脑梗死患者记忆减退与快速眼动睡眠的关系

目的：探讨脑梗死患者记忆减退与快速眼动（ＲＥＭ）睡眠的关系。方法：对４０例脑梗死患者进行记忆测定和多导睡眠图通宵描记,分析有关睡眠参数并与２２名正常人比较。结果：脑梗死患者睡眠潜伏期长,醒转次数增多,总睡眠时间减少,睡眠效率低,ＲＥＭ时间减少,ＲＥＭ活动度和密度均降低（Ｐ＜００１）,其记忆减退与ＲＥＭ减少具有相关性（ｒ＝０６８,Ｐ＜００１）。结论：脑梗死患者不但有睡眠量的减少而且有睡眠质的改变,尤其ＲＥＭ睡眠减少与记忆减退有密切关系。     

失眠症患者的多导睡眠图改变及应对措施

目的 探讨失眠症患者的多导睡眠图(PSG)改变及应对措施。方法 对29例失眠症患者和22例正常人进行整夜多导睡眠图(PSG)描记并比较,同时对失眠患者指导实施应对措施。结果 失眠症患者有睡眠潜伏期(SL)显著延长,睡眠效率(SE)明显降低,觉醒次数(AT)增多,实际睡眠时间(TST)减少,自我评估与实际睡眠时间相差较大。结论 失眠症患者应采取应对措施,改变睡眠结构,提高睡眠质量。     

短睡眠者与失眠症患者的睡眠生理和心理活动差别分析

目的：比较短睡眠者,失眠症患者和睡眠正常者的睡眠生理及心理活动特点,并对失眠症状的影响因素进行分析。方法：对三组对试选用MMPI人格评定,昼间心理生理唤醒实验,人睡前情评定及多导睡眠图整夜睡眠描记。结果：短睡眠组的睡眠潜伏期长于失眠症组,睡眠总时间和睡眠效率与失眠症组无显著差别;但醒起时间,醒觉时间和日间功能障碍分显著低于失眠症组,与睡眠正常组无显著性判别,MMPI评定,短睡眠组在疑病,抑郁,癔病及精神衰弱项目分低于失眠症组,与睡眠正常组无显著性差别,社会内向性项目分低于失眠症组和睡眠正常组,轻躁狂项目分高于失眠症组和睡眠正常组,短睡眠组的夜间人睡前焦虑水平低,白天心理生理唤醒值与睡眠生理指标的相关系数低于失眠症组。结论：短睡眠者的睡眠潜伏期长,睡眠总时间短,但睡眠质量好,人格特征,夜间情绪水平接近正常人。     

阿尔茨海默病患者的多导睡眠图研究

目的：探讨阿尔茨海默病患者（Alzheimer diseased．AD）睡眠参数改变的生物学特点。方法：应用多道睡眠图对35例阿尔茨海默病患者进行睡眠描记，分析相关睡眠参数，并与30例正常人比较。结果：阿尔茨海默病患者潜伏期延长（38．44min）、总睡眠时间减少（259．71min）、中途醒转次数增多（7．55次）、睡眠效率低（58．06％）、快眼动（REM）睡眠潜伏期缩短（62．36min）、REM睡眠时间（32．42min）和REM活动度（67．91单位）减少（P〈0．05～0．01）。结论：阿尔茨海默病患者不但有睡眠量的减少，而且伴有睡眠质的改变，其中REM睡眠潜伏期、REM睡眠时间和REM活动度是评价脑功能恢复的客观指标。     

帕金森患者的睡眠障碍

目的：探讨帕金森病患者睡眠结构紊乱与病程的长短、病情的严重程度以及用药种类的关系。方法：应用多项睡眠图描记分析技术（polysomnography），分析17例帕金森病患者的睡眠总时间、睡眠效率、睡眠潜伏期、睡眠醒觉的次数和时间。结果：睡眠效率低于80％的15例，睡眠潜伏期大于30min者9例．睡眠中醒觉的时间大于60min者15例。病程大于5年的患者的平均睡眠总时间（173min）与病程小于5年者（276min）相比显著减少，差异具有显著意义（P=0．02）。病程大于5年的患者睡眠潜伏期（72min）较病程小f5年者的睡眠潜伏期（35rain）明显延长，呈明显的正相关（r=0．44，P〈0．05）。H—Y分级与总睡眠时间呈负相关（r=0．49，P〈0．05），与睡眠潜伏期呈正相关（r=0．56，P〈0．05）。服用两种以I：药物哲的睡眠潜伏期较用一种药物者的明显延长（P=0．02）。结论：帕金森病患者的睡眠结构存在明显异常，主要表现为睡眠总时间减少、睡眠效率减低、睡眠觉醒的时间和次数增多及睡眠潜伏期延氐。帕金森病患者病程的长短与总睡眠时间成反比，病情的严重程度与睡眠时间及效率成反比，而与睡眠潜伏期及睡眠中醒觉的次数成正比，用药种类的多少与睡眠潜伏期成正比。     

整夜多导睡眠图记录在酒依赖患者诊断中应用

目的：观察自然夜间多导睡眠图（PSG）对酒依赖（CA）的辅助诊断价值。方法：应用日本Nihon Kohden公司的Neurofax-1518K多导睡眠生理仪,采用眼电图和下颌肌电图及脑电图技术,对25例经戒断后的酒依赖患者和23名正常对照者进行PSG整夜监测。结果：与健康男性组比较,酒依赖组睡眠潜伏期延长（NC组18．7±8．9分,CA组31．5±14．3分,P〈0．01）,Ⅰ期睡眠增加（NC组9．1±1．8％,CA组19．9±7．4％,P〈0．05）,睡眠效率降低’（NC组95．1±7．8％,CA组81．5±11．3％,P〈0．01）,快速眼动潜伏期前移（NC组89．4±13．1分,CA组74．9±21．4分,P〈0．05）。结论：长期滥用酒精会引起睡眠生理障碍,而睡眠障碍又会加重酒依赖躯体功能的变化。     

卒中后抑郁患者的多项睡眠图研究

目的：探讨多项睡眠图（PSG）各项指标对卒中后抑郁（PSD）患者的诊断价值。方法：卒中后抑郁组（PSD组）和卒中后无抑郁组（对照组）以年龄1：1配对,用PSG仪对两组各59例患者进行整夜睡眠描记并对结果进行分析。结果：睡眠进程：PSD组睡眠潜伏期延长,觉醒时间增多,睡眠总时间减少,睡眠效率下降,睡眠维持率下降,两组比较差异有统计学意义;非快速眼动睡眠（NREM）：PSI）组S1增多,S2减少,但S3＋S4两组比较差异无显著意义;快速眼动睡眠（REM）：PSD组REM潜伏期缩短,REM时间减少,REM周期数减少。结论：PSI）患者存在PSG指标变化,PSG对PSD的诊断和鉴别诊断有临床价值。     

中风后抑郁患者的多道睡眠图研究

目的：探讨多道睡眠图（PSG）指标对中风后抑郁（PSD）的诊断价值。方法：30例研究对象分为3组进行多道睡眠图（PSG）检查并分析其结果：病例组为10例PSD患者，根据DSM-IV诊断标准确诊；对照组为10例中风后抑郁的患者；正常组为年龄、性别匹配的健康者。结果：与对照组、正常组比较，病例组睡眠结构发生明显变化，表现为睡眠潜伏期缩短，RSM-NREM周期次数增加；RER潜伏期缩短；REM活动度、强度、密度增加；S1阶段睡眠增加，S2和S3 4阶段睡眠减少。总睡眠时间、慢波睡眠时间比正常组少，但与对照组之间无差异。三组之间觉醒时间及睡眠效率无明显差异。结论：PSD患者存在PSG指标变化，这些改变可能有助于PSD的诊断参考。     

成人原发性癫痫患者63例睡眠结构分析

目的：了解癫痫患者睡眠结构及夜间激醒、腿动、呼吸事件特点。方法：对63例成人原发性癫痫患者（病例组）及40名正常人（对照组）的夜间多项睡眠图（PSG）结果进行分析。结果：两组入睡潜伏期、REM潜伏期、睡眠维持率、睡眠效率、浅睡期比例、深睡期比例、REM期比例和清醒期比例、分别为（87．64±27．94）minVS（150．33±82．26）min（P〈0．05）、（13．11±5．23）minVS（17．34±19．26）min（P〉0．05）、（0．58±0．09）VS（0．70±0．50）（P〈0．05）、（0．22±0．07）VS（0．16±0．35）（P〈0．05）、（0．20±0．05）VS（0．14±0．38）（P〈0．05）、（0．08±0．07）VS（0．17±0．90）（P〈0．05）、（0．91±0．07）VS（0．89±0．07）（P〈0．05）和（0．96±0．03）VS（0．81±0．16）（P〈0．05）。两组夜间激醒指数、在NREM期激醒指数、孤立性腿动指数、在REM期及NREM期孤立性腿动指数、呼吸暂停指数、低通气指数、呼吸暂停低通气指数比较P值均〈0．05,差异有统计学意义。结论：成人原发性癫痫患者存在夜间睡眠结构紊乱、睡眠质量较差和睡眠呼吸障碍。     

甲状腺机能亢进症患者睡眠质量及其影响因素

本文采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（ＰＳＱＩ）测试了１２８例甲亢患者。结果发现年龄≥３５岁的甲亢患者ＰＳＱＩ总均分高于年龄＜３５岁组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；８７．５％的甲亢患者有睡眠问题，９．３８％的患者睡眠质量较差，女性患者睡眠质量较差者的发生率明显高于男性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。甲亢患者睡眠质量与年龄、性别、抑郁、焦虑、躯体化症状、人际关系等因素呈极显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示在积极应用抗甲状腺药物治疗的同时，应提高睡眠质量和调整心理健康状态。     

抑郁症、原发性失眠睡眠脑电生理特征的对照研究

目的:探讨抑郁症、原发性失眠睡眠脑电生理特征的异同点。方法:对25例抑郁症、15例原发性失眠和14例正常人进行多导睡眠的对照研究。结果:抑郁症和原发性失眠在睡眠潜伏期(SL)、睡后觉醒次数(AN)、觉醒总时间(AT)、觉睡比(AT/TST%)方面均较正常对照组长(或高)(P0.01),在睡眠总时间(TST)、睡眠效率(SE)、睡眠维持率(SM)S1、S2时间方面均较正常对照组短(或低)(P0.05);抑郁症在REM活动度(RA)、REM活动强度(RI)、REM活动密度(RD)、第一个REM时间(FRT)、REM出现次数(RSN)等方面均较原发性失眠长(或高)(P0.01);原发性失眠在REM时间(RT)、REM百分比(RT%)方面差异非常显著低于抑郁症(P0.01),在REM潜伏期(RL)、睡后觉醒次数(AN)显著高于抑郁症(P0.05)。结论:抑郁症和原发性失眠患者均存在一定特征性的睡眠异常,抑郁症与原发性失眠的快波睡眠特征有差异。     

Case-control study of subjective and objective differences in sleep patterns in older adults with insomnia symptoms

Older adults have high prevalence rates of insomnia symptoms, yet it is unclear if these insomnia symptoms are associated with objective impairments in sleep. We hypothesized that insomnia complaints in older adults would be associated with objective differences in sleep compared with those without insomnia complaints. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a cross‐sectional study in which older adults with insomnia complaints (cases, n = 100) were compared with older adults without insomnia complaints (controls, n = 100) using dual‐night in‐lab nocturnal polysomnography, study questionnaires and 7 days of at‐home actigraphy and sleep diaries. Cases were noted to have reduced objective total sleep time compared with controls (25.8 ± 8.56 min, P = 0.003). This was largely due to increased wakefulness after sleep onset, and not increased sleep latency. When participants with sleep‐related breathing disorder or periodic limb movement disorder were excluded, the polysomnography total sleep time difference became even larger. Cases also had reduced slow‐wave sleep (5.10 ± 1.38 min versus 10.57 ± 2.29 min, effect size −0.29, P = 0.04). When comparing self‐reported sleep latency and sleep efficiency with objective polysomnographic findings, cases demonstrated low, but statistically significant correlations, while no such correlations were observed in controls. Cases tended to underestimate their sleep efficiency by 1.6% (±18.4%), while controls overestimated their sleep efficiency by 12.4% (±14.5%). In conclusion, we noted that older adults with insomnia complaints have significant differences in several objective sleep findings relative to controls, suggesting that insomnia complaints in older adults are associated with objective impairments in sleep.     

慢性失眠者多道睡眠图的观察及定量分析

目的：探讨慢性失眠者的多道睡眠图观察及定量分析对评价睡眠效率的意义。方法：慢性失眠者71例,正常对照组40例,分别进行了睡眠问卷及多道睡眠图检查,结果：主观性失眠与客观性失眠的多道睡眠图观察及定量分析,结果发现失眠患者觉醒后估计与多道睡眠图所记录的一些睡眠参数存在差异。结论：根据多道睡眠图观察及定量分析可区分出主观性失眠与客观性失眠,可以客观测量睡眠效率,睡眠效率是评价失眠严重程度的重要指标,睡眠周期只做参考。     

Sleep latency and duration estimates among sleep disorder patients: variability as a function of sleep disorder diagnosis, sleep history, and psychological characteristics

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Insomnia patients often report greater sleep disturbance than found via polysomnography; yet the specific patient factors related to such sleep time misperceptions are poorly understood. We sought to characterize the extent to which a diverse group of patients complaining of insomnia (n=104) misperceive overnight total sleep time and sleep latency, and to identify patient factors associated with these variations. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: University based sleep disorders center. PATIENTS: Sleep disorder groups consisted of patients with psychophysiological insomnia (n=19), sleep state misperception (n=8), insomnia with depressive disorder (n=11), insomnia secondary to Axis I psychiatric disorder other than depression (n=21), periodic limb movement disorder (n=24), and obstructive sleep apnea (n=21). MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS: Patients completed a sleep history questionnaire and the MMPI, underwent overnight diagnostic polysomnographic assessment, and then estimated their total sleep time and sleep latency the subsequent morning. On average, patients overestimated sleep latency, but were equally likely to underestimate vs. overestimate total sleep time. Sleep time misperception was associated with longer periods of wakefulness following sleep onset, greater self-perceived sleep impairment, as well as several psychological dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Patient factors, including sleep quality, perceptions of habitual sleep time, and current psychopathology, potentially influence sleep time estimation. Whereas psychological factors may lead to exaggeration of sleep disturbance among some patients, sleep quality itself may also influence the congruence between subjective and objective indices of sleep.     

Actigraphy in the assessment of insomnia

OBJECTIVE: The present study explores the clinical utility and sensitivity of actigraphy as an outcome measure in the treatment of chronic insomnia. DESIGN: Following a screening-adaptation night, polysomnography, actigraphy, and sleep-diary data were collected in the sleep laboratory for 2 baseline nights and 2 posttreatment nights. SETTING: A university-affiliated sleep disorders center. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen participants with chronic primary insomnia. Mean age was 41.6 years. INTERVENTIONS: Participants took part in a treatment protocol investigating different sequential treatments for insomnia (these results are reported elsewhere). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Compared to polysomnography, both actigraphy and sleep-diary instruments underestimated total sleep time and sleep efficiency and overestimated total wake time. Also, actigraphy underestimated sleep-onset latency while the sleep diary overestimated it as compared to polysomnography. Actigraphy data were more accurate than sleep-diary data when compared to polysomnography. Finally, actigraphy was sensitive in detecting the effects of treatment on several sleep parameters. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that actigraphy is a useful device for measuring treatment response and that it should be used as a complement to sleep-diary evaluation.     

Actigraphy validation with insomnia

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Actigraphy, a method of inferring sleep from the presence or absence of wrist movement, has been well validated against polysomnography in trials with people without insomnia. However, the small amount of literature on validation with insomniacs has revealed an actigraphy bias toward overscoring sleep. The current validation trial with insomniacs used the largest number of subjects to date in such research and attracted participants with diverse demographic characteristics. DESIGN: People with insomnia slept 1 night in the laboratory while simultaneously being monitored by polysomnography, actigraphy (high-sensitivity algorithm of the Mini Mitter AW64 Actiwatch), and morning sleep diary. SETTING: Sleep disorders center. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 57 volunteers from the community, 26 men and 31 women, ranging in age from 21 to 87 years. All participants satisfied conservative criteria for insomnia. The sample included subjects with primary insomnia, subjects with comorbid insomnia, and hypnotic users with current insomnia complaints. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Actigraphy was successfully validated on 4 measures of sleep pattern--number of awakenings, wake time after sleep onset, total sleep time, and sleep efficiency percentage--based on nonsignificant mean differences and significant correlation between actigraphy and polysomnography. Sleep-onset latency with actigraphy was not significantly different from polysomnography but was weakly correlated with polysomnography. Hypnotic use contributed to actigraphic overscoring of sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Actigraphy proved to be a satisfactory objective measure of sleep on 4 of 5 sleep parameters, but these results are specific to this particular instrument using this particular algorithm and should not be construed as a blanket endorsement of actigraphy for measuring insomnia.     

A comparison of actigraphy and polysomnography in older adults treated for chronic primary insomnia

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The present study explores the accuracy and clinical utility of actigraphy compared with polysomnography in older adults treated for chronic primary insomnia. DESIGN: Polysomnographic and actigraphic data were collected before and after treatment. SETTING: A university-based outpatient clinic for adults and elderly. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-four participants with chronic primary insomnia. Mean age was 60.5 years. INTERVENTIONS: Participants received either a manualized treatment package based on cognitive-behavior therapy and sleep management or hypnotic-drug treatment (7.5 mg zopiclone) for 6 weeks (these findings are reported elsewhere). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Although the sensitivity of actigraphy to detect sleep was very high (95.2%), actigraphy performed poorly in detecting wakefulness (specificity: 36.3%), yielding on an overall level of accuracy of 83.1%. However, the level of actigraphy accuracy was dependent upon polysomnography-registered sleep efficiency. Actigraphy underestimated total wake time and sleep-onset latency and consequently overestimated total sleep time and sleep efficiency. Compared with polysomnography, actigraphy captured only part of the treatment effects on total wake time and sleep-onset latency and failed to detect significant changes in sleep efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that the clinical utility of actigraphy is still suboptimal in older adults treated for chronic primary insomnia and should, hence, be used in this clinical setting with the concurrent use of supplementary assessment methods.     

Perception of sleep

Question of the study

The aim of the study was to examine subjective sleep perception not only in patients with insomnia but also in other sleep disorders.

Subjects and methods

A total of 159 patients with insomnia, sleep-related movement disorders (SMD), hypersomnia, and parasomnia underwent full cardiorespiratory polysomnography with videometry during two consecutive nights. In addition, patients filled in sleep logs assessing subjective sleep parameters as well as several questionnaires including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D).

Results

For the second night, not only subjective sleep efficiency, total sleep time (TST), and sleep latency but also objective TST and efficiency significantly differed across diagnostic groups. Comparison between subjective and objective TST, efficiency and latency revealed insomnia patients to significantly underestimate their sleep efficiency and TST, while overestimating their sleep latency. Subjective and objective sleep efficiency as well as sleep latencies differed significantly in the SMD group. Parasomnia and hypersomnia patients only showed significant differences in sleep latencies. PSQI scores significantly differed across patient groups.

Conclusion

The PSQI is useful as a screening instrument for distinguishing between diagnostic categories of sleep disorders. Not only insomnia patients significantly misinterpreted sleep parameters, but patients with SMD, hypersomnia, and parasomnia also displayed significant misinterpretation of at least one sleep parameter.     

Validity,potential clinical utility,and comparison of consumer and research‐grade activity trackers in Insomnia Disorder I: In‐lab validation against polysomnography

Consumer activity trackers claiming to measure sleep/wake patterns are ubiquitous within clinical and consumer settings. However, validation of these devices in sleep disorder populations are lacking. We examined 1 night of sleep in 42 individuals with insomnia (mean = 49.14 ± 17.54 years) using polysomnography, a wrist actigraph (Actiwatch Spectrum Pro: AWS) and a consumer activity tracker (Fitbit Alta HR: FBA). Epoch‐by‐epoch analysis and Bland?Altman methods evaluated each device against polysomnography for sleep/wake detection, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset and sleep latency. FBA sleep stage classification of light sleep (N1 + N2), deep sleep (N3) and rapid eye movement was also compared with polysomnography. Compared with polysomnography, both activity trackers displayed high accuracy (81.12% versus 82.80%, AWS and FBA respectively; ns) and sensitivity (sleep detection; 96.66% versus 96.04%, respectively; ns) but low specificity (wake detection; 39.09% versus 44.76%, respectively; p = .037). Both trackers overestimated total sleep time and sleep efficiency, and underestimated sleep latency and wake after sleep onset. FBA demonstrated sleep stage sensitivity and specificity, respectively, of 79.39% and 58.77% (light), 49.04% and 95.54% (deep), 65.97% and 91.53% (rapid eye movement). Both devices were more accurate in detecting sleep than wake, with equivalent sensitivity, but statistically different specificity. FBA provided equivalent estimates as AWS for all traditional actigraphy sleep parameters. FBA also showed high specificity when identifying N3, and rapid eye movement, though sensitivity was modest. Thus, it underestimates these sleep stages and overestimates light sleep, demonstrating more shallow sleep than actually obtained. Whether FBA could serve as a low‐cost substitute for actigraphy in insomnia requires further investigation.