脑卒中偏瘫肩痛患者的超声图像表现

摘要 目的：通过超声检查以及临床查体,明确脑卒中患者偏瘫肩痛（HSP）的原因,并分析超声表现与肩痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分之间的关系。 方法：选取56例首次发生脑卒中偏瘫的患者进行研究,根据VAS评分分为肩痛组及非肩痛组,所有患者均行双侧肩关节超声检查。临床检查包括Brunnstrom分期、Ashworth分级、肩关节半脱位及被动关节活动度（PROM）。 结果：肩痛组患者肩关节半脱位发生率较非肩痛组高（51.4% vs 23.8%）,两组比较差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）。超声显示,肩痛组患者冈上肌病变（54.3%）和肩峰下—三角肌下滑囊（SA-SD）积液（45.7%）与非肩痛组相比差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）。相关性分析可见冈上肌病变及肩峰下滑囊积液与偏瘫肩痛之间具有明显的相关性。 结论：肩袖损伤是脑卒中患者偏瘫后肩痛的原因之一,冈上肌损伤及肩峰下滑囊病变同肩痛的程度有关。     

床旁肌骨超声在偏瘫肩痛患者肩关节软组织损伤中的应用

目的:于偏瘫肩痛患者中床旁肌骨超声对于肩关节软组织损伤的检测价值进行探讨。方法:对2018年6月—2020年2月来我院就诊的92例偏瘫患者进行研究,以是否肩痛(视觉模拟评分量表)分成非肩痛组(小于4分,43例)和肩痛组(大于等于4分,49例)。患者均进行床旁肌骨超声检查,对两组的肩关节软组织损伤进行比较。结果:肩痛组的肩峰-三角肌下滑囊病变率、肩袖病变率、肱二头肌腱病变率大于非肩痛组(P<0.05)。肩痛组和非肩痛组的肩锁关节病变率间差异不显著(P>0.05)。偏瘫肩痛患者最常见的肩关节软组织损伤是肩袖病变,而最常见的肩袖病变是冈上肌腱病变。结论:于偏瘫肩痛患者中,床旁肌骨超声可无创的、准确的、便捷的反映肩关节软组织的损伤情况,从而为后续治疗方案的制定提供依据和参考。     

超声引导下多点药物注射联合肩关节腔液压扩张治疗冻结肩的疗效观察

目的 观察超声引导下肩峰下滑囊、喙突下滑囊和肩关节腔药物注射联合生理盐水液压扩张法治疗冻结肩（FS）的临床疗效。 方法 选取FS患者116例，按随机数字表法随机分为注射治疗组和联合治疗组，每组患者58例。注射治疗组第1天行超声引导下的肩峰下滑囊、喙突下滑囊和肩关节腔类固醇混合药物注射，联合治疗组在注射治疗组治疗方案的基础上增加肩关节腔30 ml生理盐水注入行液压扩张治疗，然后2组患者再行居家肩关节功能训练15 d。2组患者均于治疗前、注射结束后和居家肩关节功能训练结束后（治疗结束后）进行肩痛评估［疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）］、肩关节功能评估［肩关节被动活动度（PROM）］，并于治疗过程中进行安全性评价。 结果 注射结束后和治疗结束后，2组患者的VAS评分和PROM评分较组内治疗前，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；且联合治疗组注射结束后和治疗结束后的VAS评分和PROM评分均显著优于注射治疗组同时间点，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 超声引导下肩峰下滑囊、喙突下滑囊和肩关节腔药物注射联合液压扩张治疗可显著改善FS患者的肩痛和肩关节活动度，且疗效优于单纯的药物注射。     

超声在肩关节疾病诊断中的应用价值

目的 评价超声对肩关节病变的诊断价值.方法 对肩袖及非肩袖病变患者111例进行超声检查,结果与关节镜手术对照.结果 肩关节镜结果显示111例患者共发现病变153个,其中67个冈上肌腱撕裂(包括全层撕裂和部分撕裂),5个冈下肌、肩胛下肌腱损伤,10个钙化性肌腱炎,2个肩胛切迹周围囊肿,34个肩峰下滑囊炎,1个滑囊内游离体,13个肱二头肌长头腱断裂或脱位(不包括上盂唇起点处撕脱),21个盂唇撕脱损伤.超声评价各种肩关节软组织病变准确性分别为:冈上肌撕裂92%,冈下肌、肩胛下肌腱损伤97%,钙化性肌腱炎96%,肩胛切迹附近囊肿100%,肩峰下滑囊炎88%,肱二头肌长头腱脱位100%,盂唇损伤81%.结论 超声能够有效地评价肩关节病变,是一种可靠的无创性影像学诊断手段.     

超声引导下肩峰下滑囊类固醇注射联合神经肌肉电刺激治疗偏瘫肩痛的随机对照研究

目的:研究超声引导下肩峰下滑囊类固醇注射联合神经肌肉电刺激治疗对脑卒中偏瘫后肩痛的影响。方法:选择偏瘫肩痛的患者为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各30例,两组均给予常规康复,对照组给予肩峰下滑囊注射类固醇注射治疗,观察组在对照组基础上增加神经肌肉电刺激疗法。在治疗前、治疗后第1个月、3个月时对所有患者进行视觉模拟评量表(VAS)评分、被动肩关节活动度(PROM)、Fugl-Meyer(FMA)上肢功能评分及改良Barthel指数(MBI)评分。结果:治疗前两组患者一般人口学特征无显著性差异,就病程、年龄和治疗前指标而言,两组具有可比性(P>0.05)。两组患者治疗前后VAS评分、Fugl-Meyer上肢功能评分、PROM及MBI比较,均具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。观察组治疗后各时间点肩关节活动度(尤其外展和外旋)角度、Fugl-Meyer上肢功能评分、MBI评分均高于对照组(P<0.01);而VAS评分均低于对照组,有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论:超声引导下肩峰下滑囊类固醇注射联合神经肌肉电刺激治疗偏瘫肩痛能够有效缓解患者的肩痛症状,改善上肢运动功能,提高日常生活能力。     

超声引导下肩峰下-三角肌下滑囊介入治疗肩峰下撞击综合征的临床疗效观察

目的 探讨超声引导下的肩峰下-三角肌下滑囊介入治疗对肩峰下撞击综合征的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析82例肩峰下撞击综合征患者的临床资料.按照患者接受的治疗方案分为两组:介入治疗组(n=44)和常规治疗组(n=38),介入治疗组在超声引导下于肩峰下-三角肌下滑囊注射复方倍他米松1 ml+0.9％氯化钠注射液2 ml+2％利...     

充气式肩吊带对偏瘫后肩关节半脱位的疗效

目的观察充气式肩吊带对偏瘫后肩关节半脱位的治疗作用。方法将68例脑卒中偏瘫伴肩关节半脱位的患者分为治疗组和对照组各34例。两组患者均接受常规康复技术治疗肩关节半脱位,治疗组患者在此基础上佩戴充气式肩吊带。治疗前后根据X线片测量双侧肩峰与肱骨头间距(AHI),进行Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定,视觉模拟评分(VAS)评定肩痛。结果治疗8周后,与对照组相比,治疗组的复位率及总有效率无显著性差异(P>0.05);治疗组肩痛发生率、VAS评分、患侧上肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论在常规康复治疗的基础上,加用充气式肩吊带治疗偏瘫后肩关节半脱位,可减少肩痛的发生,减轻肩痛程度,有利于提高偏瘫上肢运动功能。     

超声介导下肩峰下滑囊联合肩胛上神经注射治疗肩周炎的价值

观察超声介导下肩峰下滑囊联合肩胛上神经注射治疗肩周炎的临床效果.方法:40例患者随机分为对照组(A组)和超声组(B组),B组在超声介导下行肩峰下滑囊和肩胛上神经注射术,A组根据解剖定位行肩胛上神经和痛点注射.结果:两组治疗后较治疗前VAS评分有明显下降(P＜0.01),治疗后B组较A组疼痛缓解较明显(P＜ 0.05),两组治疗后较治疗前肩关节活动度有明显好转(P＜0.05),治疗后B组与A组肩关节活动度无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:超声引导下注射治疗肩周炎具有较好的临床疗效,是一种很有前景的治疗方法.     

肌内效贴对脑卒中患者肩关节半脱位后肩痛的疗效观察

目的:观察肌内效贴对脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肩关节半脱位后肩痛的疗效。方法:56例脑卒中肩关节半脱位后肩痛患者,按照随机数字表法分为治疗组与对照组(各28例),两组患者均实施常规康复治疗及宣教,治疗组在此基础上结合肌内效贴干预。分别于治疗前和治疗6周后通过X线测量法测量肩峰与肱骨头间距(AHI)、肩关节视觉模拟评分(VAS)疼痛、Fugl-Meyer上肢功能评分、肩痛侧腋神经及肌皮神经的运动神经传导测定,对两组治疗结果进行疗效评价。结果:治疗前,两组患者AHI值、VAS评分、Fugl-Meyer上肢功能评分无明显差异(P0.05),且检测所有患者肩痛侧腋神经(刺激部位:Erb点;记录部位:三角肌)及肌皮神经(刺激部位:Erb点;记录部位:肱二头肌)后发现两组中某些患者肌皮神经(30例,53.57%)、腋神经(31例,55.36%)波幅明显低于正常值,而潜伏期轻度延长或正常(提示轴索损伤)。两组治疗6周后,治疗组各项评分改善优于对照组(P0.05)且无不良事件发生。结论:在常规康复治疗的基础上,肌内效贴在脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肩关节半脱位后肩痛早期防治中,具有良好的疗效,其相应机制有待进一步研究。     

肌骨超声影像技术在肩痛患者中评估及介入治疗的应用研究

目的:回顾分析肌骨超声影像技术在康复科肩痛门诊开展情况。方法:对我科门诊接受肌骨超声影像引导糖皮质激素注射治疗的所有肩痛患者的一般资料及注射前、后临床资料进行收集,采用肩关节疼痛与功能障碍指数(shoulder pain and disability index,SPADI)量表评估疗效。结果:共纳入接受注射治疗的患者102例,急性肩痛患者单独肩峰下滑囊的注射率高于慢性肩痛患者(P0.05)。注射前、后完成评估及随访的患者共71例(75例患肩),与注射前相比,注射后1周、1个月、3个月患者肩关节疼痛评分显著下降(P0.0083),功能障碍评分明显改善(P0.0083)。结论:在康复科门诊接受注射治疗的肩痛患者以中老年为主;常见注射部位是肩周滑囊和肱二头肌长头腱鞘;急性肩痛患者单独肩峰下滑囊注射率较高;超声影像引导糖皮质激素注射治疗肩痛定位精准、疗效显著且效果稳定。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.