低剂量CT血流灌注成像诊断老年痴呆症

目的探讨低剂量CT血流灌注成像(CTPI)在评估老年痴呆症病情与鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法根据临床诊断标准入组95例老年痴呆症患者(痴呆组),其中52例阿尔茨海默病,43例血管性痴呆;另选30名健康志愿者为对照组。采用多排螺旋CT进行头颅平扫后再进行低剂量CTPI,灌注参数包括脑血容量(CBV)、脑血流量(CBF)、平均通过时间(MTT)和达峰时间(TTP)。选择双侧额叶、颞叶皮质和双侧海马、基底核区域进行测量,运用ROC曲线进行效能评价。结果痴呆组双侧额叶、颞叶皮质、海马和基底核的CBV、CBF值明显高于对照组,其MTT和TTP明显大于对照组(P均<0.05)。根据灌注参数左颞叶MTT、左基底核MTT、左海马MTT诊断老年痴呆的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.959、0.920、0.916,诊断价值较高,左额叶MTT、左基底核CBV曲线下面积为0.867和0.819,诊断价值中等。结论 CTPI诊断老年痴呆症有一定意义,可作为一种有效的临床诊断方法。     

轻度阿尔茨海默病脑血流灌注和脑灰质体积的改变

目的:探究轻度阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)患者的脑血流(Cerebral blood flow,CBF)灌注和脑灰质体积的变化特点。方法:临床招募轻度AD患者和健康对照老年人进行包含3D-T1WI和3D伪连续动脉自旋标记(Three-dimensional pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling,3D-pcASL)序列的磁共振扫描,运用统计参数图(Statistical parametric mapping,SPM)8软件对两组受试者全脑CBF图进行基于体素的全脑灌注差异的分析;采用基于体素的形态学测量方法(Voxel-based morphometry,VBM)比较两组受试者全脑灰质体积的差异;对灌注有差异的脑区的CBF与简易智力状态检查量表(Mini-mental state examination,MMSE)评分进行相关性分析。结果:共纳入轻度AD患者26例(年龄(73.0±6.8)岁,男16例),年龄、性别相匹配的健康对照者53例(年龄(73.7±8.2)岁,男23例)。与对照组相比,轻度AD组患者CBF灌注减低区主要位于双侧顶叶(以楔前叶、角回为主)、枕叶以及左侧颞叶和额叶;CBF灌注增高区主要位于右海马和海马旁回、右扣带回、基底节核团以及双侧额叶(以眶面和内侧面为主)(P<0.01,FDR校正,团块阈值>100像素)。轻度AD患者的脑灰质萎缩主要位于双侧颞叶内侧结构(海马、海马旁回、杏仁核),也累及双侧岛叶和基底节核团(P<0.01,FDR校正,团块阈值>100像素)。轻度AD组患者左颞顶叶脑回、双侧额上回的CBF值与MMSE评分呈现正相关;双侧内侧和旁扣带回、右前扣带回的CBF值与MMSE评分呈现负相关(P<0.05)。结论:轻度AD患者存在以顶叶为主的低灌注和以海马、基底节区、额叶为主的高灌注改变,而其灰质萎缩主要集中在双侧颞叶内侧结构。     

MRI灌注成像对老年痴呆诊断价值的研究

目的:探讨磁共振灌注成像(MRP)在诊断老年痴呆症中的应用价值。材料与方法:根据临床诊断标准入组30例老年痴呆症患者(痴呆组),其中18例患阿尔茨海默病,12例患血管性痴呆;另选20名健康志愿者为对照组。采用磁共振扫描仪对头颅进行灌注成像,灌注参数包括脑血容量(CBV)、脑血流量(CBF)、平均通过时间(MTT)和达峰时间(TTP)。选择双侧额叶、颞叶和双侧海马、基底节区域进行测量,并进行统计学分析。结果:痴呆组双侧额叶、颞叶皮质、海马和基底核的CBV、CBF测得值低于对照组,其MTT和TTP测得值大于对照组(P值均0.05)。结论:MRP诊断老年痴呆症具有一定意义,可作为一种有效的临床诊断方法。     

3D-ASL不同标记延迟时间及脑白质病变评分在血管性认知障碍疾病中的临床价值研究

目的探讨磁共振三维动脉自旋标记(3D arterial spin labeling,3D-ASL)成像中不同标记后延迟时间(post label delay,PLD)及脑白质病变(white matter lesions,WMLs)评分与血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)脑血流量(cerebral blood flow,CBF)的关系。材料与方法收集确诊缺血性脑小血管病患者52例,使用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(montreal cognitive assessment,Mo CA)行认知功能评估并分为认知障碍组(30例)及认知正常组(22例),采用不同PLD (1.5、2.5 s)行3D-ASL脑灌注成像,应用GE AW4.5工作站对双侧额顶颞叶、海马及丘脑等脑区进行镜面对称测量(CBF_(1.5)、CBF_(2.5)),并对患者WMLs评分,比较两组差异及WMLs评分/Mo CA量表评分与各脑区CBF的相关性。结果 (1)VCI组与对照组WMLs评分分别为4.87±1.68及2.77±1.66;Mo CA量表评分分别为18.77±2.98及28.18±0.96,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.000)。(2)VCI患者CBF_(1.5)在双侧额顶颞叶、海马及右侧丘脑等脑区明显减低,而CBF_(2.5)只在双侧额颞叶、海马脑区减低;仅左侧/右侧额叶CBF_(1.5)与CBF_(2.5)差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000、0.019);在全部患者各脑区中,左侧、右侧额叶CBF_(1.5)/CBF_(2.5)与WMLs评分呈显著负相关(r_(1.5)=-0.567、-0.590/r_(2.5)=-0.553、-0.558;P0.05)。(3)Mo CA量表评分与CBF_(1.5)(双侧额颞叶、海马、右侧丘脑)/CBF_(2.5)(双侧额叶、海马、左侧颞叶、右侧丘脑)呈正相关,额叶相关性最高(左、右额叶:r_(1.5)=0.806、0.688/r_(2.5)=0.719、0.620;P=0.000)。结论 PLD_(1.5)对VCI脑低灌注检出更敏感,PLD_(2.5)显示低灌注范围更精确;WMLs与VCI严重程度呈正相关。     

血管性认知障碍脑CT灌注成像脑血流特点

目的通过脑CT灌注成像(CTP)评估脑血流灌注情况,探讨脑血流灌注与血管性认知障碍(VCI)的相关性。方法收集2016年12月至2017年5月于中国医科大学附属第四医院神经内科住院治疗且进行脑CTP检查的缺血性脑卒中患者103例,行简易精神状态检查(MMSE)评价和画钟测试(CDT),按认知功能受损的程度分为认知功能正常组(对照组,n=43)、非痴呆性血管性认知障碍(VCIND)组(n=48)和血管性痴呆(VD)组(n=12)。分析各组CTP不同大脑部位感兴趣区的脑血流灌注特点。结果三组糖尿病发生率有显著性差异(χ~2=7.556,P=0.023),VCIND组和VD组发生率高于对照组。年龄和糖尿病病史是VCI发生的独立危险因素(OR1,P0.05)。三组间相比,额叶、颞叶、顶叶的局部脑血容量(CBV)有显著性差异(F3.216,P0.05);VD组额叶、颞叶、顶叶的CBV低于对照组(P0.05),且VD组额叶、颞叶CBV低于VCIND组(P0.05)。三组左侧的颞叶、顶叶和半卵圆中心的平均通过时间(MTT)和达峰时间(TTP)以及左侧枕叶的TTP有显著性差异(F3.116,P0.05);VD组高于对照组和VCIND组(P0.05)。三组在局部脑血流量(CBF)及右侧脑叶的MTT和TTP方面无显著性差异(P0.05)。额叶、顶叶及右侧颞叶的CBV与MMSE评分呈正相关(r0.203,P0.05)。顶叶和左侧额叶的CBV与CDT评分呈正相关(r0.214,P0.05)。结论不同程度VCI均存在脑血流灌注降低,以额叶、颞叶、顶叶降低明显,且血流灌注随着认知障碍程度的进展而进一步降低,左侧半球受损早于右侧。脑CTP可为VCI的早期识别提供影像学依据。     

鼻咽癌放疗后双侧颞叶白质及海马结构早期损伤的扩散峰度成像研究

目的基于扩散峰度成像(diffusion kurtosis imaging,DKI)技术探讨鼻咽癌(nasopharyngealcarcinoma,NPC)患者放疗后双侧颞叶白质及海马微观结构的早期改变。材料与方法对29例NPC患者在治疗前及放疗后3个月、20例正常对照被试(normal controls,NC)行DKI序列扫描。获取两组被试DKI的相关参数图,测量两组被试双侧颞叶白质及海马DKI相关参数,分析两组DKI参数值的差异,分析NPC组放疗前后各参数值的变化情况、及其差异参数值的变化与蒙特利尔认知评估量表评分、与放疗剂量间的相关关系。结果 NPC组治疗前与NC组之间各DKI参数值无显著统计学差异(P>0.05);与NPC治疗前比较,NPC组放疗后3个月双侧颞叶白质的各向异性分数(fractional anisotropy,FA)(右:P=0.009;左:P=0.001)、平均峰度(mean kurtosis,MK)(右:P=0.027;左:P=0.034)、径向峰度(radialkurtosis,Kr)(右:P=0.007;左:P=0.007)值显著减低,右侧海马的MK(P=0.033)、Kr(P=0.031)值显著升高。NPC组左侧颞叶放疗前后MK (r=0.407,P=0.044)、Kr值(r=0.530,P=0.006)的改变分别与左侧颞叶最大剂量呈显著正相关。结论 DKI能够反映鼻咽癌放疗后双侧颞叶白质及海马早期隐匿性的微观结构变化,为早期放射性颞叶损伤发现提供客观影像学证据。     

~(13)N-Ammonia PET/CT脑血流灌注显像结合醋甲唑胺负荷试验对单侧大脑中动脉或颈内动脉狭窄患者脑血管储备的评定

目的探讨~(13)N-ammonia PET/CT脑血流灌注显像结合醋甲唑胺负荷试验在缺血性脑血管病脑血管储备评定中的应用价值。方法 2014年1月~2015年12月,10名正常人和53例单侧大脑中动脉或颈内动脉狭窄患者在基态和醋甲唑胺负荷后分别行~(13)N-ammonia PET/CT脑血流灌注显像成像。在双侧额叶、顶叶、颞叶、枕叶、基底节和丘脑勾画相应的感兴趣区,计算两侧的平均放射性计数和血流变化率。结果正常人基态和负荷后,双侧额叶、顶叶、颞叶、枕叶、基底节和丘脑放射性分布均大致对称。基底节、丘脑放射性分布高于皮质,白质放射性分布最低。负荷后双侧放射性计数均较基态时增高,双侧增高幅度基本一致(t=1.552,P=0.132)。基态显像时,39例患者呈现126个血流灌注减低区。负荷后,49例患者呈现183个血流灌注减低区。基态时已有血流灌注减低区的39例患者中,16例负荷后出现新的血流灌注减低区,13例29个病灶血流灌注较基态时改善。血流灌注减低区的负荷血流变化率与基态血流变化率有显著性差异(t=2.466,P0.05)。结论~(13)N-ammonia PET/CT脑血流灌注显像结合醋甲唑胺负荷试验能够很好评估单侧大脑中动脉或颈内动脉狭窄患者脑血管储备的变化,对缺血性脑血管病的病情评估和早期干预有重要临床意义。     

鼻咽癌放疗后靶区正常脑组织磁共振脑血流灌注表现

目的:用磁共振血流灌注(magnetic resonance perfusion weighted imaging,MR PWI)定量分析鼻咽癌放疗后常规MRI表现正常者双侧颞叶脑白质区域的脑血流灌注特点,探讨MR PWI在早期放射性脑损伤中的应用价值。材料与方法:对22例鼻咽癌放疗后MRI正常者44个颞叶及正常对照组21例共42个颞叶作了脑MRI及MR PWI进行回顾性分析,成像序列包括T1WI,T2WI,MR PWI,Gd-DTPA T1WI增强。在双侧颞叶测量相对脑血流容积(relative cerebral blood volume,rCBV)相对脑血流量(relative cerebral blood flow,rCBF)等参数。结果:鼻咽癌组常规脑MRI未见异常,而rCBV、rCBF降低,平均通过时间延长(mean transit time,MTT),其中MTT及rCBF两组间差异有显著性意义,而rCBV、到达时间(TO)、峰值时间(Time to peak,TTP)两组间差异无显著性意义。结论:MR PWI能反映鼻咽癌放疗后常规脑MR所不能显示的脑微循环障碍,对放射性脑损伤的早期诊断提供了一种新的影像学诊断手段。     

单相抑郁症患者各脑叶CT值的改变与分析

目的探讨分析单相抑郁症患者各脑叶CT值的改变情况及与病程的关系。方法选取我院收治的不同病程单相抑郁症患者5 0例为观察组,同时选取同期行健康体检者5 0例为对照组。两组均行颅脑CT扫描,对各脑叶CT值进行比较。结果观察组患者左额叶CT值、左、右颞叶CT值均明显低于对照组(P0.05);两组右额叶CT值比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);且观察组患者各脑叶CT值比较,右颞叶明显高于其他脑叶(P 0.05);线性回归分析显示单相抑郁症患者左额叶、左颞叶CT值与年龄呈负相关(P 0.05),左额叶CT值与病程呈负相关(P0.05)。结论单相抑郁症患者左额叶、左颞叶可见明显萎缩现象,且左额叶萎缩程度多与病程有密切关联,提示该病可能为中枢神经系统退行性疾病。     

应用磁共振3D-ASL技术检测脑血流灌注评估早期轻度认知功能障碍患者的预后

目的探讨应用磁共振三维动脉自旋标记(3D-ASL)技术检测脑血流灌注评估早期轻度认知功能障碍患者预后的价值。方法选取2014年5月至2016年5月收治的早期轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者30例,将这些患者作为MCI组,另选取同期进行体检的30例健康人员作为对照组,对两组人员的各脑区脑血流量(CBF)数值、MMSE评分和MoCA评分进行统计分析。结果 MCI组患者右额叶、左额叶、右颞叶、左颞叶、右颞顶交界、左颞顶交界、右顶叶、左顶叶、右海马、左海马的CBF数值均显著低于对照组(P0.05),语言、延迟记忆、执行能力、注意力与计算力、命名、抽象思维、定向力评分及总分均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论磁共振3D-ASL技术检测脑血流灌注能够将有效的影像学依据提供给临床以评估早期轻度认知功能障碍患者的预后。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.