不同气腹压力对全麻下腹腔镜胆囊切除术病人眼压的影响

目的观察不同气腹压力对全麻下腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）受者眼内压（IOP）的影响。方法 60例美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,因胆石症或胆囊息肉进行手术的病人,随机分为高气腹压力组和低气腹压力组,每组30例,两组病人全麻下行LC。L组术中气腹压力控制在（8±1）cmH2O,H组术中气腹压力控制在（13±1）cmH2O,记录两组病人麻醉前、麻醉后气腹前、气腹建立后、气腹后头高位、气腹术毕恢复平卧位、术毕腹腔放气后5 min及术毕2 h的血压（BP）、呼吸（HR）、呼气末CO2分压（PETCO2）及IOP。结果与气腹前比,气腹后两组病人的PETCO2及IOP均增高,IOP在腹腔镜胆囊切除术气腹期间高气腹压力高于低气腹压力（P〈0.05）。结论全麻下LC术时采用高气腹压力有可能增高眼压的风险。     

妇科腹腔镜手术动脉与呼末CO2差值的变化及两者相关性研究

目的 研究丙泊酚或异氟醚麻醉下头低位CO2气腹期间PaCO2、PETCO2变化及二者相关关系.方法 24例ASA Ⅰ、Ⅱ级妇科腹腔镜手术患者,以丙泊酚或异氟醚、维库溴铵及芬太尼行全麻诱导及维持,机械通气VT=7 mL/kg,f=14次/min;建立气腹后立即取头低位,分别于气腹前、气腹后10、20和60 min时采集桡动脉血行血气分析,同步记录PETCO2并计算二者的差值pa-ETCO2.结果 与气腹前比较,气腹后PaCO2及PETCO2均显著增加（均P＜0.01）,气腹后10、60 min时Pa-ETCO2显著增加（P＜0.05及P＜0.01）.气腹后20min时PaCO2与PETCO2相关关系不显著.结论 妇科腹腔镜手术期间PaCO2及PETCO2均显著增加,应适当增加通气量,PETCO2不能准确反映PaCO2.     

PETCO2动态监测在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

【目的】探讨呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）监测在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中的应用价值。【方法】40例全麻下行LC患者,随机分为两组（n=20）：全凭静脉组与静吸复合组。分别观察气腹前、气腹后5min、15min、30min、60min、放气后5min患者平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、气道峰压值（Ppeak）和PETCO2的变化,同时比较两种麻醉方式对PETCO2的影响。【结果】各时段与气腹前相比,气腹后15min两组患者MAP与HR均明显升高（P〈0．05）,Ppeak亦于气腹后15min明显升高（P〈0．05）;气腹后5minPETCO2明显高于气腹前（P〈0．05）,气腹后30min静吸复合组PETCO2较全凭静脉组升高更显著。【结论】LC中随气腹时间的延长可引起PETCO2显著升高,全麻方式的选择也可影响腹腔镜手术中PETCO2的改变,因此,PETCO2监测是LC中不可缺少的监测指标之一。     

全麻下后腹腔镜手术对循环和呼吸功能的影响

目的了解后腹腔镜手术对循环和呼吸功能的影响.方法选择择期经后腹腔镜泌尿外科手术病人16例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级.全麻后经Swan-Ganz导管和桡动脉监测CO2气腹前后中心静脉压(CVP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、肺毛细血管楔压(PCWP)、平均肺动脉压(MPAP)、心脏指数(CI)、混合静脉血氧饱和度(SvO2),同时监测气道峰压(Ppeak)、潮气末CO2分压(PetCO2)和动脉血气分析,并计算二氧化碳排出量(VCO2)、肺泡动脉血氧含量差(A-aDO2)、动脉血-潮气末CO2梯度(Pa-etCO2).结果CVP、MPAP及PCWP在气腹后各时间点均较气腹前显著增高,其几何均数的统计学检验结果均为P＜0.05.气腹后CI的变化不一,无统计学意义.气腹后各时间点Ppeak均较气腹前显著增高(P＜0.05).PaCO2、PetCO2于气腹后10min开始增高(P＜0.05),并随手术时间的延长而继续缓慢增高,pH随PaCO2的增高而有所下降.VCO2于气腹后20 min开始较气腹前显著升高(P＜0.05)并随着手术时间的延长而继续增高,最高增幅达(69±6)mL/min,较气腹前增高53%.气腹后20min后各时间点Pa-etCO2均较气腹前显著增高(P＜0.05),Pa-etCO2的变化与手术时间、Ppeak、MPAP、PCWP均呈显著正相关(P＜0.05).结论全麻下后腹腔镜手术对循环和呼吸功能的影响主要为:CVP、MPAP、PCWP增高,VCO2、Pa-etCO2增加.     

全麻腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用小潮气量联合低水平呼气末正压通气对患者呼吸功能的影响

目的观察全身麻醉腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用小潮气量（VT）联合低水平呼气末正压通气（PEEP）对患者呼吸功能的影响。方法将40例ASA I或Ⅱ级腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者随机分为A、B两组。A组机械通气模式为间歇正压通气（IPPV）加5 cm H2O PEEP,VT=6 ml/kg,呼吸频率（f）=16次/min;B组机械通气模式为IPPV,VT=9 ml/kg,f=12次/min。观察术前（T1）、麻醉插管后30 min（T2）、拔管后15 min（T3）的动脉氧分压（PaO2）、动脉二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）、肺泡-动脉氧分压差（A-aDO2）、平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）及术中的气道峰压（Ppeak）。结果 T3时A组PaO2明显高于B组（P〈0.05）,A组A-aDO2明显低于B组（P〈0.05）,其他各时点AB两组PaO2、PaCO2、PETCO2、A-aDO2、MAP、CVP、Ppeak组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用小VT联合低水平PEEP通气能有效改善患者术后低氧血症,减少肺部并发症,有利于患者呼吸功能的恢复,对血流动力学无明显影响,是腹腔镜上腹部手术全麻安全有效的通气方法。     

上、下腹部腹腔镜全麻手术中血流动力学及呼吸变化

目的:比较全麻下腹腔镜胆囊切除术与腹腔镜盆腔附件手术术中体位及气腹变化对血流动力学及呼吸的影响.方法:选择行择期腹腔镜下胆囊切除(LC组)与盆腔附件手术(GL组)患者各20例,静脉注射异丙酚、维库溴铵、芬太尼维持麻醉,持续监测血压(MAP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度、呼吸末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)、心电图、气道压(Paw)等.于麻醉前(T0)、气腹前(T1)、气腹后仰卧位5 min(T2)、体位改变后即刻(T3)、体位改变5 min(T4)及气腹结束后仰卧位(T5)记录血流动力学指标及呼吸道压力指标,同时行血气分析.结果:两组MAP气腹后升高;组间无明显差异(P＞0.05).体位改变后,两组HR均有减慢趋势,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05).Paw与PETCO2气腹后较气腹前均升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);T4时点PETCO2组间比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).pH值T4时点较麻醉前差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),组间比较无明显差异.PaCO2气腹后较气腹前升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),T4时点组间比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论:腹腔镜手术中体位变化对血流动力学有一定程度影响;气腹及体位变化对Paw与PETCO2影响明显.对于上、下腹部腹腔镜手术中麻醉管理应特别注意监测呼吸功能变化,防止出现高碳酸血症或呼吸性酸中毒.     

两种不同麻醉方式下后腹膜腔镜手术 CO2气腹对机体的影响

目的讨论后腹膜腔镜下手术CO2气腹对血流动力学、气体交换及动脉血气的影响.方法20例后腹膜腔镜下手术的择期病人,分为两组硬膜外组和全麻插管组,于麻醉前、CO2充气前、充气后5、10、30、60、180和240min分别观测并记录血压(BP),心率(HR),血氧饱和度(SpO2),呼吸末二氧化碳分压(PETO2)等参数,并行动脉血气分析,观察其变化.结果麻醉后,全麻插管组比硬膜外组的BP、HR变化大,有统计学意义(P＜0.05),充气后60 min两组组内比较与充气前的PETCO2、PaCO2显著增高(p＜0.05),pH显著下降(P＜0.05),但两组组间比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论两组均于充气后60min机体内PETCO、PaCO2和pH的变化最大,60min后处于相对稳定,气腹前、后硬膜外麻醉组BP、HR变化较全麻插管组明显,但对血气以及气体交换的影响两种麻醉方式无明显差异.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术二氧化碳气腹对动脉血气和呼气末二氧化碳分压的影响

目的 :观察腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)手术期间CO2 气腹对患者动脉血气和呼气末二氧化碳分压 (PETCO2 )的影响。方法 :选择行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者 4 8例 ,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级 ,于气腹前 10min和气腹后 15min、30min以及放气后 30min分别采取桡动脉血 ,测定血气 ,同时记录PETCO2 。结果 :与气腹前 10min比较 ,气腹后 15min和 30minPaCO2 及PETCO2 均显著增加 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,pH值、PaO2 等指标无明显变化 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;放气后 30min各项指标均恢复到气腹前水平。结论 :腹腔镜胆囊切除术CO2 气腹期间 ,PETCO2 和PaCO2 均显著增加 ,提示可能存在高碳酸血症 ,应加强PETCO2 的监测     

腹腔镜袖状胃切除术肥胖患者应用肺复张技术围手术期肺功能情况观察

目的观察腹腔镜袖状胃切除术的肥胖患者应用肺复张技术围手术期肺功能情况。方法前瞻性选择拟行全麻下腹腔镜袖状胃切除术的45例病态肥胖患者作为本次研究对象,根据随机数字表分组原则分为对照组22例和观察组23例。对照组在建立气腹后,予以压力或容量控制通气模式,保持气道峰压(Ppeak)不超过30 cm H2O,呼气末二氧化碳(PETCO2)维持在35~40 mm Hg;观察组在建立气腹后间隔30 min行1次肺复张,直至手术结束。所有患者在手术结束后被送入麻醉恢复室(PACU),若PACU 2 h仍未达到拔管指征则将患者转入重症监护室继续呼吸机治疗。比较两组患者的不同时间点动脉血气、肺功能情况及术后恢复情况。结果与对照组比较,观察组患者在气腹90 min、术毕和出PACU时的Pa O2及氧合指数较高,在气腹60 min、90 min时的Ppeak、气道平台期(Pplat)较低,在气腹结束时的Ppeak较低,在气腹30 min、60 min、90 min和气腹结束时的肺动态顺应性(Cdyn)较高,而拔管时间、出PACU时间、术后进食时间和住院时间均较短,上述差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜袖状胃切除术中应用肺复张技术可有效地改善肥胖患者的术中肺功能,并有利于术后的肺功能恢复。     

新生儿腹腔镜手术中两种呼吸模式探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜手术二氧化碳气腹期间采用定压通气（PCV）和定容通气（VCV）对患儿呼吸力学及血流动力学的影响。方法50例择期行腹腔镜手术的新生儿,按照麻醉中机械通气方式分成PCV组（n=25）和VCV组（n=25）,气腹过程中通过调节吸气压力（PCV组）或潮气量（VCV组）使呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）稳定在（45±1）mmHg。于气腹开始前（T1）、开始后15min（T2）和30min（T3）记录气道峰压（Ppeak）、平均气道压（Pmean）、胸肺顺应性（C）等呼吸力学和血流动力学指标,同时采集动脉血进行血气分析。结果两组在T2、T3时点的C均较气腹前显著下降（P〈0.05）,Ppeak、Pmean及动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）显著上升（P〈0.05）,两组之间的PaCO2和循环参数差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,VCV组Ppeak和Pmean明显高于PCV组（P〈0.05）。结论在新生儿腹腔镜手术气腹期间应用压力控制模式机械通气,能在相对低的气道压力下提供有效的肺通气,在预防患儿产生肺气压伤方面较容量控制模式更有优势。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.