栓线法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型插线部位的选择

目的 观测大鼠颈内、外动脉的形态,为用栓线法经颈内动脉制作大鼠大脑中动脉区脑缺血模型提供形态学依据。方法 采用20只经墨汁乳胶混合液灌注的大鼠脑标本,对颈内、外动脉的形态分布、颈内动脉与颈外动脉之间以及颈内动脉与其第一分支之间的角度进行显微观察和测量。结果 颈内动脉总长为17.23±2.1(15.2—18.8)mm。第一分支是翼腭动脉,起始处距颈内动脉根部的距离为3.614—0.41mm,与颈内动脉之间的角度是66.9°±1.65。颈外动脉的第一分支是枕动脉,其管径为0.25±0.04mm。颈外动脉与颈内动脉之间的角度是28.25°±1.37。结论 栓线法经颈内动脉制作大鼠大脑中动脉区脑缺血模型,翼腭动脉起始处是插入栓线的最佳部位。     

经翼点入路鞍区手术间隙解剖学研究

目的　为鞍区显微外科手术提供解剖学参数。方法　对 10具成人尸体头颅的鞍区手术间隙及邻近血管、神经进行解剖学观察、测量。结果　大脑中动脉M1段在距颈内动脉分叉部 18.4± 3.2mm处形成初级分叉 ,向后上方发出约 14支穿支 ,分布至基底节区。鞍结节后缘至视交叉前缘相距 5 .6± 1.1mm ,两侧视神经内侧缘间最大距离 10 .5± 1.4mm。颈内动脉从内侧壁发出 3.2支垂体上动脉 ,终止于视神经、视交叉、视束和垂体柄 ;视神经 -颈内动脉三角三边长度分别为 6 .6± 0 .6mm ,6 .9± 0 .7mm ,4 .0± 0 .4mm。颈内动脉 -小脑幕三角三边长度为 8.8± 0 .7mm ,6 .7± 0 .7mm ,4 .4± 1.0mm ,后交通动脉起自颈内动脉后外壁距分叉部 7.7± 0 .5mm ,止于大脑后动脉 ,全长 18.7± 2 .3mm ,途中发出 7.4条穿通支。脉络膜前动脉从距分叉部 4 .4± 0 .6mm处发出 ,向后方走行 ,发出细小分支 ,分布于钩回、脉络丛。前交通动脉全长 1.9± 0 .3mm ,在前交通动脉上方 0 .9± 0 .2mm ,大脑前动脉A2段前外壁发出Heubner回返动脉 ,分布于胼胝体、基底节、下丘脑及额叶脑组织。结论　应用这些间隙的解剖学测量可指导与鞍区相关的手术 ,安全显露鞍区解剖结构 ,不损伤重要的血管和神经。     

扁桃体的动脉供应

<正> 解剖101侧头颈部标本,观测供应扁桃体的各动脉的起始、管径、行程、分支和分布。1.咽升动脉:64.4％起于颈外动脉起点上方12.9±6.6mm,25.7％起干枕动脉远端3.4±3.8mm,6.9％起于颈内动脉分又处,2％起于颈内动脉,1％起于舌动脉。单条咽升动脉93侧,双条7侧,3条1侧。成人该动脉管径1.15±0.21mm,它发出椎前支、鼓室下支和咽支,咽支发小支至扁桃体。2.腭升动脉:71.3％起于面动脉远湍     

经额胼胝体下入路垂体瘤切除术的应用解剖

目的为经额胼胝体下入路垂体瘤切除术提供显微外科解剖学基础.方法采用显微解剖技术对17个甲醛固定,红色明胶动脉灌注的成年尸头标本蝶鞍区的有关神经和血管进行观察.结果(1)视交叉前间隙之间的面积为(28.4±6.2)mm2,视交叉前缘至鞍结节之间的距离为(4.1±0.8)mm.(2)前穿动脉主要来源于大脑前动脉交通前段和颈内动脉终末段,穿入前穿质前可分成多支或形成动脉丛.(3)两侧颈内动脉海绵窦段水平部之间的距离为(16.5±4.4)mm,在穿经海绵窦上壁处间距为(13.3±2.5)mm,在大脑前动脉发起处,间距为(17.9±1.6)mm.(4)前交通动脉在视交叉之上者占82.4%,之前者占14.3%,侧方者占5.9%.(5)动眼神经在后床突的前外侧(7.8±2.1)mm处穿海绵窦顶入海绵窦,入窦点在颈内动脉床突上段后方(5.0±2.0)mm,两侧入窦点之间的距离为(21.9±2.3)mm.结论经额胼胝体下入路垂体瘤切除术主要是通过视交叉前间隙,在颈内动脉之间的区域操作,手术中,既要保护颈内动脉、视神经、动眼神经等较大结构,又要尽量避免穿动脉、下丘脑支动脉等小动脉的损伤,以减少并发症的发生.     

Heubner返动脉的显微解剖研究

目的：为有关鞍区手术提供Heubner返动脉的显微外科解剖资料。方法：应用手术显微镜对32例Heubner返动脉进行解剖学观察、测量。结果：返动脉恒定存在,起源于大脑前动脉或其分支,单支型90．6％,双支型9．4％;返动脉主干平均长度为29．4mm,起始处平均管径为1.02mm;57％于大脑前动脉外侧向后行走,89％行于颈内动脉床突上段上方,17％贴附于颈内动脉床突上段内侧缘后行,86％于前床突与大脑前动脉之间跨越视神经上方,100％从视交叉外侧缘外侧通过;77％在外侧裂池与颈动脉池交界处出现”U”形虹吸部;80％出现粗大终支从前穿质进入基底节区。结论：深入了解返动脉的解剖学特点及其与鞍区各结构的解剖关系,对于Willis动脉环动脉瘤的合理处置及经眶、经翼点人路鞍区手术神经血管的保护有重要的意义。     

空肠和回肠直动脉及器官表面动脉的观测

目的　通过对空、回肠直动脉分支类型的观察、测量不同类型直动脉管径、间距以及器官表面动脉吻合网面密度 ,探讨空、回肠血供形态的异同 ,为临床空、回肠疾病手术、器官移植、介入治疗提供形态学依据。方法　选取 15具成人及 2～ 6岁小儿 10具进行股动脉插管、乳胶灌注后解剖剥离直动脉 ,将空回肠均分 5段观测相关指标。结果　成人空肠 (1、2段 )及回肠 (3～ 5段 )直动脉起始处外管径 (mm)分别为 0 6 8± 0 18、0 72± 0 0 1、0 6 1± 0 0 2、0 5 3± 0 0 3和 0 5 1± 0 0 1,相邻分支间距 (mm)分别为 2 89± 1 72、2 79± 2 0 6、2 2 1± 1 6 4、2 17± 1 17及 2 85± 0 4 6 ;空、回肠直动脉长、短干型分支供血能力不同 ;空肠器官表面动脉吻合网面密度大于回肠。结论　直动脉分支类型、管径、间距及器官表面动脉吻合网面密度对空、回肠血供影响较大。     

成年家犬胸腰段脊髓营养动脉的解剖学研究

目的 :了解成年家犬胸腰段脊髓营养动脉的数目、管径和配布特点。方法 :7只成年家犬动脉灌注乳胶后取脊髓全长 ,对其胸腰段脊髓营养动脉进行观测。结果 :胸腰段脊髓的前根髓动脉 (12 .6± 2 .1)条 ,管径 (0 .2 182± 0 .0 773 )mm ,基本不成对分布 ,左侧者居多 ;最大前根髓动脉位于中腰髓 ,管径 (0 .3 83 6± 0 .0 3 3 1)mm ,动脉干长 (9.17± 1.68)mm。胸腰段脊髓后根髓动脉数目 (12 .7± 3 .4)条 ,管径 (0 .1663± 0 .0 3 72 )mm ,多不成对分布。前正中动脉在胸髓较细 ,管径为 (0 .14 68± 0 .0 2 5 2 )mm ,在腰髓较粗 ,管径为 (0 .2 677± 0 .0 414 )mm。两条后外侧动脉均较细 ,其间多吻合。结论 :与人类不同 ,成年家犬胸腰段脊髓动脉血供相当丰富 ,以犬为实验动物 ,制作急性脊髓缺血损伤模型时必须考虑到被阻断血流动脉的级别、节段、侧别、数目等因素对局部脊髓血供的影响。     

后交通动脉的显微外科解剖及其临床意义

目的 探讨后交通动脉及其分支血管的显微解剖结构特点及其临床意义。方法取15例(30侧) 10%甲醛固定的成人尸头标本,男9例(18侧),女6例(12侧)。开颅后自桥脑水平离断脑干取出大脑,保留Willis环的完整性;显微镜下观察后交通动脉的起始部位、分支血管数量,测量后交通动脉的长度、起始部外径,并根据其管径进行分型;观测后交通动脉最粗大分支乳头体前动脉的起始部位及起始部外径,并根据其形态特点进行分型。结果 30侧后交通动脉均发自颈内动脉外侧壁。左侧长度(13.63±0.42)mm,直径(1.72±0.56)mm,发出分支血管(6.92±0.55)支;右侧长度(14.42±0.46)mm,直径(1.81±0.60)mm,发出分支血管(6.22±0.48)支。后交通动脉为胚胎型4侧,过渡型2例,发育不全型7侧,成人型17侧。15例30侧标本中,乳头体前动脉缺如1侧,其余29侧后交通动脉均发出乳头体前动脉,其中单干型24侧、双干型3侧、多干型2侧。29侧乳头体前动脉中,起自后交通动脉的前1/3者7侧,中1/3者15侧,后1/3者6侧,后交通动脉与大脑后动脉汇合处者1侧。结论 后交通动脉的管径及其分支血管的数量、起始部位、管径等均存在一定的变异;处理鞍区病变,特别是显微夹闭后交通动脉瘤时,应详细了解后交通动脉的解剖结构特点,并注重分支血管的保护,对患者的预后具有重要的临床意义。     

带膝降动脉大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复小腿创伤的应用解剖

目的 :为带膝降动脉大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复小腿及跟骨的创伤提供应用解剖学基础。方法 :在70侧成人下肢标本上解剖观测了膝降动脉的起始、分支、分布及大收肌腱的形态特点和血管分布。结果 :①膝降动脉的主干长 1.2± 0 .5cm ,起点外径为 2 .6± 0 .6mm ,主要分支有股内侧肌支、关节支、隐支。②关节支的主干长 6.6± 1.2cm ;起点外径为 1.9± 0 .5 ,分支营养大收肌腱和股骨内侧髁骨质骨膜 ,并参与吻合形成膝关节动脉网。③隐动脉长 10 .9± 3 .3cm ,起点外径 1.8± 0 .6mm。分支营养缝匠肌下部、膝内侧上部皮肤 ,并参与吻合形成膝关节动脉网。④胫后动脉、腓动脉在内踝上方 11cm处的直径分别是 2 .5± 0 .6mm和 2 .0± 0 .4mm。⑤大收肌肌腱部长 6.8± 1.2cm ,宽 9.6± 2 .0mm ,厚 2 .2± 0 .6mm。结论 :带膝降动脉大收肌腱骨瓣、皮瓣血供丰富 ,供区形态可塑性大 ,可作为修复跟腱、跟骨及皮肤缺损的供体。     

脉络丛前动脉显微解剖结构的临床应用研究

目的研究脉络丛前动脉显微解剖结构的临床应用及其意义。方法用体视显微镜和手术显微镜对21例（42侧）成人脑标本进行观察,研究脉络丛前动脉显微解剖结构特点。结果脉络丛前动脉来源于颈内动脉者37侧（88.1%）;来源于大脑中动脉者3侧（7.2%）;来源于后交通动脉者2侧（4.8%）。左侧脉络丛前动脉比右侧粗大者占78.9%。脉络丛前动脉的起始处管径变异较大,平均（0.79±0.27）mm。管径从起始部发出随行程延伸越来越细,中段管径0.35~0.71 mm;末段管径0.16~0.33 mm。脉络丛前动脉主干长（2.88±0.48）cm。海马旁回钩前沟定位与交点的距离右侧为（11.17±1.78）mm,左侧为（10.93±2.13）mm。结论双侧脉络丛前动脉管径无明显差异,发生痉挛易导致视束的供血障碍。相关颞叶内侧附近手术时,海马旁回钩前沟定位比较准确,手术时要注意在以海马旁回钩前沟为标志的交点处保护脉络丛前动脉。     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.