未成熟树突状细胞对T细胞活化及其IFN-γ和IL-12表达的影响

目的:探讨未成熟树突状细胞(DC)对T细胞活化及其IFN-γ和IL-12表达的影响。方法:通过诱导Lewis大鼠骨髓前体细胞,获取未成熟(iDC)和成熟(mDC)两种状态的DC;将两种DC用乙酰胆碱受体(AChR)负载后进行T细胞重复刺激、交叉刺激和无关抗原刺激试验,观察T细胞增殖情况并测定T细胞IFN-γ、IL-12的表达水平。结果:(1)AChR负载的iDC可明显抑制T细胞增殖,且这种被抑制的T细胞对AChR负载的mDC的交叉刺激也不引起增殖,但对无关抗原OVA负载的mDC的刺激可产生明显增殖。(2)与mDC组比较,AChR负载的iDC初次和重复刺激均明显抑制T细胞IFN-γ和IL-12的表达。结论:iDC可诱导抗原特异性T细胞耐受,耐受机制可能与Th1细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-12的抑制有关。     

未成熟树突状细胞对T细胞功能及其IL-10和TGF-β1表达的影响

目的探讨未成熟树突状细胞(DC)对T细胞功能及其IL-10和TGF-β1表达的影响。方法通过诱导大鼠骨髓前体细胞,获取未成熟(iDC)和成熟(mDC)2种状态的DC;将2种DC用乙酰胆碱受体(AChR)负载后进行T细胞重复刺激、交叉刺激和无关抗原刺激试验,采用MTT法观察T细胞增殖情况,采用RT-PCR方法测定T细胞IL-10 mRNA的表达水平,采用Western blot方法检测T细胞TGF-β1的表达水平。结果①AChR负载的iDC可明显抑制T细胞增殖,且这种被抑制的T细胞对AChR负载的mDC的交叉刺激也不引起增殖,但对无关抗原OVA负载的mDC的刺激可产生明显增殖。②与mDC组比较,AChR负载的iDC初次和重复刺激均明显增强T细胞IL-10和TGF-β1的表达。结论 iDC可诱导抗原特异性T细胞耐受,耐受机制可能与IL-10和TGF-β1的表达增强有关。     

烟草烟雾提取物促进髓样树突状细胞共刺激分子的表达北大核心CSCD

目的通过体外实验研究烟草烟雾提取物(CSE)对小鼠髓样树突状细胞(mDC)成熟的影响及可能的机制。方法小鼠骨髓来源的单个核细胞加入粒-单集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和含100 mL/L胎牛血清的RPMI1640培养液诱导出可供实验用的高纯度的未成熟DC(iDC),分空白对照组和CSE刺激组;CSE刺激组按15 mL/L的终浓度加入CSE,两组继续培养24 h,流式细胞检测技术检测mDC的共刺激分子CD40、CD80、CD86和MHC-Ⅱ的表达。结果空白对照组的mDC低表达CD40、CD80、CD86和MHC-Ⅱ;CSE刺激后mDC表达CD40、CD80和MHC-Ⅱ比空白对照组明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论烟草烟雾提取物促进小鼠骨髓来源的mDC的CD40、CD80和MHC-Ⅱ的表达。     

烟草烟雾提取物促进髓样树突状细胞共刺激分子的表达

目的通过体外实验研究烟草烟雾提取物(CSE)对小鼠髓样树突状细胞(mDC)成熟的影响及可能的机制。方法小鼠骨髓来源的单个核细胞加入粒-单集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和含100 mL/L胎牛血清的RPMI1640培养液诱导出可供实验用的高纯度的未成熟DC(iDC),分空白对照组和CSE刺激组;CSE刺激组按15 mL/L的终浓度加入CSE,两组继续培养24 h,流式细胞检测技术检测mDC的共刺激分子CD40、CD80、CD86和MHC-Ⅱ的表达。结果空白对照组的mDC低表达CD40、CD80、CD86和MHC-Ⅱ;CSE刺激后mDC表达CD40、CD80和MHC-Ⅱ比空白对照组明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论烟草烟雾提取物促进小鼠骨髓来源的mDC的CD40、CD80和MHC-Ⅱ的表达。     

诱导实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力耐受性的机制初步探讨

目的:探讨鼻腔耐受和Wistar大鼠对实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力(EAMG)耐受的机制。方法:TdR掺入和酶联免疫斑点法。结果:免疫后第3、5、7周EAMG大鼠月国窝和腹股沟淋巴结(PILN)中乙酰胆碱受体(AChR)特异的淋巴细胞增生反应(LPR)刺激指数比鼻腔耐受大鼠高,第7周比Wistar大鼠高(P＜0.05)。免疫后第5、7周EAMG大鼠PILN中AChR反应性γ干扰素分泌细胞数比鼻腔耐受大鼠和Wistar大鼠高(P＜0.05)。结论:EAMG发生时淋巴细胞对AChR的免疫应答增强,分泌IFN-γ的Th1样细胞增多。EAMG耐受时,淋巴细胞对AChR的免疫应答降低,分泌IFN-γ的Th1样细胞受抑制。     

雷帕霉素通过下调Th17细胞/调节性T细胞比值减轻实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力大鼠症状

目的初步研究雷帕霉素(RAPA)对实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力(EAMG)大鼠的治疗作用,并研究相关免疫机制。方法应用鼠源性乙酰胆碱受体α亚基97~116肽段(R97-116)免疫Lewis大鼠,建立EAMG动物模型,随机分为完全Freund佐剂对照组(CFA组)、 EAMG模型对照组、 RAPA处理组[1 mg/(kg·d)]。采用Lennon肌力评分量表隔日评估各组大鼠临床症状并记录体质量,ELISA检测大鼠外周血中抗R97-116抗体水平。制备脾细胞悬液,流式细胞术检测大鼠脾脏Th17细胞、调节性T细胞(Treg)的数量;分别给予5μg/mL伴刀豆球蛋白A(ConA)、 10μg/mLR97-116、 RPMI1640培养液处理,CCK-8法检测大鼠脾脏细胞的增殖活性。结果 RAPA治疗可明显改善EAMG大鼠体质量及临床评分,与CFA组相比,EAMG组大鼠脾脏Th17细胞数量增加,Treg数量降低;与EAMG组相比,RAPA处理的大鼠脾脏Th17细胞数量明显减少,Treg数量升高,血清中抗R97-116抗体水平降低。RAPA处理抑制RPMI1640、 R97-116、 ConA刺激引起的淋巴细胞增殖。结论 RAPA可能通过下调Th17细胞/Treg比值,减轻EAMG大鼠的临床症状。     

抗CD80或CD86的反义寡脱氧核糖核苷酸转导树突状细胞延长同种异基因移植的存活时间

同种异体移植发生排斥反应是临床中常见而又棘手的问题。已知树突状细胞(DC)诱导免疫反应还是免疫耐受取决于其所处的状态，成熟树突状细胞(mDC)由了高表达组织相容性Ⅱ类分子(MHCⅡ)和协同刺激分子而诱导T细胞反应，非成熟树突状细胞(iDC)低表达协同刺激分子而抑制T细胞反应。然而在临床中无法用iDC来诱导T细胞耐受，因为在机体应激和感染状态下它会转化为mDC，此外，     

重肌灵片治疗重症肌无力的免疫调节机理研究

目的：探讨重肌灵片的免疫调节机制。方法：采用正常小鼠、免疫抑制模型小鼠和EAMG大鼠模型观察重肌灵片的免疫调节作用。结果：重肌灵片增强ConA或LPS诱导的正常小鼠及免疫抑制模型小鼠T、B细胞的增殖，促进1L-2分泌；能对抗ConA诱导的EAMG大鼠淋巴细胞增殖的降低；但抑制AChR诱导的淋巴细胞增殖及IFN-γ、IL-4mRNA的表达；此外，能显著促进EAMG大鼠CD4^＋T淋巴细胞的凋亡。结论：重肌灵片增强正常小鼠、免疫抑制小鼠和EAMG大鼠的免疫功能，但抑制AChR诱导的特异性的T细胞增殖及IFN-γ、IL4mRNA的表达，该作用可能是通过诱导AChR特异性的CD4^＋T细胞凋亡实现的。     

NKG2D配体的表达直接影响NK细胞对不同发育阶段DC的杀伤

目的:探讨NKG2D配体在不同发育阶段树突状细胞(DC)表面的表达及其对自然杀伤(NK)细胞杀伤活性的影响.方法:用细胞因子(rh IL-4、rhGM-CSF、TNF-α)体外诱导培养单核细胞来源的未成熟树突状细胞(iDC)和成熟树突状细胞(mDC)并鉴定形态和表型,免疫磁珠法分离纯化NK细胞.流式细胞术(FCM)检测iDC和mDC表面NKG2D配体MICA/B、ULBP1-3的表达.用LDH释放法检测NK细胞对iDC和mDC的杀伤活性以及抗NKG2D单克隆抗体(mAb)阻断NK细胞后的杀伤活性.结果:培养的iDC和mDC具有典型的细胞形态和免疫表型特征.iDC表面表达MICA、MICB、ULBP1、ULBP3,表达率分别为(32.39±8.30)%、(17.75±3.40)%、(26.71±6.48)%、(38.37±6.89)%;mDC表面表达MICA 、ULBP3,表达率分别为(7.82±2.67)%、(8.36±2.42)%,比iDC表面相应配体表达率低(P<0.01).各效靶比NK细胞对iDC的杀伤活性均比对mDC的杀伤活性高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).抗NKG2D mAb阻断NK细胞后对iDC杀伤活性比阻断前减弱(P<0.05);对mDC的杀伤活性与阻断前相比无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:NKG2D配体在iDC表面表达高,介导了NK细胞对iDC的杀伤,而对mDC的杀伤无影响,是NK细胞对iDC选择性高杀伤的分子机制之一.     

GM-CSF与TGF-β联合处理小鼠供体骨髓细胞诱导特异性免疫耐受

目的:观察用GM-CSF和TGF-β在体外处理供体骨髓细胞(BM)后,输给受体鼠,观察能否诱导受体鼠对供体鼠淋巴细胞的特异性耐受。方法:体外用GM-CSF与TGF-β联合处理供体BM细胞诱导非成熟树突状细胞(iDC),并检测其成熟度。将BALB/c受体鼠随机分为3组,进行不同的预处理:(1)BM预免疫组:经尾静脉输入体外诱导的iDC,1×105细胞/只;(2)脾细胞预免疫组:经尾静脉输入C57BL/6供体鼠脾细胞,1×105/只;(3)阴性对照组:经尾静脉输入同体积的PBS。每组小鼠均需经过2次预免疫,每次间隔1周。第2次处理后1周,所有组的小鼠均接受相同剂量的C57BL/6来源的脾细胞腹腔注射,1×105/只。脾细胞攻击后3d,检测各组小鼠对C57BL/6小鼠脾细胞的同种异体反应水平,检测指标包括:采用单向混合淋巴细胞培养方法检测受体鼠淋巴细胞对供体鼠淋巴细胞的增殖指数;采用双抗体夹心ELISA检测受体鼠血清中IFN-γ和IL-10水平、FCM检测脾脏CD4+CD25highTreg细胞含量、及NK细胞抑制性受体KLRG1的表达、采用乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测NK细胞杀伤功能。结果:经GM-CSF和TGF-β体外处理的供体BM细胞能够抵抗脂多糖(LPS)促成熟的作用;与脾细胞预免疫组相比,经此BM细胞预处理的小鼠,再次遭遇供体小鼠淋巴细胞时,血清IL-10的含量降低(P0.05)、脾脏中CD4+CD25highTreg细胞的比例明显升高、对C57BL/6小鼠淋巴细胞增殖反应减弱(P0.01);NK细胞杀伤率降低。结论:用GM-CSF与TGF-β联合处理供体小鼠BM细胞在一定程度上能够诱导小鼠对供体小鼠脾细胞的免疫耐受,除Treg外,NK细胞可能也参与了诱导免疫耐受。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Functional role of fertility α2

Fertility α₂-microglobulin is one of the main proteins expressed between the late lutein phase of the menstrual cycle and the first gestation trimester. It is produced by endometrial secretory glandular epithelium and decidual membrane. It is believed to be involved in the preparation to gestation, conception, normal development of the fetoplacental system, and initiation of labor. The immunomodulating, effect of fertility α₂-microglobulin and its possible involvement in the regulation of fertilization by blocking the spermatozoon reaction with the ovocyte lucid membrane were demonstratedin vitro. The data of structural analysis (appurtenance to lipocalines and unique pattern of N-glycosylation) and analysis of the spatial and temporal parameters of the expression in connection with other events in the organism within the same system of coordinates propated us to investigate the probability of realization of other, so far unknown functions of α₂-microglobulin. The probable mechanisms of realization of the immunomodulating function are analyzed. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 126, No. 10, pp. 364–373, October 1998