从指南到实践:解析《中国普通外科围手术期血栓预防与管理指南》

静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism, VTE)是外科围手术期的常见并发症之一。2016年《中国普通外科围手术期血栓预防与管理指南》发布,其在普通外科人群VTE风险评估、预防措施推荐以及围手术期抗凝药物管理等方面提出了指导和建议,规范和推动了我国普通外科围手术期患者血栓管理。本文通过对指南进行解读并结合自身临床实践,详细分析人种差异、不同手术方式和疾病类型对VTE发生率的影响以及VTE风险模型和抗凝预防措施的选择,旨在进一步加深外科医生对围手术期VTE预防和管理的认识。     

预防骨科大手术患者深静脉血栓的护理

骨科大手术后静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE)发生率较高,是患者围手术期死亡的主要原因之一,也是医院内非预期死亡的重要原因。对骨科大手术患者施以有效的预防方法,不仅可以降低发生静脉血栓栓塞症的风险,减轻患者痛苦,大量的医药经济学研究证实还可降低医疗费用。有资料显示,国外髋、膝关节置换术后DVT的发生     

下腔静脉滤器在骨科多发创伤64例中的应用及护理

目的：探讨运用下腔静脉滤器治疗伴有下肢深静脉血栓形成的骨科创伤患者的护理要点。方法：术前做好心理护理,术后注意观察有无动脉栓塞,加强健康教育以及指导患者进行功能锻炼。结果：本组患者均安全渡过围手术期,未发生相关并发症。结论：做好围手术期护理有利于患者认真配合手术以及术后的抗凝治疗和功能锻炼。     

骨科手术214例深静脉血栓形成预防及护理

目的:探讨围术期护理对预防骨科手术患者深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的效果.方法:对214例骨科手术患者采用功能锻炼配合药物治疗的护理方法,预防DVT.结果:214例患者均无肺血栓栓塞症发生,仅有2例发生下肢DVT,经积极有效治疗后好转.结论:对骨科手术患者采取积极的护理措施,可有效预防术后下肢DVT发生,值得临床推广应用.     

关节置换院前持续抗栓患者围手术期抗凝策略分析

选取我院收治的院前持续抗栓治疗的关节置换手术患者16例,围手术期分别给予相应的抗凝治疗,分析临床疗效。术中出血量为230~510(346±62)ml;术后检查均未发现瓣膜血栓和下肢深静脉血栓形成。针对关节置换术前持续抗栓的患者,要综合考虑其病情特点、用药时限等因素,围手术期给予相应的抗凝治疗,最大限度降低出血风险。     

围术期桥抗凝治疗的研究现状

许多因静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）、机械性心脏瓣膜或房颤而长期给予华法林抗凝治疗的患者在行重大外科手术或有创性操作时需停用华法林。在围术期以治疗性剂量普通肝素或低分子肝素暂时替代维生素K拮抗剂（VKA）治疗的方法称为桥抗凝治疗。桥抗凝治疗的目的是减少患者暂时停用VKA治疗时发生血栓栓塞事件的风险,但也可能增加患者发生严重出血并发症的风险。此文对围术期桥抗凝治疗的研究现状给予综述。     

Caprini评分联合Wells量表对骨科手术住院患者静脉血栓栓塞症的防护效果

目的探讨Caprini评分联合Wells量表指导预见性干预对骨科大手术住院患者静脉血栓栓塞症的防护效果。方法选取2017年1月—2019年12月医院住院部收治的176例进行骨科大手术后患者,按照组间基本特征匹配的原则分为观察组与对照组,各88例。对照组运用Wells量表评估静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)风险,予以对应防护,观察组以Caprini联合Wells量表对患者进行VTE风险评估,基于不同风险等级采用预见性护理干预,比较两组患者D-二聚体(D-D)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)等指标检测结果以及VTE发生率。结果观察组D-D(mg/L)、FIB(g/L)、PT(s)、APTT(s)等各项指标水平均优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组住院期间VTE发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论骨科大手术住院患者围手术期联合运用Wells评分及Caprini评分,实施预见性护理干预对策,可有效改善相关指标检测结果,降低围术期VTE发生风险概率。     

全程血栓防控干预体系在预防骨科围术期静脉血栓栓塞中的应用

目的探讨实施全程血栓防控干预体系预防骨科围术期静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)的临床效果。方法选择2017年1月至2019年7月南通市通州区人民医院骨科手术患者80例为研究对象,随机将其分为对照组39例与研究组41例,对照组采用常规护理,研究组采用全程血栓防控干预体系,比较两组临床护理效果。结果研究组术后VTE发生率、VTE各风险评级低于对照组(P<0.05);研究组术后D-二聚体低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论根据血栓风险评估结果,实施全程血栓防控干预骨科围术期VTE,临床效果显著,值得推广。     

阿司匹林对于初次人工膝关节置换术后失血量的影响

正最近研究表明,关节置换术后预防静脉血栓栓塞、术后VTE、胃肠道并发症,应用阿司匹林比华法林更有效和更安全,接受阿司匹林治疗组患者死亡率比华法林更低[1]。本文分析关节置换术围手术期患者应用阿司匹林抗凝后失血量的影响,现报道如下。     

骨科大手术术后发生静脉血栓栓塞的影响因素分析

目的探讨骨科大手术术后发生静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)的影响因素。方法选取2017年2月至2019年2月在我院进行骨科大手术的患者120例为研究对象,术后4个月内发生VTE患者53例,采用多因素logistic回归分析发生VTE的高危因素。结果多因素logistic回归分析显示,肥胖、高血压病、糖尿病、血栓史、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、手术时间、手术体位是影响骨科大手术术后患者发生VTE的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论骨科大手术术后发生VTE是由多种危险因素共同导致的,医护人员进行术后护理需要掌握患者基本情况,针对性实施预防措施,降低发生VTE的风险。     

Duration of anticoagulant therapy after initial idiopathic venous thromboembolism

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature investigating the duration of oral anticoagulant therapy following a first event of idiopathic venous thromboembolism (VTE). DATA SOURCE: MEDLINE (1967-April 2003) and bibliographic searches of the English-language literature pertaining to the duration of oral anticoagulant therapy following a first event of idiopathic VTE was conducted. Search terms included venous thromboembolism, anticoagulation, duration of treatment, warfarin, and idiopathic. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:The results of all trials and meta-analyses that were obtained are reviewed and critiqued.DATA SYNTHESIS: The risk of recurrent VTE following a first idiopathic event is similar to the risk in patients with a permanent risk factor. Conventional-intensity oral anticoagulant therapy reduces this risk by 80-90%, but at an annual risk of bleeding of approximately 2-3%. According to the PREVENT trial, low-intensity anticoagulation also affords protection against VTE recurrence, but at a lower risk of bleeding. Older trials indicated that longer therapy was superior to shorter therapy; however, data from recent trials have demonstrated that the benefit was maintained only while receiving therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a first episode of idiopathic proximal VTE should be considered for indefinite anticoagulant therapy. The appropriate intensity of anticoagulation is still controversial; however, it appears that low-intensity treatment would be appropriate in most patients. For patients who will not continue therapy indefinitely, there does not appear to be any long-term benefit to extending the duration of therapy from 3 to 6 months.     

New anticoagulants

The limitations of heparin and warfarin have prompted the development of new anticoagulant drugs for prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thromboembolism. Novel parenteral agents include synthetic analogs of the pentasaccharide sequence of heparin that mediates its interaction with antithrombin. Fondaparinux, the first synthetic pentasaccharide, is licensed for prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after major orthopedic surgery and for initial treatment of patients with VTE. Idraparinux, a long-acting pentasaccharide that is administered subcutaneously once-weekly, is being compared with warfarin for treatment of VTE and for prevention of cardioembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation. New oral anticoagulants include direct inhibitors of thrombin, factor Xa and factor IXa. Designed to provide more streamlined anticoagulation than warfarin, these agents can be given without routine coagulation monitoring. Ximelagatran, the first oral direct thrombin inhibitor, is as effective and safe as warfarin for prevention of cardioembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, ximelagatran produces a three-fold elevation in alanine transaminase levels in 7.9% of patients treated for more than a month, the long-term significance of which is uncertain. Whether other direct thrombin inhibitors or inhibitors of factors Xa or IXa also have this problem is under investigation. After a brief review of coagulation pathways, this paper focuses on new anticoagulants in advanced stages of clinical testing.     

Treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. Current strategies and new therapeutic options

Cancer is a major and independent risk factor of venous thromboembolism (VTE). In clinical practice, a high number of VTE events occurs in patients with cancer, and treatment of cancer-associated VTE differs in several aspects from treatment of VTE in the general population. However, treatment in cancer patients remains a major challenge, as the risk of recurrence of VTE as well as the risk of major bleeding during anticoagulation is substantially higher in patients with cancer than in those without cancer. In several clinical trials, different anticoagulants and regimens have been investigated for treatment of acute VTE and secondary prophylaxis in cancer patients to prevent recurrence. Based on the results of these trials, anticoagulant therapy with low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) has become the treatment of choice in cancer patients with acute VTE in the initial period and for extended and long-term anticoagulation for 3-6 months. New oral anticoagulants directly inhibiting thrombin or factor Xa, have been developed in the past decade and studied in large phase III clinical trials. Results from currently completed trials are promising and indicate their potential use for treatment of VTE also in cancer patients. However, the role of the new oral thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors for VTE treatment in cancer patients still has to be clarified in further studies specifically focusing on cancer-associated VTE. This brief review will summarize the current strategies of initial and long-term VTE treatment in patients with cancer and discuss the potential use of the new oral anticoagulants.     

Oral rivaroxaban after symptomatic venous thromboembolism: the continued treatment study (EINSTEIN-Extension study)

Over recent years, research on anticoagulant drugs has been guided by the requirement for convenient administration and a wide therapeutic window to allow fixed dosing without the need for coagulation monitoring. Rivaroxaban is the first of a new class of anticoagulant drugs, the direct, selective inhibitors of Factor Xa. The EINSTEIN-Extension study compared rivaroxaban with placebo in patients who completed their standard treatment course after venous thromboembolism (VTE), in whom there was equipoise with respect to the need for continued anticoagulation. After 6–12 months of treatment, rivaroxaban significantly reduced the risk of recurrent VTE at the cost of a moderate increase in bleeding complications. Overall, these results suggest that rivaroxaban can be a valid alternative to warfarin for patients requiring long-term secondary prevention of VTE. However, additional data are needed for special populations including the elderly, patients with cancer, renally impaired patients and morbidly obese patients, all of whom were scarcely represented in this trial.     

Oral rivaroxaban after symptomatic venous thromboembolism: the continued treatment study (EINSTEIN-extension study)

Over recent years, research on anticoagulant drugs has been guided by the requirement for convenient administration and a wide therapeutic window to allow fixed dosing without the need for coagulation monitoring. Rivaroxaban is the first of a new class of anticoagulant drugs, the direct, selective inhibitors of Factor Xa. The EINSTEIN-extension study compared rivaroxaban with placebo in patients who completed their standard treatment course after venous thromboembolism (VTE), in whom there was equipoise with respect to the need for continued anticoagulation. After 6-12 months of treatment, rivaroxaban significantly reduced the risk of recurrent VTE at the cost of a moderate increase in bleeding complications. Overall, these results suggest that rivaroxaban can be a valid alternative to warfarin for patients requiring long-term secondary prevention of VTE. However, additional data are needed for special populations including the elderly, patients with cancer, renally impaired patients and morbidly obese patients, all of whom were scarcely represented in this trial.     

A conceptual framework for two phases of anticoagulant treatment of venous thromboembolism

Summary. Four observations support that anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism (VTE) has an ‘active treatment’ phase that is limited to about 3 months. First, <3 months of treatment is associated with a higher risk of recurrent VTE than treatment for 3 months or longer, suggesting that <3 months is inadequate therapy. Second, treatment for 3 months is associated with the same risk of recurrent VTE as treatment for 6 months or longer, suggesting that 3 months is adequate therapy. Third, the increase in recurrent VTE with too short a course of treatment is predominantly at the site of the initial thrombosis, suggesting reactivation of initial thrombosis. Fourth, the increase in recurrent VTE with too short a course of treatment occurs immediately after treatment is stopped and is short lived, again suggesting reactivation of initial thrombosis. Once the initial thrombosis has been adequately treated (i.e. the first phase of treatment), further anticoagulation serves as ‘secondary prevention’ of new, unrelated, episodes of thrombosis (i.e. the second phase of treatment). For most patients, therefore, anticoagulant therapy for VTE should be stopped at 3 months when the acute episode has completed treatment, or should be continued indefinitely as ‘secondary prevention’ if the risk of recurrence remains unacceptably high having completed ‘active treatment’.     

Thromboembolic prophylaxis in orthopedic surgery using dabigatran: an oral direct thrombin inhibitor

Dabigatran etexilate is a direct thrombin inhibitor that has been in clinical use for the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis. Dabigatran allows for oral administration, has a rapid onset of action and has a predictable anticoagulant effect. Studies in healthy volunteers and in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery indicate that dabigatran has a predictable pharmacokinetic profile, allowing for a fixed-dose regimen without the need for coagulation monitoring. Dabigatran is approved in the EU and Canada for prophylaxis of thromboembolism in patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasties. The focus of this article is on the clinical data of using dabigatran as venous thromboprophylaxis in orthopedic surgery patients.     

Bemiparin: second-generation,low-molecular-weight heparin for treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism

Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) form a heterogeneous group of compounds that exhibit an extended range of pharmacodynamic profiles and, potentially, different anti-thrombotic properties. Bemiparin has the lowest MW (3600 Da), the longest half-life (5.3 h) and the highest anti-FXa/anti-FIIa activity ratio (8:1) of any second-generation LMWH. The safety and efficacy of bemiparin has been demonstrated in several studies and it is currently licensed for treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE), as well as for the prevention of clotting in the extracorporeal circuit during hemodialysis. In particular, bemiparin is the only LMWH licensed in Europe for starting thromboprophylaxis after either general or orthopedic surgery. Results from multicenter pharmacoeconomic studies in the Spanish Health Care System indicate that bemiparin is more cost effective than enoxaparin for the prevention of VTE in total knee replacement and may be a safe, cost-saving alternative to unfractionated heparin in the short-term treatment of VTE, and a safe cost-neutral alternative to oral anticoagulant therapy in long-term treatment. In the near future, information from ongoing clinical trials could be key to establishing the potential of bemiparin in different clinical settings.     

Old and new anticoagulant drugs: a minireview

Abstract The limits of traditional anticoagulants, such as heparin and warfarin, have prompted the search for new agents for prophylaxis and treatment of arterial and venous thromboembolism, including factor Xa and thrombin inhibitors. These agents can be given orally, and their most significant advantage is that no laboratory monitoring is needed. The anti-Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban and the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate are licensed for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in high-risk orthopedic surgery. They are at least as safe and effective as heparins but much more expensive. Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and other agents currently in the pipeline of clinical development have the potential to replace warfarin in the two most frequent indications for anticoagulation, i.e. secondary prophylaxis of VTE and atrial fibrillation. Prevention and treatment of coronary artery thrombosis in patients with ischemic heart disease is another area of investigation for the role of new anticoagulants. These drugs have the potential to meet some currently unmet needs of traditional anticoagulants, but available clinical data warrant confirmation and expansion. Lack of specific antidotes for anticoagulation reversal and the high cost are important limitations of their use.     

Bemiparin: second-generation, low-molecular-weight heparin for treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism

Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) form a heterogeneous group of compounds that exhibit an extended range of pharmacodynamic profiles and, potentially, different anti-thrombotic properties. Bemiparin has the lowest MW (3600 Da), the longest half-life (5.3 h) and the highest anti-FXa/anti-FIIa activity ratio (8:1) of any second-generation LMWH. The safety and efficacy of bemiparin has been demonstrated in several studies and it is currently licensed for treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE), as well as for the prevention of clotting in the extracorporeal circuit during hemodialysis. In particular, bemiparin is the only LMWH licensed in Europe for starting thromboprophylaxis after either general or orthopedic surgery. Results from multicenter pharmacoeconomic studies in the Spanish Health Care System indicate that bemiparin is more cost effective than enoxaparin for the prevention of VTE in total knee replacement and may be a safe, cost-saving alternative to unfractionated heparin in the short-term treatment of VTE, and a safe cost-neutral alternative to oral anticoagulant therapy in long-term treatment. In the near future, information from ongoing clinical trials could be key to establishing the potential of bemiparin in different clinical settings.