阿立哌唑和奋乃静对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨阿立哌唑和奋乃静对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法 86例首发精神分裂症患者随机均分为阿立哌唑组和奋乃静组,在治疗前和治疗3月后作数字广度(顺、逆)、即刻逻辑记忆、延迟逻辑记忆、即刻视觉记忆、延迟视觉记忆、连线测验A和B、字色混淆测验(Stroop)以及威斯康星卡片分类测验(W CST)等神经心理测验。结果治疗3个月后同组间相比较:阿立哌唑组除视觉记忆外其他各项认知功能指标均有所好转(即刻视觉记忆t=0.029,延迟视觉记忆t=0.032,P均0.05;其余项目t=2.562～4.658,P0.05或P0.01),而奋乃静组在13项认知功能指标中有5项恶化,主要在逻辑记忆(t=2.747和3.290,P均0.01)和执行功能方面(S troopC-W评分t=2.819,P0.01);两组间相比较:阿立哌唑组除视觉记忆外各项认知功能测查结果均明显好于奋乃静组(即刻视觉记忆t=0.093,延迟视觉记忆t=0.048,P均0.05;其余项目t=2.635～5.748,P0.05或P0.01)。结论阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症患者的认知功能有改善作用,而奋乃静对认知功能的某些领域有损害。     

奎的平与氯丙嗪对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的 探讨奎的平、氯丙嗪对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法 符合CCMD-3诊断标准的精神分裂症患者分为奎的平组（30例）与氯丙嗪组（为对照组30例）进行了3个月的临床研究，用PANSS、WHO．QOL-100分别评定患者的精神症状和生活质量。结果 3个月治疗后奎的平组患者PANSS总分和阴性因子分改善优于氯丙嗪组；奎的平对患者生活质量的影响除精神支柱外均有明显提高；氯丙嗪仅能部分提高患者的生活质量，但对患者的生活、心理和独立性领域没有明显改善。结论 奎的平对精神分裂症患者的生活质量的改善优于氯丙嗪。     

奎硫平与氯丙嗪对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能的影响

目的 比较奎硫平与氯丙嗪对首炭精神分裂症忘者疗效及认知功能的影响.方法 将符合CCMD-3精神分裂症诊断标准的52例患者随机分为两组.分别给予奎硫平与氯丙嗪治疗.于治疗前、治疗后第8周分别进行韦氏成人智力测验(WAIS-RC)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST);以阳性症状和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、临床疗效总评量表(CGI)评定疗效、以精神药物剐反应量表(TESS)评定副反应.结果 治疗8周后,两组患者的PANSS,CGI评分均明显减少,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).两组问比较PANSS、CGI评分差异元亚著性(P＞0.05).奎硫平组认知测验成绩普遍显著提高,与氯丙嗪组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 奎硫平与氯丙嗪治疗首发精神分裂症疗效相当,奎硫平对认知功能的改善明显优于氯丙嗪.     

首发精神分裂症患者认知功能与精神症状及疗效的关系

目的：探讨首发精神分裂症患者的认知和功能与精神症状及疗效的关系。方法：对１６４例首发精神分裂症患者随机给予氯丙嗪或氯氮平治疗;于治疗前分别作韦氏成人智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、铁槽铁钉测验、手指敲击测试、动作功能测验、手功能协调测验、连线测验Ａ和Ｂ、威斯康星卡片分类测验（ＷＣＳＴ）及词语流畅性测验１１项神经心理测查各一次,并作ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ、功能总体评定量表（ＧＡＦ）一次;治疗１２周末再评定１次上     

35例精神分裂症患者神经心理学评估的对照研究

目的：用神经心理测验评估35例精神分裂症患者认知功能损害的特点。方法：采用多种神经心理测验评估35例精神分裂症患者（12例未用药，8例用药1周以内，15例用药1月以上）和20例健康对照组的学习、记忆、工作记忆、注意、信息处理速度、词语流畅、执行功能等认知功能。对未用药和用药1周以内的精神分裂症患者进行随访。结果：在成套神经心理测验的各个分测验中，精神分裂症患者（未用药、用药1周以内和用药1月以上）成绩均较正常人差[如韦氏数字符号得分未用药者（63．0±13．8），正常对照组（87．10±13．16），P〈0．001]。用药1月以上组的空间广度测验成绩优于未用药组[逆行得分成绩用药1月以上组（7．47±1．81），未用药组（5．50±1．73），P〈0．01；总分成绩用药1月以上组（15．33±3．31），未用药组（12．42±3．65）]。随访研究中，霍普金斯词汇学习测验一修订版、简易视觉空间记忆测验-修订版和视觉空间广度测验的随访成绩优于初测成绩[如空间广度测验的逆行得分初测成绩（5．7±1．5），随访成绩（6．8±1．0，P〈0．05）]。结论：精神分裂症患者存在大脑广泛的认知功能损害。非经典抗精神病药物治疗可能对精神分裂症患者的言语记忆、视觉空间记忆和视觉工作记忆有所改善。     

歌曲治疗技术对慢性精神分裂症患者精神症状和认知功能的影响

目的:探讨歌曲治疗技术对慢性精神分裂症患者精神症状和认知功能的影响。方法:采用随机对照研究,选取长期住院的慢性精神分裂症患者133例,按治疗组:对照组=2:1的比例随机分组,治疗组接受常规精神科药物治疗辅助"歌曲治疗技术",对照组只接受常规精神科药物治疗,应用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)和重复性神经心理状态测验(RBANS)于治疗前、治疗后对患者的精神症状和认知功能进行评定。结果:治疗3个月后,歌曲治疗技术对PANSS测评的阴性症状(β=-0.259,P0.001)有显著性降低作用,对PANSS总分(β=-0.112,P=0.057)有边缘性的降低作用;歌曲治疗技术对RBANS测评的认知功能(即刻记忆、视觉空间结构、言语功能、注意和延迟记忆)没有显著的改变作用(P0.05)。结论:歌曲治疗技术可以改善慢性精神分裂症患者的精神症状,尤其是药物治疗难以改善的阴性症状;3个月的歌曲治疗技术对于慢性精神分裂症患者的认知功能没有显著性的改善作用,其有待进一步研究认证。     

奥氮平对精神分裂症认知障碍的疗效及糖、脂代谢的影响

目的观察奥氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的疗效及其对糖、脂代谢影响。方法将60例接受单一奥氮平治疗的精神分裂症患者，采用修订韦氏记忆量表（WMS--RC）评定记忆功能；威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）评定执行功能；PANSS量表评定精神症状；并检测血糖、胆固醇和甘油三脂，分别在治疗前、治疗8周末各测验1次。结果经过8周的奥氮平治疗后，记忆商数显著提高（P〈0．001），威斯康星卡片分类测验的总测验次数、持续错误数及随机错误数均显著下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；并且奥氮平对记忆功能、执行功能的改善与阳性症状、阴性症状的下降里显著正相关．治疗8周末血糖、胆固醇和甘油三脂水平均显著高于治疗前（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）．结论奥氮平能有效的改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能障碍，但应重视其对糖脂代谢的副作用。     

首发精神分裂症及其健康同胞神经心理功能的比较

目的:探讨首发精神分裂症患者及其健康同胞神经心理功能差异。方法:采用范畴流利测验、连线测验(TMT)、数字符号编码测验和Stoop测验对在92例首发精神分裂症患者、56例健康同胞及62例健康对照者进行测评。结果:首发精神分裂症患者及其健康同胞所有神经心理测验成绩均差于健康对照组(P<0.05)。与健康同胞组比较,首发精神分裂症患者组除范畴流利测验外,其他神经心理测验成绩差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:首发精神分裂症患者及其健康同胞存在认知损害,语义流畅性功能可能是精神分裂症的潜在内表型。     

银杏叶片治疗男性长期住院精神分裂症患者注意记忆损害的对照研究

目的 评价银杏叶提取物对男性长期住院精神分裂症患者注意、记忆损害的影响.方法 120例男性长期住院精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,每组60名,均服用利培酮片治疗,研究组合并银杏叶片治疗,观察12周.应用重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)中Stroop色词测验(SCW)、持续操作测验(CPT)、数字序列测验、言语记忆及视觉记忆测验测查治疗前后患者的注意力和记忆力.结果 治疗12周末,研究组患者在Stroop色词测验(SCW)、持续操作测验(CPT)正确反应数、数字序列测验、言语记忆测验、视觉记忆测查5个方面的均有不同程度的改善(t=-2.09,-3.40,-2.38,-3.72,-2.01;P＜0.05).与对照组比较,研究组在持续操作测验(CPT)正确反应数、数字序列测验、视觉记忆测查、言语记忆测验4个方面均有明显差异,并具有统计学意义(t=2.61,2.62,2.21,2.83;P＜0.05).Stroop色词测验(SCW)、持续操作测验(CPT)正确反应时间无明显差异(t=1.92,-1.62;P＞0.05).结论 银杏叶提取物与抗精神病药物合用能够改善长期住院慢性精神分裂症患者的注意力和记忆力,能够做为增效剂在治疗以阴性症状为主或认知功能损害明显的精神分裂症患者中应用.     

氯丙嗪和利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的 比较氯丙嗪和利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法 将100例首发精神分裂症住院患者随机分为氯丙嗪组（50例）和利培酮组（50例）,进行开放性对照研究。在治疗前和治疗后第8周末各做1次韦氏成人智力量表（WAIS-R）、韦氏记忆量表（WMS）和威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）。结果 治疗第8周末,利培酮组各项认知功能检查结果明显好于氯丙嗪组（P〈0．05）;在控制可能的干扰因素（入组时测查水平、年龄、文化程度、药物副反应的程度）后,大部分检查结果两组之间差异仍正著,利培酮组各项认知功能指标均有好转,而氯丙嗪姐6项中有3项恶化。结论 对首发精神分裂症患者,利培酮治疗对其认知功能有改善作用,而氯丙嗪对认知功能的某些方面有损害。     

Neurocognitive effects of first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs in early-stage schizophrenia: a naturalistic 12-month follow-up study

The study aimed to assess the cognitive effects of first- and second-generation antipsychotics on neurocognition under naturalistic treatment conditions. In a 12-month, open-label, multicenter study, 698 patients with early-stage schizophrenia (duration of illness ≤5 years) were prescribed chlorpromazine, sulpiride, clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, or aripiprazole monotherapy. A neuropsychological battery including tests of attention, processing speed, learning/memory, and executive functioning was administered at baseline, 6- and 12-months. The primary outcome was change in a cognitive composite score after 12-months of treatment. At 12 months, treatment resulted in mild to moderate neurocognitive improvements of z=0.32 for chlorpromazine, 0.33 for sulpiride, 0.43 for clozapine, 0.51 for risperidone, 0.69 for olanzapine, 0.64 for quetiapine and 0.46 for aripiprazole. However, the olanzapine and quetiapine groups demonstrated greater improvement in the composite score and processing speed than did the chlorpromazine and sulpiride groups. Both first- and second-generation antipsychotics may improve cognitive function in patients with early-stage schizophrenia. Given that some neurocognitive improvement is attributable to a practice effect, any improvement is likely to be in the range of a small effect size.     

Successful computer-assisted cognitive remediation therapy in patients with unipolar depression: a proof of principle study

BACKGROUND: Despite increasing awareness of the extent and severity of cognitive deficits in major depressive disorder (MDD), trials of cognitive remediation have not been conducted. We conducted a 10-week course of cognitive remediation in patients with long-term MDD to probe whether deficits in four targeted cognitive domains, (i) memory, (ii) attention, (iii) executive functioning and (iv) psychomotor speed, could be improved by this intervention. METHOD: We administered a computerized cognitive retraining package (PSSCogReHab) with demonstrated efficacy to 12 stable patients with recurrent MDD. Twelve matched patients with MDD and a group of healthy control participants were included for comparison; neither comparator group received the intervention that involved stimulation of cognitive functions through targeted, repetitive exercises in each domain. RESULTS: Patients who received cognitive training improved on a range of neuropsychological tests targeting attention, verbal learning and memory, psychomotor speed and executive function. This improvement exceeded that observed over the same time period in a group of matched comparisons. There was no change in depressive symptom scores over the course of the trial, thus improvement in cognitive performance occurred independent of other illness variables. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide preliminary evidence that improvement of cognitive functions through targeted, repetitive exercises is a viable method of cognitive remediation in patients with recurrent MDD.     

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia improves attentional function in fibromyalgia syndrome: a pilot, randomized controlled trial

This pilot, randomized controlled trial analyzed the effects of a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT, n = 20) for insomnia vs a sleep hygiene (SH, n = 20) program on the three attentional networks (alertness, orienting, and executive function) and other additional outcome measures (sleep, pain, depression, anxiety, and daily functioning) of fibromyalgia patients. The CBT group showed significant improvement in alertness (F(1, 28) = 11.84, p = .0018), executive functioning (F(1, 28) = 15.76, p = .00059), sleep quality ( F(1, 38) = 6.33, p = .016), and a trend to improvement in daily functioning (p > .06), as compared with the SH group. The improvement in executive functioning was significantly related to the changes in sleep (r = 0.40, p = .026). A CBT for insomnia represents a useful intervention in fibromyalgia patients not only regarding sleep disturbance but also attentional dysfunction and probably daily functioning.     

Do cognitive complaints in euthymic bipolar patients reflect objective cognitive impairment?

BACKGROUND: In clinical practice, bipolar patients complain of cognitive deficits such as attentional or memory disturbances. The main aim of this study was to determine whether subjective cognitive complaints were associated with objective neuropsychological impairments. METHOD: Sixty euthymic bipolar patients were assessed through a neuropsychological battery. A structured clinical interview was used to determine subjective cognitive complaints in patients. Thirty healthy controls were also included in the study in order to compare the neuropsychological performance among groups. RESULTS: Bipolar patients with a higher number of episodes, especially the number of mixed episodes, longer duration of the illness and the onset of the illness at an earlier age showed more subjective complaints. Furthermore, bipolar patients with subjective complaints showed lower scores in several cognitive measures related to attention, memory and executive function compared with the control group. Nevertheless, patients without complaints also performed less well than controls in some neuropsychological measures. CONCLUSION: Bipolar patients who were aware of cognitive deficits were more chronic, had presented more previous episodes, especially mixed type, and their illness had started at an earlier age compared with patients who did not complain about cognitive problems. Moreover, patients with good cognitive insight also had a poorer social and occupational functioning as well as a poorer neuropsychological performance. However, the bipolar group without complaints also obtained lower scores in several tests compared with healthy controls. Cognitive status of bipolar patients should be routinely assessed, regardless of the patients awareness about their cognitive deficits.     

Comparison of cognitive functions between first- and multi-episode bipolar affective disorders

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment has been commonly found in euthymic patients with bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). Information about onset and course of cognitive deficits is, however, scarce. This study examined the cognitive profile of patients following their first episode of BPAD to determine whether cognitive problems are present at such an early stage. METHODS: Executive functions, memory, IQ, attention-concentration and perceptuomotor function were assessed in 16 euthymic patients with BPAD following their first episodes, and compared with a group of 30 euthymic patients with multiple episodes of BPAD and 20 normal controls. Comparisons were controlled for educational status, current IQ and residual symptoms. RESULTS: First-episode patients were significantly impaired, compared to normal controls, on tests of executive function, sustained attention, perceptuomotor function and IQ. Additionally, their performance was significantly worse than patients with multi-episode BPAD on tests of executive functions, sustained attention and perceptuomotor function. Multi-episode patients had impaired memory, compared to normal controls, and performed poorly on a subtest of executive functions compared to first-episode patients. LIMITATIONS: Sample sizes were small, assessments cross-sectional; all confounds could not be controlled for. CONCLUSIONS: Widespread cognitive disturbances following the first episode of BPAD were found in this study. Whether these disturbances progress following repeated episodes was not entirely clear. Since cognitive impairment can have several adverse consequences for patients of BPAD in terms of disability, quality of life, outcome etc., this must remain a priority area for future research.     

Neuropsychology of bipolar disorder: a review

BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) may be associated with significant and persistent cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of cognitive deficits in BD at different phases of the illness and determine whether it is different from that of schizophrenia and unipolar (UP) depression. METHODS: A systematic review of the computerised literature of neuropsychological studies of BD published between 1980 and 2000. RESULTS: General intellectual function: this was largely preserved in BD. Impairments when present were limited to acute episodes and to performance scores. Attention: attentional abnormalities were seen in symptomatic BD patients and persisted in remission in measures of sustained attention and inhibitory control. Memory: verbal memory was impaired even in euthymic patients while visuo-spatial memory deficits were variable depending on the tasks used. Executive function: all aspects of executive function (planning, abstract concept formation, set shifting) were impaired in symptomatic BD patients. Performance on executive function tests was sensitive to the presence of even residual symptoms but it may be normal in fully recovered patients with uncomplicated BD. Comparison to other patient groups: no major differences in cognitive profile between BD and UP depression were found. Remitted BD patients out-performed stable schizophrenics on most cognitive measures but this advantage disappeared when they were acutely symptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic BD patients have widespread cognitive abnormalities. Trait related deficits appear to be present in verbal memory and sustained attention. Executive function and visual memory may be also affected at least in some recovered BD patients.     

Cognitive profiles of mild cognitive impairment with and without vascular disease

This study examined whether the cognitive profile of subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with vascular disease differs from that of MCI subjects with no vascular disease. Consecutive MCI subjects with vascular disease (n=60) and matched MCI subjects with no vascular disease (n=60) were included in the study and were compared with healthy control subjects (n=60). The neuropsychological assessment comprised tests of speed and attention, episodic memory, visuospatial function, language, and executive function. Control subjects performed significantly better than did both MCI groups on the neuropsychological battery. MCI subjects with no vascular disease performed better overall than did MCI subjects with vascular disease, most clearly on tests of speed and attention, visuospatial function, and executive function. MCI subjects with and without vascular disease exhibited differences, both in terms of overall performance and of cognitive profiles. These differences can be largely explained by deficits in speed and attention and in executive function of the MCI subjects with vascular disease.     

Estrogen therapy selectively enhances prefrontal cognitive processes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with functional magnetic resonance imaging in perimenopausal and recently postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE: Estrogen therapy (ET) seems to differentially effect cognitive processes in younger versus older postmenopausal women, suggesting a window of opportunity when ET is most beneficial. Cognitive improvement in younger postmenopausal women has been attributed to ET's influence on hot flushes and sleep, but empiric examination of the mediating role of menopause symptoms versus direct effects of ET on the brain is limited. DESIGN: In a double-blind trial, 52 women were randomly assigned to estradiol 0.05 mg/day (n = 26) or placebo transdermal patches (n = 26) for 12 weeks. Women completed tests of memory, learning, and executive functioning, and hot flush and sleep assessments at baseline and study end. A subset of women (five ET treated, six placebo treated) also underwent blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. RESULTS: Nondepressed perimenopausal and postmenopausal women were studied. The majority had hot flushes and sleep impairment. Compared with placebo, ET selectively reduced errors of perseveration during verbal recall (P = 0.03), a frontal system-mediated function, but did not influence other cognitive processes. Women with baseline hot flushes had greater cognitive benefit with ET (P < 0.05). Cognitive benefit was not associated with sleep problems or its improvement. Measures of fMRI BOLD activation during tests of verbal and spatial working memory showed significant increases in frontal system activity with ET (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen therapy selectively improves executive functioning as demonstrated by reduced perseverative errors and prefrontal cortex activation during verbal recall tasks. Cognitive improvement with ET is associated with hot flushes, but not with sleep, suggesting that ET has a direct central nervous system effect, rather than an indirect effect mediated through improvement of sleep.     

Performance on the NEPSY among children with spina bifida.

Usefulness of the NEPSY: A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY) to assess attention/executive function skills was examined in a sample of 30 children with spina bifida and shunted hydrocephalus (SBSH; 20 females/10 males; age range: 6-12 years). Statistically significant moderate-to-strong correlations between the NEPSY and other measures of executive functioning were obtained. The strength of these associations decreased when controlling for intelligence as measured by the WISC-III. The Attention and Executive Function domain appeared more closely associated with tests requiring focused attention and an ability to shift set than those emphasizing more abstract reasoning, memory, or non-verbal problem-solving skills. The NEPSY appears useful in the assessment of specific executive function abilities in young individuals with SBSH. More research into the NEPSY and particularly its Attention and Executive Function domain is needed among individuals with SBSH before its use as a stand-alone tool apart from adjunctive cognitive assessment instruments.