic tissue Doppler imaging velocities (P = 0.03) and stroke volume index (P = 0.017). No differences between the groups were found for preload parameters (central venous pressure, stroke volume variation, intrathoracic blood volume index) or for afterload parameters (systemic vascular resistance index, MAP). Hypertonic solution treatment decreased the need for ongoing fluid resuscitation (P = 0.046). No differences between groups were observed regarding tonometry or the sublingual microvascular variables. In patients with septic shock, hypertonic fluid administration did not promote gastrointestinal mucosal perfusion or sublingual microcirculatory blood flow in comparison to isotonic fluid. Independent of changes in preload or afterload, hypertonic fluid administration improved the cardiac contractility and vascular tone compared with isotonic fluid. The need for ongoing fluid resuscitation was also reduced.     

Hypertonic saline resuscitation: efficacy in a community-based burn unit

Many have discussed hypertonic saline for resuscitation in burned patients only to discourage its use or to emphasize it only as a research tool and not as standard resuscitation. We reviewed the records of 47 adults with burns over 20% or more of the total body surface area (TBSA) in whom hypertonic saline was used as standard resuscitation fluid in a large community burn unit. The solution consisted of sodium, 300 mEq/L, acetate, 200 mEq/L, and chloride, 100 mEq/L, with an osmolality of 600 mOsm/L. The mean TBSA burned was 37% and the mean patient age was 44.8 years. Eighteen patients (mean age 39.7 years, mean TBSA burned 27%) received hypertonic saline alone. They required an average of 75% of the Parkland calculated volume to achieve a urinary output of 1 mL/kg/hr. The mean hematocrit value over the first 48 hours was 44.2% and the mean serum sodium level was 141.6 mEq/L. Twenty-nine patients (mean age 51.8 years, mean TBSA burned 47.8%) received hypertonic saline plus colloid (albumin or fresh frozen plasma). Colloid was used in older patients with more serious burns. This group required 57% of the Parkland calculated volume to achieve a urinary output of 1 mL/kg/hr. The mean hematocrit value was 45.1% and mean sodium level was 143.8 mEq/L. The mean weight gain for both groups was 7.3% of the admission weight. None of the patients had changes in pH or renal function. All patients survived the resuscitation phase of their injury; the overall death rate was 49%. We conclude that hypertonic saline is a safe, effective means of resuscitation even in a community-based unit. It allows less fluid to be delivered for adequate resuscitation. The usual hyponatremia, hemoconcentration, and significant weight gain associated with administration of isotonic solutions was avoided. Colloid may further improve the resuscitation capabilities of hypertonic saline.     

卡巴胆碱对烧伤休克犬口服补液时胃排空和胃黏膜二氧化碳分压的影响

目的 研究卡巴胆碱对烧伤犬休克早期口服补液时胃排空和胃黏膜二氧化碳分压(PgCO2)的影响.方法 将24只成年雄性Beagle犬随机分为4组:35%总体表面积(TBSA)烧伤后口服葡萄糖一电解质液(GES)组及其卡巴胆碱干预组(35%TBSA GES组和35%TBSA GES/CAR组);50%TBSA烧伤后口服GES液组及其卡巴胆碱干预组(50%TBSA GES组和50%TBSA GES/CAR组),每组6只.采用凝固汽油燃烧法分别造成颈背部35%TBSA Ⅲ度烧伤和颈背部+胸腹部50%TBSA Ⅲ度烧伤.各组于烧伤后0.5 h开始按Parkland公式量和速率(4 ml·kg-1·1%TBSA-1,前8 h内补1/e量,后16 h内补另1/2量)口服补液;GES/CAR组于伤后0.5 h口服卡巴胆碱(20 μg/kg溶于GES中).烧伤后2、4、8和24 h测定胃排空率和PgCO2,并观察胃不耐受症状.结果 烧伤后各组犬胃排空率均显著低于伤前(P均＜0.05),伤后2 h 35%TBSA GES组降至51.5%.伤后4 h 50%TBSA GES组降至39.2%,之后逐渐恢复,但伤后24 h仍显著低于伤前(P均＜0.05).35%TBSA GES/CAR组伤后各时间点胃排空率均显著高于同烧伤面积GES组(P均＜0.05),平均提高15.0%,伤后8 h恢复至伤前水平;50%TBSA GES/CAR组于8 h起胃排空率显著高于同烧伤面积GES组,但伤后24 h仍低于伤前水平(P＜0.05).伤后各组犬PgCO2均较伤前显著升高(P均＜0.05),35%TBSA GES/CAR组伤后各时间点显著低于同烧伤面积GES组,50%TBSA GES/CAR组伤后4 h起显著低于同烧伤面积GES组(P均＜0.05).伤后各组犬出现呕吐等胃不耐受症状情况比较:50%TBSA GES组(83.3%,5/6)＞50%TBSA GES/CAR组(50.0%,3/6)＞35% TBSA GES组(16.7%,1/6)＞35%TBSA GES/CAR组(0,0/6).结论 卡巴胆碱能显著改善Beagle犬烧伤休克早期胃对GES的排空,降低PgCO2,提高口服液体复苏的效果.     

Duodenal resistance to the emptying of various solutions from the isolated cat stomach

Experiments were conducted to determine to what extent the duodenum resists the emptying of various solutions from the isolated stomach. Cat stomachs were maintained in Krebs solution in vitro, and filled with 100 ml isotonic saline solution, isotonic glucose, hypertonic saline solution, hypertonic glucose, or dilute acid. Gastric pressure was constantly monitored; gastric output was collected constantly by a cannula in the proximal or distal duodenum. For all solutions, cumulative gastric output at all times was considerably less with the distal than the proximal cannula position. This difference was almost entirely caused by a smaller fractional gastric output during the first minute of gastric emptying, and by reduced amplitude of the gastric stroke volume with the distal cannula position. Some differences were observed in the gastric emptying rate for the various solutions; isotonic saline solution emptied particularly slowly and hydrochloric acid emptied particularly fast. In addition, the various solutions produced different gastric pressure patterns, which could not be entirely explained by differences in residual gastric volume. We concluded that the cat duodenum provides a resistance to gastric emptying over and above that generated by the pylorus, and that the duodenal resistance is caused by limitations in duodenal capacity. It is furthermore concluded that the mechanical activity of the isolated stomach and duodenum is affected by the chemical composition of their luminal contents.     

Hypertonic/hyperoncotic resuscitation after intestinal superior mesenteric artery occlusion: early effects on circulation and intestinal reperfusion

The objective of the study was to determine the early effects of hypertonic/hyperoncotic starch resuscitation after 2 h occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in comparison to animals reperfused without treatment and isotonic resuscitation. SMA was clamped (18 pigs, 19-23 kg) for 2 h followed by a 2-h reperfusion period, which was initiated with isotonic (ISO) (35 mL/kg 0.9% NaCl and 5 mL/kg 10% hydroxyethyl starch within 30 min) or hypertonic/hyperoncotic resuscitation (HHES) (7.5% NaCl/10% hydroxyethyl starch within 5 min). Cardiac output (CO), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), serum lactate, antimesenteric serosal Laser-Doppler values (LD), and intramural pHi (tonometry) were measured. Without resuscitation at the onset of reperfusion MAP (70 +/- 3 mmHg) decreased to 40 +/- 3 mmHg and CO to 31% of baseline values after 30 min. Serum lactate increased to 5.1 +/- 1.6 mmol/L without improvement. The decrease of CO was attenuated only during the initial 30 min of reperfusion in the ISO group, but significantly better counteracted by hypertonic/hyperoncotic resuscitation. Without treatment, LD flow of the ileum (baseline 23-27 LD units) recovered but intramural pH (pHi) remained significantly decreased (7.26 +/- 0.05). With isotonic resuscitation LD values (21.8 +/- 2.1 LD units) and intramural pHi (7.09 +/- 0.14) decreased even more (P < 0.05) whereas the HHES group showed a significant hyperemic reaction and a normalization of the intramural pHi and serum lactate within 30 min. Hypertonic/hyperoncotic resuscitation significantly improves MAP and CO during reperfusion shock and induces an immediate hyperemic reperfusion reaction of the intestinal microcirculation. Adequate isotonic fluid replacement in order to restore the postischemic plasma volume loss may cause a pronounced deterioration of intestinal perfusion.     

Hypertonic versus isotonic crystalloid infusion for cerebral perfusion pressure in a porcine experimental cardiac arrest model

BackgroundThe effect of intravenous (IV) fluid administration type on cerebral perfusion pressure (CePP) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between IV fluid type and CePP in a porcine cardiac arrest model.MethodsWe randomly assigned 12 pigs to the hypertonic crystalloid, isotonic crystalloid and no-fluid groups. After 4 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation (VF), chest compression was conducted for 2 cycles (CC only). Chest compression with IV fluid infusion (CC + IV) was followed for 2 cycles. Advanced life support, including defibrillation and epinephrine, was added for 8 cycles (ALS phase). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), intracranial pressure (ICP) and CePP were measured. A paired t-test was used to measure the mean difference in CePP.ResultsTwelve pigs underwent the experiment. The hypertonic crystalloid group showed higher CePP values than those demonstrated by the isotonic crystalloid group from ALS cycles 2 to 8. The MAP values in the hypertonic group were higher than those in the isotonic group starting at ALS cycle 2. The ICP values in the hypertonic group were lower than those in the isotonic group starting at ALS cycle 4. From ALS cycles 2 to 8, the reduction in the mean difference in the isotonic group was larger than that in the other groups.ConclusionIn a VF cardiac arrest porcine study, the hypertonic crystalloid group showed higher CePP values by maintaining higher MAP values and lower ICP values than those of the isotonic crystalloid group.     

Methylene blue added to a hypertonic-hyperoncotic solution increases short-term survival in experimental cardiac arrest

OBJECTIVE: Methylene blue (MB), a free-radical scavenger inhibiting the production and actions of nitric oxide, may counteract excessive vasodilatation induced by nitric oxide during cardiac arrest. Effects of MB in cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation were investigated. DESIGN: Randomized, prospective, laboratory animal study. SETTING: University animal research laboratory. SUBJECTS: A total of 63 piglets of both sexes. INTERVENTIONS: A pig model of extended cardiac arrest (12 mins of untreated cardiac arrest and 8 mins of cardiopulmonary resuscitation) was employed to assess the addition or no addition of MB to a hypertonic saline-dextran solution. These two groups (MB and hypertonic saline-dextran group [MB group] and hypertonic saline-dextran-only group) of 21 animals were each compared with a group receiving isotonic saline (n = 21). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Although the groups were similar in baseline values, 4-hr survival in the MB group was increased (p = .02) in comparison with the isotonic saline group. Hemodynamic variables were somewhat improved at 15 mins after restoration of spontaneous circulation in the MB group compared with the other two groups. The jugular bulb levels of 8-isoprostane-prostaglandin F2alpha and 15-keto-dihydro-prostaglandin F2alpha (indicators of peroxidation and inflammation) were significantly decreased in the MB group compared with the isotonic saline group. Significant differences were recorded between the three groups in levels of protein S-100beta (indicator of neurologic injury), with lower levels in the MB group compared with the isotonic saline and hypertonic saline-dextran-only groups. Troponin I and myocardial muscle creatine kinase isoenzyme arterial concentrations (indicators of myocardial damage) were also significantly lower in the MB group. CONCLUSIONS: MB co-administered with a hypertonic-hyperoncotic solution increased 4-hr survival vs. saline in an experimental porcine model of cardiac arrest and reduced oxidative, inflammatory, myocardial, and neurologic injury.     

静脉输注高氧液和高渗盐水对创伤性失血性休克兔动脉血气的影响

目的探讨静脉输注高氧液和高渗盐水对创伤性失血性休克兔动脉血气的影响,及两者的交互作用。方法采用Lamson’s法建立创伤性失血性休克兔模型。按照高氧液和高渗盐水两因素的有无,采用2×2析因设计,将40只日本长耳大白兔分为4组（n=10）：生理盐水组（NS组）、生理盐水高氧液组（NSO组）、高渗盐水组（HS组）、高渗高氧液组（HSO组）。于休克前即基础期（T1）、休克末（12）、限制复苏期末（T3）、止血复苏期末（T4）各时间点采取动脉血进行血气分析。结果各组动物基础和休克末动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。PaCO2在限制复苏期末和止血复苏期末,NSO组（33．50±5．93）,（37．22±6．74）mmHg,HS组（31．70±7．39）,（35．10±7．56）mmHg,HSO组（38．70±4．92）,（41．80±5．51）mmHg和NS组（27．40±3．60）,（30．83±2．79）mmHg,4组间比较差异有统计学意义（F值分别为6．894,4．287;P〈0．05）,但高氧、高渗两因素间无交互作用（P〉0．05）;PaO2在限制复苏期末和止血复苏期末各组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论高氧液和高渗盐水复苏均能有效缓解过度通气,但两者之间无交互作用。     

Small-volume resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in dogs: effects on systemic hemodynamics and systemic blood flow.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: This study compared canine systemic hemodynamics and organ blood flow (radioactive microsphere technique) after resuscitation with 0.8% saline (Na+ 137 mEq/L), 7.2% hypertonic saline (Na+ 1233 mEq/L), 20% hydroxyethyl starch in 0.8% saline, or 20% hydroxyethyl starch in 7.2% saline, each in a volume approximating 15% of shed blood volume. Twenty-four endotracheally intubated mongrel dogs (18 to 24 kg) underwent a 30-min period of hemorrhagic shock, from time 0 to 30 min into the shock period, followed by fluid resuscitation. Data were collected at baseline, 15 min into the shock period, immediately after fluid infusion, 5 min after the beginning of resuscitation, and at 60-min intervals for 2 hr, (65 min after the beginning of resuscitation, and 125 min after the beginning of resuscitation). The animals received one of four randomly assigned iv resuscitation fluids: saline (54 mL/kg), hypertonic saline (6.0 mL/kg), hydroxyethel starch (6.0 mL/kg) or hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch (6.0 mL/kg). RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure increased in all groups after resuscitation. Cardiac output increased with resuscitation in all groups, exceeding baseline in the saline and hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch groups (p less than .05 compared with hypertonic saline or hydroxyethyl starch). Sixty-five minutes after the beginning of resuscitation, cardiac output was significantly (p less than .05) greater in either of the two colloid-containing groups than in the hypertonic saline group. After resuscitation, hypertonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch produced minimal improvements in hepatic arterial flow, hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch increased hepatic arterial flow to near baseline levels, and saline markedly increased hepatic arterial flow to levels exceeding baseline (p less than .05, saline vs. hydroxyethyl starch). One hundred twenty-five minutes after the beginning of resuscitation, hepatic arterial flow had decreased in all groups; hepatic arterial flow in the hypertonic saline group had decreased to levels comparable with those during shock. Myocardial, renal, and brain blood flow were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Small-volume resuscitation with the combination of hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch is comparable with much larger volumes of 0.8% saline, and is equal to hypertonic saline or hydroxyethyl starch in the ability to restore and sustain BP and improve organ blood flow after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock.     

Review article: Prehospital fluid management in traumatic brain injury

The early management of patients who have sustained traumatic brain injury is aimed at preventing secondary brain injury through avoidance of cerebral hypoxia and hypoperfusion. Especially in hypotensive patients, it has been postulated that hypertonic crystalloids and colloids might support mean arterial pressure more effectively by expanding intravascular volume without causing problematic cerebral oedema. We conducted a systematic review to investigate if hypertonic saline or colloids result in better outcomes than isotonic crystalloid solutions, as well as to determine the safety of minimal volume resuscitation, or delayed versus immediate fluid resuscitation during prehospital care for patients with traumatic brain injury. We identified nine randomized controlled trials and one cohort study examined the effects of hypertonic solutions (with or without colloid added) for prehospital fluid resuscitation. None has reported better survival and functional outcomes over the use of isotonic crystalloids. The only trial of restrictive resuscitation strategies was underpowered to demonstrate its safety compared with aggressive early fluid resuscitation in head injured patients, and maintenance of cerebral perfusion remains the top priority.     

谷氨酰胺对烧伤大鼠肠上皮细胞线粒体呼吸功能的影响

目的　研究谷氨酰胺对烧伤大鼠肠上皮细胞线粒体呼吸功能的影响。方法　采用 30 %体表面积 度烧伤大鼠模型 ,随机分成伤前对照 (C)组、普通肠道营养 (EN)组及谷氨酰胺强化的肠道营养 (GL N )组。EN和 GL N组除是否给予谷氨酰胺外 ,其它条件均相同。分离肠上皮细胞线粒体 ,观察烧伤后各组线粒体呼吸控制率 (RCR)、磷氧比 (P/O)、肠黏膜血流量 (IMBF)及肠道氧摄取率 (Oext)的变化。结果　烧伤后各组线粒体 态呼吸率 (ST3)明显下降 , 态呼吸率 (ST4 )升高 ,RCR显著降低。两组相比 ,GL N组变化幅度较小 ,同时其 IMBF和 Oext也明显高于 EN组。结论　严重烧伤后肠黏膜血流量下降 ,肠道 Oext降低 ,肠上皮细胞线粒体呼吸功能受损 ,氧化磷酸化失耦联。 GL N能改善肠道血供 ,增加 Oext,减轻肠上皮细胞线粒体呼吸功能受抑程度。     

小剂量高渗液在烧伤休克复苏中的临床观察

目的探讨小剂量高渗液在烧伤休克患者复苏中的临床效果和安全性。方法60例烧伤患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各30例,观察组给予高渗盐溶液,对照组给予平衡盐溶液,其余复苏方式相同;复苏总量采用复苏补液公式计算,根据尿量调整液体总量;比较两组患者的临床治疗效果。结果经过治疗后,观察组患者的血压、尿量、乳酸值和红细胞渗透脆性等方面与对照组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论小剂量高渗液具有明显的抗休克和稳定红细胞膜作用,有一定的临床应用价值。     

Polymerized bovine hemoglobin can improve small-volume resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in hamsters

Systemic and microvascular hemodynamic responses to hemorrhagic shock volume resuscitation with hypertonic saline followed by infusion of polymerized bovine hemoglobin (PBH) at different concentrations were studied in the hamster window chamber model to determine the role of plasma oxygen-carrying capacity and vasoactivity during resuscitation. Moderate hemorrhagic shock was induced by arterial controlled bleeding of 50% of blood volume (BV), and a hypovolemic state was maintained for 1 h. Volume was restituted by infusion of hypertonic saline (7.5% NaCl), 3.5% of BV, followed by 10% of BV of PBH at 2 different concentrations. Resuscitation was followed for 90 min and was carried out using 13 gPBH/dL (PBH13), PBH diluted to 4 gPBH/dL in albumin solution at matching colloidal osmotic pressure (PBH4), and an albumin-only solution at matching colloidal osmotic pressure (PBH0). Systemic parameters, microvascular hemodynamics, and functional capillary density were determined during hemorrhage, hypovolemic shock, and resuscitation. The PBH13 caused higher arterial pressure without reverting vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion. The PBH4 and PBH0 had lower MAP and partially reverted vasoconstriction. Only treatment with PBH4 restored perfusion and functional capillary density when compared with PBH13 and PBH0. Blood gas parameters and acid-base balance recovered proportionally to microvascular perfusion. Tissue PO2 was significantly improved in the PBH4 group, showing that limited restoration of oxygen-carrying capacity is beneficial and compensates for the effects of vasoactivity, a characteristic of molecular hemoglobin solutions proposed as blood substitutes.     

Hemodynamic effects of hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch 6% solution and isotonic hydroxyethyl starch 6% solution after declamping during abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Fluid resuscitation with hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch solutions (HES) is effective in haemorrhagic shock due to the rapid mobilisation of fluids into the intravascular compartment. Declamping of the abdominal aorta with acute redistribution of blood into the vessels of the lower body half causes declamping-induced hypotension. Usually large amount of fluids or vasopressors are necessary to restore hemodynamic stability. Therefore, infusion of a hypertonic colloid solution may be an attractive option to achieve hemodynamic stability. This study was conducted to determine the amount of fluid of either hypertonic HES (HES 6%;7.2% NaCl) or isotonic HES (HES 6%;0.9% NaCl) needed to attain best wedge pressure (PCWP) cardiac index (CI) relation after declamping. Thirty-two high-risk patients undergoing elective abdominal aneurysm resection were enrolled in a prospective, randomised, double blinded study. The individual optimised PCWP/CI relation was determined after induction of anaesthesia. After declamping, both solutions were titrated in small boluses of 100 mL until the previously determined best wedge was reached. The amount of fluid after declamping was significantly reduced in the hypertonic HES- group 162 mL vs. 265 mL in the control group (P < 0.05). Resuscitation time was shortened, and cardiac index was slightly higher in the treatment group. The use of hypertonic HES-solution after aortic declamping led to a significant reduction of fluids necessary to attain optimised PCWP/CI relation. In this clinical trial with moderate blood loss in high-risk patients, hypertonic HES applied in a titrated fashion restored hemodynamic stability faster and without volume overload.     

Resuscitation of intraoperative hypovolemia: a comparison of normal saline and hyperosmotic/hyperoncotic solutions in swine.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: We compared a hypertonic saline-dextran solution (7.5% NaCl/6% dextran-70) with 0.9% NaCl (normal saline) for treatment of intraoperative hypovolemia. Fourteen anesthetized pigs (mean weight 36.3 +/- 2.1 kg) underwent thoracotomy, followed by hemorrhage for 1 hr to reduce mean arterial pressure to 45 mm Hg. A continuous infusion of either solution was then initiated and the flow rate was adjusted to restore and maintain aortic blood flow at baseline levels for 2 hrs. RESULTS: Full resuscitation to initial values of aortic blood flow was achieved with both regimens, but the normal saline group required substantially larger volumes and sodium loads to maintain stable hemodynamic values. Normal saline resuscitation produced increases in right ventricular preload (central venous pressure) and afterload (pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance), resulting in increased right ventricular work. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertonic saline-dextran solution resuscitation of intraoperative hypovolemia is performed effectively with smaller fluid and sodium loads, and is devoid of the deleterious effects associated with fluid accumulation induced by a conventional isotonic solution regimen.     

氟西汀治疗胃排空延缓的非溃疡性消化不良的疗效观察

目的探讨氟西汀 (商品名百忧解 )对非溃疡性消化不良 (NUD)患者的症状及胃排空功能的影响。方法将 44例胃排空延缓的NUD患者随机分为两组 ,一组服用氟西汀 ,另一组服用莫沙必利进行治疗 ,疗程 4周。观察患者治疗前后的胃排空功能变化 ,并对其治疗前后的症状分别进行积分。结果两组患者治疗后症状均有显著改善 ,两组间疗效比较无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。治疗后 ,两组患者胃排空均明显加速 ,以莫沙必利组更为显著。结论氟西汀既能作用于中枢神经系统 ,增强患者对躯体不适的耐受性 ,又能间接加速胃排空而发挥对 NUD的治疗作用     

不同液体对感染性休克早期液体复苏的影响研究

目的 观察用不同复苏液体进行早期液体复苏后对感染性休克患者血压、血乳酸清除率和病死率的影响.方法 将60例感染性休克成人患者随机分为生理盐水复苏组(NS组)、羟乙基淀粉复苏组(HES组)、4%高渗盐水复苏组(4%NaCl组)、高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液组(霍姆液组),每组15例.分别经中心静脉通路输入相应复苏液体进行包括液体复苏在内的抗休克治疗.观察各组患者治疗后血流动力学指标、血乳酸清除率和病死率的变化.结果 4%NaCl组、霍姆液组研究液体量及复苏液体总量均显著少于NS组和HES组(P均＜0.01).复苏1 h,霍姆液组平均动脉压较其他3组明显提升(P均＜0.01);24 h血乳酸清除率也较其他3组为高(P均＜0.01)I而4组间严重感染相关器官功能衰竭评分(SOFA评分)、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统I(APACHE I)评分及28 d病死率差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05),但可观察到霍姆液组28 d病死率有下降趋势.结论 在感染性休克的早期液体复苏中,尽快提升血压有改善血乳酸清除率的作用,使用霍姆液可在迅速提升血压的同时,保持较少的复苏液体总用量.     

不同液体早期复苏在感染性休克患者的临床研究

目的:评价不同液体早期复苏对感染性休克患者EGDT达标、血乳酸清除率、APACHEⅡ评分和28d病死率的影响。方法:选取2005-10-2010-10收住ICU的感染性休克患者作为研究对象,随机分为高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40溶液组(霍姆组)、3%高渗氯化钠组(高钠组)、羟乙基淀粉130/0.4氯化钠溶液组(万汶组)、生理盐水组(NS组)。分别经中心静脉通路输入相应的复苏液体,配合林格液对患者进行包括6h早期液体复苏在内的早期目标指导性治疗(EGDT)。分别记录各组患者在液体复苏前及复苏0、1、3和6h的心率(HR)、MAP、CVP、24h血乳酸值,并计算24h血乳酸清除率。观察EGDT达标情况、升压药物使用情况、复苏前及复苏72h的APACHEⅡ评分变化以及28d病死率。结果:①共收集符合条件标准的病例51例:霍姆组12例、高钠组10例、万汶组14例、NS组15例。各组患者的性别、年龄、MAP、CVP、HR、APACHEⅡ评分、血乳酸值比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);②研究液体用量在各组间比较,霍姆组与高钠组比较,差异无统计学意义;NS组、万汶组各自与其他3组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);复苏液体总量在各组间比较,NS组与其他3组比较,万汶组与霍姆组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);高钠组与霍姆组、高钠组和万汶组比较,差异均无统计学意义;林格液量在各组间比较,差异均无统计学意义;③随复苏时间延长,MAP逐渐升高,HR逐渐减慢,MAP、HR在不同时间点各组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。随复苏时间延长,CVP逐渐升高,在复苏1h、3h和6h时,霍姆组CVP均高于NS组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);且在复苏1h时,霍姆组CVP高于万汶组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),高钠组CVP显著高于NS组(P<0.05);④复苏24h血乳酸值及其清除率在各组间比较,以及复苏后72hAPACHEⅡ评分在各组间比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);⑤各组患者使用升压药例数、使用升压药>3d例数及EGDT达标例数比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。感染性休克患者的整体病死率为45.10%(23/51),28d病死率在各组间比较,差异无统计学意义。结论:在感染性休克的早期液体复苏中,应用霍姆有利于提高CVP,但对需要应用升压药时间、EGDT达标、乳酸清除率、APACHEⅡ评分以及28d病死率并无无显著影响;对某些需限制性液体管理的患者,使用高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液或高渗盐水可以减少补液总量。     

Vasopressin mediates the pressor effect of hypertonic saline solution in endotoxic shock

The administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to experimental animals results in a septic shock-like syndrome characterized by hypotension, and the hemodynamic management includes the restoration of adequate tissue perfusion by administration of resuscitation fluids to achieve an effective circulating volume. In the present study, we sought to investigate the effects of hypertonic saline solution administration on vasopressin secretion and mean arterial pressure in endotoxic shock. The pressor response to isotonic saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride) or hypertonic saline (7.5% sodium chloride, 4 mL/kg i.v.) was evaluated 4 h after LPS (1.5 mg/kg) administration. At this moment, plasma vasopressin did not differ from control; however, the blood pressure was lower in the LPS-treated group. The hypertonic saline administration was followed by an immediate recovery of blood pressure and also by an increase in plasma vasopressin levels compared with isotonic saline solution. The vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist (10 microg/kg, i.v., 5 min before infusion) blocked the pressor response to hypertonic saline solution. These data suggest that the recovery of blood pressure after hypertonic saline solution administration during endotoxic shock is mediated by vasopressin secretion.     

Titrated hypertonic/hyperoncotic solution for hypotensive fluid resuscitation during uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats

BACKGROUND: In volume- or pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock (HS) a bolus intravenous infusion of hypertonic/hyperoncotic solution (HHS) proved beneficial compared to isotonic crystalloid solutions. During uncontrolled HS in animals, however, HHS by bolus increased blood pressure unpredictably, and increased blood loss and mortality. We hypothesized that a titrated i.v. infusion of HHS, compared to titrated lactated Ringer's solution (LR), for hypotensive fluid resuscitation during uncontrolled HS reduces fluid requirement, does not increase blood loss, and improves survival. METHODS: We used our three-phased uncontrolled HS outcome model in rats. HS phase I began with blood withdrawal of 3 ml/100g over 15 min, followed by tail amputation. Then, hydroxyethyl starch 10% in NaCl 7.2% was given i.v. to the HHS group (n=10) and LR to the control group (n=10), both titrated to prevent mean arterial pressure (MAP) from falling below 40 mmHg during HS time 20-90 min. At HS 90 min, resuscitation phase II of 180 min began with hemostasis, return of all the blood initially shed, plus fluids i.v. as needed to maintain normotension (MAP>or=70 mmHg). Liver dysoxia was monitored as increase in liver surface pCO2 during phases I and II. Observation phase III was to 72 h. RESULTS: During HS, preventing a decrease in MAP below 40 mmHg required HHS 4.9+/-0.6 ml/kg (all data mean+/-S.E.M.), compared to LR 62.2+/-16.6 ml/kg (P<0.001), with no group difference in MAP. Uncontrolled blood loss during HS from the tail stump was 13.3+/-1.9 ml/kg with HHS infusion, versus 12.6+/-2.5 ml/kg with LR infusion (P=0.73). Serum sodium concentrations were moderately elevated at the end of HS in the HHS group (149+/-3 mmol/l) versus the LR group (139+/-1 mmol/l) (P=0.001), and remained elevated throughout. Liver pCO2 increased during HS in both groups equally (P<0.001 versus baseline), and tended to return to baseline levels at the end of HS. Blood gas and lactate values throughout did not differ between groups. During HS, 2 of 10 rats in the HHS group versus 0 of 10 in the LR group died (P=0.47). There was no difference between HHS and LR groups in survival rates to 72 h (3 of 10 in the HHS group versus 2 of 10 in the LR group) (P=1.0). Survival times, by life table analysis, were not different (P=0.75). CONCLUSION: In prolonged uncontrolled HS, a titrated i.v. infusion of HHS can maintain controlled hypotension with only one-tenth of the volume of LR required, without increasing blood loss. This titrated HHS strategy may not increase the chance of long-term survival.