Descriptive anatomy of the femoral portion of the iliopsoas muscle. Anatomical basis of anterior snapping of the hip

Anterior hip snapping is a rare clinical observation. The physiopathological hypothesis currently held is a sudden slip of the iliopsoas tendon over the iliopectineal eminence. For symptomatic cases, a surgical technique is proposed. The aim of this work is to describe the anatomy of the femoral portion of the iliopsoas, which is the target of surgery. We have studied, through dissection of embalmed cadavers, the different components of the musculotendinous complex forming the femoral portion of the muscle and the gliding apparatus associated with it. The psoas major tendon exhibited a characteristic rotation. The iliacus tendon, more lateral, received the most medial iliacus muscular fibers, then fused with the main tendon. The most lateral fibers, starting in particular from the ventral portion of the iliac crest, ended up without any tendon on the anterior surface of the lesser trochanter and in the infratrochanteric region. The most inferior muscular fibers of the iliacus, starting from the arcuate line, joined the principal tendon of the psoas major passing around it by its ventromedial surface. An ilio-infratrochanteric muscular bundle was observed, in a deeper position, under the iliopsoas tendon; it arose from the interspinous incisure and on the anterior inferior iliac spine, ran along the anterolateral edge of the iliacus and inserted without any tendon onto the anterior surface of the lesser trochanter of the femur and in the infratrochanteric area. The iliopectineal bursa was studied on horizontal cross sections of a frozen pelvis and on 5 of the non-frozen preparations after dividing the iliopsoas tendon. The iliopectineal bursa had the shape of a 5 to 6-cm high and 3-cm wide cavity; in its upper part, it was divided into 2 compartments: a medial compartment for the main tendon and a lateral compartment for the accessory tendon.     

Descriptive anatomy of the femoral portion of the iliopsoas muscle. Anatomical basis of anterior snapping of the hip

Abstract: Anterior hip snapping is a rare clinical observation. The physiopathological hypothesis currently held is a sudden slip of the iliopsoas tendon over the iliopectineal eminence. For symptomatic cases, a surgical technique is proposed. The aim of this work is to describe the anatomy of the femoral portion of the iliopsoas, which is the target of surgery. We have studied, through dissection of embalmed cadavers, the different components of the musculotendinous complex forming the femoral portion of the muscle and the gliding apparatus associated with it. The psoas major tendon exhibited a characteristic rotation. The iliacus tendon, more lateral, received the most medial iliacus muscular fibers, then fused with the main tendon. The most lateral fibers, starting in particular from the ventral portion of the iliac crest, ended up without any tendon on the anterior surface of the lesser trochanter and in the infratrochanteric region. The most inferior muscular fibers of the iliacus, starting from the arcuate line, joined the principal tendon of the psoas major passing around it by its ventromedial surface. An ilio-infratrochanteric muscular bundle was observed, in a deeper position, under the iliopsoas tendon; it arose from the interspinous incisure and on the anterior inferior iliac spine, ran along the anterolateral edge of the iliacus and inserted without any tendon onto the anterior surface of the lesser trochanter of the femur and in the infratrochanteric area. The iliopectineal bursa was studied on horizontal cross sections of a frozen pelvis and on 5 of the non-frozen preparations after dividing the iliopsoas tendon. The iliopectineal bursa had the shape of a 5 to 6-cm high and 3-cm wide cavity; in its upper part, it was divided into 2 compartments a medial compartment for the main tendon and a lateral compartment for the accessory tendon.     

Segmental fibre type composition of the rat iliopsoas muscle

The iliopsoas of the rat is composed of two muscles – the psoas major muscle and the iliacus muscle. The psoas major muscle arises from all the lumbar vertebrae and the iliacus muscle from the fifth and sixth lumbar vertebrae and ilium. Their common insertion point is the lesser trochanter of the femur, and their common action is the lateral rotation of the femur and flexion of the hip joint. Unlike humans, the rat is a quadruped and only occasionally rises up on its hind legs. Therefore, it is expected that the fibre type composition of the rat iliopsoas muscle will be different than that of humans. The iliopsoas muscle of the rat is generally considered to be a fast muscle. However, previous studies of the fibre type composition of the rat psoas muscle showed different results. Moreover, very little is known about the composition of the rat iliacus muscle. The aim of our study was to examine the fibre type composition of the rat iliopsoas muscle in order to better understand the complex function of the listed muscle. The psoas major muscle was examined segmentally at four different levels of its origin. Type I, IIA, IIB and IIX muscle fibres were typed using monoclonal antibodies for myosin heavy chain identification. The percentage of muscle fibre types and muscle fibre cross‐sectional areas were calculated. In our study we showed that in the rat iliopsoas muscle both the iliacus and the psoas major muscles had a predominance of fast muscle fibre types, with the highest percentage of the fastest IIB muscle fibres. Also, the IIB muscle fibres showed the largest cross‐sectional area (CSA) in both muscles. As well, the psoas major muscle showed segmental differences of fibre type composition. Our results showed changes in percentages, as well as the CSAs of muscle fibre types in cranio‐caudal direction. The most significant changes were visible in type IIB muscle fibres, where there was a decrease of percentages and the CSAs from the cranial towards the caudal part of the muscle. From our results it is evident that the rat iliopsoas muscle has a heterogeneous composition and is composed of all four muscle fibre types. Primarily, it is a fast, dynamic muscle with a predominance of fast type IIB muscle fibres with the largest CSAs. The composition of the rat psoas major muscles changes in a cranio‐caudal direction, thus pointing to a more postural role of the caudal part of the muscle.     

Bursa iliopectinea--size and morphology

The size of the iliopsoas bursa is usually larger than its size described in textbooks of anatomy. Proximally the synovial bursa lies on the pectineal eminence of the superior pubic ramus, passes across the front of the capsule of the hip joint and extends distally downwards almost as far as to the lesser trochanter. Only the tendon of the psoas major muscle is normally an immediate relation to the bursa. In 13% of all cases the iliopsoas bursa is partly separated by a septum into 2 cavities. Here the tendon of the psoas major muscle passes over the medial chamber and the tendon of the iliac muscle runs over the lateral chamber. With regard to modern diagnostic techniques (computer tomography, magnetic resonance-tomography) the results are significant for the differential diagnosis of inflammatory processes in hip joints.     

Bilateral absence of the quadrangular space of the axilla]

In the 1988 student course on gross anatomy dissection of cadavers at Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, two cases of the absence of the quadrangular space of the axilla were found bilaterally in a 92-year-old female who had died of heart failure. The cases were investigated anatomically. The tendons of insertion of the latissimus dorsi and the teres major muscles and the tendon of origin of the long head of the triceps brachii muscle were united, forming a conjoint tendon that attached to the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and the lower part of the anatomical neck of the humerus adhering to the articular capsule of the shoulder joint. The subscapularis muscle was normal except that a muscular bundle arose from the conjoint tendon and inserted to the lesser tubercle of the humerus and the crest continuing down from the tubercle. A part of the conjoint tendon was covered by the insertion of the subscapularis muscle, and there was no space between the conjoint tendon and the insertion of the subscapularis muscle. The teres major muscle was poorly developed, but the area of origin was rather wide and arose from both the dorsal and costal surfaces of the scapula. The anatomical features of the latissimus dorsi and the long head of the triceps brachii muscles were normal except for the insertion of the former and the origin of the latter. The triangular space of the axilla was found to be surrounded by the conjoint tendon, teres major muscle, and the lateral border of the scapula covered by the subscapularis and the teres minor muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

根据肌内神经分布定位髂腰肌和腰方肌痉挛的阻滞靶点

目的　通过探索髂腰肌和腰方肌的肌内神经分布模式,定位其肌痉挛时肉毒毒素A的阻滞靶点。 方法　12具24侧中国成人尸体髂腰肌和腰方肌。改良的Sihler’s染色法显示肌内神经分布。 结果　髂腰肌和腰方肌的神经支配源于T12和L1～L4脊神经分支。腰大肌肌腹上1/2区内有一神经分支密集区,位于肌长的（12.10±0.65）%～（43.20±1.17）%水平,其中心点在肌长（23.90±0.82）%水平,向内平对第三腰椎体中部;髂肌中央有一与髂嵴平行的蚕豆形神经密集区,其中心点位于髂腰肌肌长的（58.0±1.61）%水平,向外平对髂结节;腰方肌的内上和下1/3部各存在1个肌内神经密集区,其中心点分别平对第一和第三腰椎体下部。 结论　这些肌内神经密集区及中心的定位研究能指导临床医生注射肉毒毒素A接近其作用部位。     

以髂腰血管为蒂髂骨（膜）瓣移植的应用解剖

目的：为髂腰血管蒂髂骨（膜）瓣移植提供解剖学基础。方法：在２７具灌注红色乳胶的成尸标本上，对髂腰血管的起始、走行及分支分布进行解剖观测，并在标本上摹拟骨瓣切取。结果：髂腰动脉９６．３％起自髂内动脉，３．７％起自髂总动脉。其主干７９．６％走行髂肌浅面，２０．４％走行于髂肌深面，末端均分布髂嵴中部，并与前、后血管之间形成吻合。髂腰动脉起始处外径为２．７ｍｍ，腰大肌外侧缘处外径为１．６ｍｍ。由腰大肌外侧缘至其末端的长度为４．５ｃｍ，分布于髂嵴中部的范围长为７．０ｃｍ左右。结论：以髂腰血管为蒂可切取髂嵴中部骨瓣移植     

Intramuscular EMG from the hip flexor muscles during human locomotion

The purpose was to investigate the activation pattern of five major hip flexor muscles and its adaptation to changing speed and mode of progression. A total of 11 healthy subjects performed walking and running on a motor-driven treadmill at speeds ranging from 1.0 to 6.0 m s^?1. Intramuscular fine-wire electrodes were used to record myoelectric signals from the iliacus, psoas, sartorius, rectus femoris and tensor fascia latae muscles. The basic pattern, with respect to number of activation periods, remained the same irrespective of speed and mode of progression. However, differences in the relative duration and timing of onset of activation occurred between individual muscles. Over the speed range in walking, a progressively earlier onset was generally seen for the activation period related to hip flexion. Changes in EMG amplitude were measured in the iliacus and psoas muscles and showed a marked increase and difference between walking and running at speeds above 2.0 m s^?1. Thus, the alternating flexion–extension movements at the hip during locomotion appear to be governed by a rather fixed `neural program' which normally only needs minor modulations to accomplish the adjustments accompanying an increase in speed of progression as well as a change from walking to running.     

带血管肋间神经与髂腰肌支吻接重建屈髋功能应用解剖

目的：为带血管的肋间神经与髂腰肌支吻接重建屈髋功能提供解剖学基础。方法：在30侧成人标本上对支配髂肌、腰大肌的神经进行解剖和观察。结果：支配腰大肌的神经纤维主要来源于L2，其次是L3肌支纤维在L2神经干的外上部走行，部位较恒定。髂肌肌支则在股神经合于起始处发出，神经纤维主要来源于L4，其次为L3及L2。结论：将肋间神经转位从背侧手术入路与L2神经根前支外上部端侧吻接，或经腹手术入路于股神经起始部与髂肌肌支吻接术式具有可行性。     

Transverse humeral ligament: Does it exist?

The insertion of the tendon of subscapularis is accepted as being on the lesser tubercle of the humerus. The transverse humeral ligament (THL) is described as a distinct entity in most textbooks, overlying the long tendon of biceps as it emerges from the capsule of the shoulder joint. In this study, we dissected 85 embalmed shoulders to clarify the anatomy of the THL and variation in the insertion of the tendon of subscapularis. In all specimens no distinct THL could be identified, but in every shoulder a fibrous expansion arose from the posterior lamina of the tendon of pectoralis major overlying the long tendon of biceps. In 86% of shoulders, fibres from the tendon of subscapularis passed over the long tendon of biceps within this fibrous expansion and inserted on to the greater tubercle of the humerus where one would expect to find the THL. In 33% of dissections, fibres from the tendon of subscapularis lay deep to the long tendon of biceps, inserting either into the bicipital groove or on to the greater tubercle. In only 8% of cases did the tendon of subscapularis insert exclusively on to the lesser tubercle. We conclude that the THL does not exist as a separate entity. We suggest that in the majority of cases, the structure overlying the long tendon of biceps as it emerges from the capsule of the shoulder joint consists of tendinous fibres from subscapularis, contained within a fibrous expansion derived from the posterior lamina of the tendon of pectoralis major. In the minority of shoulders, where the tendon of subscapularis inserts exclusively on to the lesser tubercle, we hypothesise that this fibrous expansion acts as a retinaculum preventing the long tendon of biceps from "bowstringing."     

Accessory bands of the hamstring tendons: A clinical anatomical study

Gracilis and semitendinosus tendons are commonly used as grafts in ligamentous reconstruction. Awareness of accessory bands of these tendons is essential in preventing inadvertent diversion of the tendon harvester into the main tendon resulting in premature tendon amputation and inadequate tendon graft. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of these accessory bands. Twenty five patients undergoing arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendons were included. The number of accessory bands and distance of the most proximal band from the distal periosteal insertion point on the tibial crest was recorded for both gracilis and semitendinosus. In most cases gracilis had two accessory bands; the average distance of the most proximal band from the tibial crest insertion being 5.1 cm. Semitendinosus had three bands in most cases, the average distance of the most proximal band from the tibial crest insertion being 8.1 cm. Five (20%) semitendinosus but no gracilis tendons had an accessory band originating greater than 10 cm from the tibial crest insertion. Semitendinosus had more accessory bands compared to gracilis. A significant proportion (20%) of semitendinosus and none of the gracilis tendons had bands originating greater than 10 cm proximal to the tibial crest insertion. This knowledge about the accessory bands of the hamstrings can guide toward safe harvesting of these tendons. Clin. Anat. 23:862–865, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Fetal Development of the Human Obturator Internus Muscle With Special Reference to the Tendon and Pulley

To examine the development of the tendon pulley of the obturator internus muscle (OI), we observed paraffin sections of 26 human embryos and fetuses (～6–15 weeks of gestation). The OI was characterized by early maturation of the proximal tendon in contrast to the delayed development of the distal tendon. At 6 weeks, the ischium corresponded to a simple round mass similar to the tuberosity in adults. At 8 weeks, before development of the definite lesser notch of the ischium, initial muscle fibers of the OI, running along the antero‐posterior axis, converged onto a thick and tight but short tendon running along the left‐right axis. Thus, at the beginning of development, the OI muscle belly and tendon met almost at a right angle. At 10 weeks, the OI tendon extended inferiorly along the sciatic nerve, but the distal part remained thin and loose and it was embedded in the gluteus medius tendon. At 15 weeks, in association with the gemellus muscles, the distal OI tendon was established. The mechanically strong sciatic nerve was first likely to catch the OI muscle fibers to provide a temporary insertion. Next, the ischium developing upward seemed to push the tendon to make the turn more acute along the cartilaginous ridge. Finally, the gemellus muscle appeared to provide inferior traction to the OI tendon for separation from the gluteus medius to create the final, independent insertion. Without such guidance, the piriformis tendon first attached to the OI tendon and then merged with the gluteus medius tendon. Anat Rec, 298:1282–1293, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

非透视下确定顺行股骨髓内钉大转子进钉点的解剖观察及临床应用

目的 探讨非透视下确定顺行股骨髓内钉大转子进钉点的技术方法。方法 2007年12月—2008年6月选取10%甲醛溶液固定的成人髋部湿标本8具,男5例、女3例,观察股骨大转子解剖特征,标记大转子上臀中肌、梨状肌的附着情况,观察股骨大转子嵴拐点凹陷、髓腔中轴线与梨状窝的解剖关系。2010年1月—2012年12月对收治的44例股骨转子间及股骨干骨折患者进行前瞻性研究。其中男20例,女24例;年龄25～85岁,平均 (66.9± 15.7)岁。患者均行顺行髓内钉固定术,术中根据标本解剖中发现大转子嵴拐点凹陷和梨状窝的关系,非透视下通过手法触摸确定髓内钉开口位置。结果 尸体标本解剖研究发现,股骨大转子在与股骨颈结合部形成一个向外侧凸出类似“C”形的山嵴样结构。股骨大转子嵴呈后方高、前方平坦下降似斜坡样结构,中间凭借手指就可以感觉有一个类似拐点的凹陷切迹。臀中肌附着在大转子嵴的外侧部分,梨状肌腱附着在大转子嵴拐点切迹的内侧部分。梨状窝就是梨状肌附着点的骨质凹陷,梨状窝基本位于髓腔中轴线上、大转子嵴拐点凹陷的内侧。44例患者中,1例患者术中无法满意确定骨折近端髓腔朝向,开口过程中采用X线透视检查髓腔开口器的方向;43例均在非透视的情况下将髓内钉导针置入髓腔,髓内钉均置入良好。术后随访时间9～28个月,平均18.4个月;除1例股骨干骨折愈合迟缓,动力化后愈合外,其他患者均愈合良好;随访期间所有患者无髓内钉松动、股骨头切出等并发症。结论 在股骨干和股骨转子区骨折采用顺行髓内钉固定治疗术中,非透视下通过手法触摸,可以利用大转子嵴拐点凹陷切迹代替梨状窝参考定位,确定髓内钉开口位置,避免反复透视,降低辐射损害。     

The musculature of the mouse tail is characterized by metameric arrangements of bicipital muscles

This is the first report, to our knowledge, of the full characterization of the musculature of the mouse tail. Bicipital muscles form a major part of the tail musculature. The tail tendons originate with fusiform muscle from the dorsal and ventral lumbo-sacro-coxal regions and are inserted into the coccygeal vertebrae (extrinsic muscles of the tail). Each coccygeal vertebra has short muscles that terminate on the adjacent vertebrae (intrinsic muscles of the tail). The short muscle and its corresponding tail tendon are joined, thereby forming a bicipital muscle that is inserted into the coccygeal process. A geographical correspondence is strictly maintained between the origin of the tendon in the lumbo-sacro-coxal region and the insertion of the bicipital muscle in the coccygeal vertebrae. In other words, the organization of the tail musculature is based upon repetitions of fusion between the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles at each coccygeal vertebral level. This design is referred to as the metameric arrangement of the bicipital muscles. The organization, arrangement and function of muscles in the tail have features in common with those muscles in the digits of the human extremities.     

Role of cranial neural crest cells in visceral arch muscle positioning and morphogenesis in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum.

The role of cranial neural crest cells in the formation of visceral arch musculature was investigated in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine, perchlorate) labeling and green fluorescent protein (GFP) mRNA injections combined with unilateral transplantations of neural folds showed that neural crest cells contribute to the connective tissues but not the myofibers of developing visceral arch muscles in the mandibular, hyoid, and branchial arches. Extirpations of individual cranial neural crest streams demonstrated that neural crest cells are necessary for correct morphogenesis of visceral arch muscles. These do, however, initially develop in their proper positions also in the absence of cranial neural crest. Visceral arch muscles forming in the absence of neural crest cells start to differentiate at their origins but fail to extend toward their insertions and may have a frayed appearance. Our data indicate that visceral arch muscle positioning is controlled by factors that do not have a neural crest origin. We suggest that the cranial neural crest-derived connective tissues provide directional guidance important for the proper extension of the cranial muscles and the subsequent attachment to the insertion on the correct cartilage. In a comparative context, our data from the Mexican axolotl support the view that the cranial neural crest plays a fundamental role in the development of not only the skeleton of the vertebrate head but also in the morphogenesis of the cranial muscles and that this might be a primitive feature of cranial development in vertebrates.     

Functional and ecological correlates of the primate jaw abductors

While the adductor musculature of the primate jaw has been extensively analyzed within the context of dietary and social ecology, little is known about the corresponding muscles of jaw abduction. Nonetheless, these muscles significantly contribute to a species' maximum gape potential, and thus might constrain dietary niche diversity and impact social display behaviors. In this study, we quantify the architectural properties of the digastric (a jaw abductor) and lateral pterygoid (a jaw abductor and anterior translator) across a broad sample of male and female anthropoid primates. We test the hypothesis that the abductor musculature reflects specialization to dietary and behavioral ecology. Our sample comprises 14 catarrhine and 13 platyrrhine species spanning a wide range of dietary and social categories. All specimens were sharp dissected and muscles subsequently chemically digested using a standardized protocol. Our findings demonstrate that relative fascicle lengths within the lateral pterygoid (but not the digastric) are significantly greater within species that habitually consume larger food items. Meanwhile, canine length is more strongly associated with fascicle lengths in the digastric than in the lateral pterygoid, particularly within males. Neither dietary mechanical resistance nor the intensity of social competition relates to the size or architectural properties of the jaw abductors. These findings suggest that dietary—and to a lesser extent, socioecological—aspects of a primate's life history may be reflected in the architecture of these muscles, albeit to varying degrees. This underlines the importance of considering the complete masticatory apparatus when interpreting the evolution of the primate jaw.