History of the Red Army pathoanatomical service in World War II 1941-1945

History of the rise of the pathology service in the system of the military-medical service of the Red Army is described and the arguments in favour of its necessity in the fighting troops are presented. The characterization of the goals of such a service is given, notably: an evaluation of the work of the military-medical establishments on the basis of a summarized clinico-anatomical analysis of pathology data, this allowing the heads of the military-medical service a rapid elimination of organizational and therapeutic-diagnostic defects of various stages of medical evacuation and improvement of the activity of the therapeutic evacuation centres; establishing the causes of death of the persons wounded or struck in the battles and evaluating the significance of the type, time, volume and shortcomings of the treatment in the fatal issue; studying the pathology of the war trauma, regeneration, the pathogenesis of infectious complications and influence on their development and course of the treatment, etc. The organizational structure of the service, its branches (front and army laboratories of pathology, department of pathology of big hospitals) working under the guidance of the Central Laboratory of Pathology (CLP), is described. The documents which were the basis of the work of these laboratories are characterized. An important merit of M.F. Glazunov and N. A. Krayevsky--chiefs of the CLP--in the organization and guidance, both practical and scientific, is noted. The main results of the activity of the service are briefly characterized.     

肾小球毛细血管的电镜观察及其超滤作用

对正常小鼠肾小球毛细血管超微结构进行电镜观察。描述了肾小球毛细血管内皮细胞、基膜和上皮细胞的超微结构，指出肾小球毛细血管滤过屏障具有多层性、有孔性、可变性及选择性４大特点，讨论了毛细血管各层在超滤过机制中的意义。同时还观察了毛细血管的缺血性改变，阐明了缺血对毛细血管的影响中，以内皮细胞和上皮细胞最重，并对其病理学意义进行了探讨。     

Concept of the noncoenzymatic thiamine effect

The experimental and clinical data on different aspects of vitamin and hormone relationships have been summarized in the form of a general concept of the noncoenzymatic thiamine effect, on the basis of a number of premises: (1) discovery of tissue factors limiting the manifestation of the specific activity of administered thiamine (the presence of a tissue buffer depot of easily accessible coenzymes, and lack of free apoenzymes); (2) evidence of a thiamine effect on the pancreatic insulin-synthesizing function; (3) stimulation of metabolic thiamine effects, including the effects of insulin administration on thiamine-dependent enzymes; (4) determination of the features of hormonal control of thiamine metabolism in the body; (5) confirmation of the predictive force of the concept by clinical trials of the new strategy of thiamine therapy.     

不同肝段超声引导下穿刺活检的临床分析

目的 总结不同肝段超声引导下穿刺活检的经验及体会。方法 回顾性分析我院于2015年3月~2018年7月收治入院肝脏疾病患者60例,分析不同肝段疾病在超声引导下穿刺活检术临床资料,总结超声引导下穿刺活检术在提高肝脏疾病诊断的临床价值及病理取材操作准确性的心得。结果 本组共60例病例,其中Ⅱ段16例、Ⅲ段8例、Ⅳ段4例、Ⅴ段5例、Ⅵ段7例、Ⅶ段9例、Ⅷ段11例,出现1例并发症（出血）。60例病例中弥漫性病变28例:其中肝硬化11例、肝炎17例;良性病变18例:其中血管瘤13例、肝脓肿5例;恶性肿瘤14例     

Layer-by-layer analysis of the components of thalamocortical responses of the sensorimotor cortex in the rabbit during ontogenesis

The complex dynamics of the changes in the spatial-temporal disposition of the heterocomponent thalamocortical responses (TCR) when traversing the sensorimotor cortex (SMC), are governed by the characteristics of the electrogenesis of each of the components of the TCR, the age of the animal, and the frequency of stimulation of the ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus. At the same time, the transformation of the electrical profile of the second positive component (PC-2) of the TCR during traversal of the SMC may suggest the algebraic summation in this component of the bioelectrical processes of several sources of generation (of the inverted and noninverted PC-2). The characteristics of the ontogenetic dynamics of the profiles of the biological fields of the third negative component (NC-3) of the TCR which were found may be the result of age-related stages of development and of a change in the embryonal mechanisms of electrogenesis to the definitive mechanisms in the presence of outwardly similar negativities.Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 490–498, May–June, 1991.     

Use of mathematics in pathological anatomy]

The author discusses the possibilities of using mathematics in pathological anatomy studies on the basis of data from literature and his own studies. The information on the organization and planning of a mathematical investigation and on the features of the system approach to investigation of pathomorphology problems is presented. The main stages of the mathematical analysis of pathological changes are described with special reference to the use of likelihood and information approaches to the evaluation of the pathology of morphological systems at all levels of the structural organization. The principles of mathematical modelling and axiomatization of pathomorphological processes are outlined. The paper is illustrated with mathematical models of age dynamics of atherosclerosis and informational characteristics of the process of malignization of the stratified squamous epithelium. The general principles of further development of quantitative pathomorphology are briefly discussed.     

Morpho-functional changes of neurons in temporal cortex in comparison with spatial memory in bulbectomized mice after treatment with minerals and ascorbates

The effect of antioxidant mixture of mineralascorbates (MA) on the status of neurons of brain temporal cortex and behavior of mice after olfactory bulbectomy (BE) was studied, as it was previously shown by us that these animals were characterized by a deficit of spatial memory and development of neurodegenerative process in brain structures, which are affected by Alzheimer disease. Disorganization of cytoarchitectonics of temporal cortex with the deletion of its layers as a result of dystrophy of pyramidal neurons and foci of their complete disappearance were shown 1 month after BE. The increased number of neurons with the phenomena of karyopyknosis, karyolysis and vacuolysis was observed with a concomitant reduction in neuronal density. Addition of MA to the diet for three weeks prevented the development of deterioration of spatial memory in mice after BE and protected the neurons of brain temporal cortex from the degenerative changes. The results obtained suggest the possibility of realization of prophylaxis aimed at the prevention of the development of Alzheimer-type neurodestructive processes.     

Ultrastructural changes in the cardiomyocytes in protein synthesis disorders

Electron microscopic study of cardiomyocytes of Wistar rats using an experimental model of myocardial insufficiency induced by injection of rubomycin was carried out. A number of submicroscopic changes occurring in cardiomyocytes when protein synthesis was disturbed (autophagy and sequestration of glycogen, focal cytoplasmic degradation, increased number of secondary lysosomes) were shown to be the structural manifestations of inhibition of RNA synthesis in the nucleus. Alongside with involutional processes, the pathological changes of basic organelles consisting of thinning of myofibrils and decrease of mitochondrial membrane stability were revealed. At the stage of renewal of synthetic processes the dysbalance between intracellular regeneration and abnormalities of new formation of myofibrils was noted. All the observed ultrastructural changes form a morphological basis of development of contractile myocardial plastic insufficiency.     

Central problems in the general pathology and pathologic anatomy of shock

From the results of detailed clinico-anatomical studies of traumatic, exotoxic, burn, cardiogenic, bacterial, hemorrhagic, and other kinds of shock (1500 observations) and the data of the literature, the paper analyses some disputable aspects of shock: the role of neurogenic factors and vasomotor disorders in its pathogenesis, shock and collapse relationship, possibilities of shock diagnosis at autopsy, the concept of shock organ and shock cell. The importance in the pathoanatomic diagnosis of shock of hemodynamic disorders (sequestration of blood in the microcirculatory bed, shunting of the bloodstream in vital organs) and of hemocoagulation (liquid state of cadaver blood, DIBC) as well as of rapid mobilization of glycogen from tissue depots (liver) and circulatory-hypoxic injuries to the internal organs. The specific features of the individual kinds of shock are determined by different combinations of the above signs or predominant involvement of some internal organ. The lack of a single complete definition of the shock organ concept is indicated. The importance in the pathogenesis of shock of hemodynamic disorders, complications of the main disease, and pathology of therapy (the third factor) is emphasized.     

Role of the caudate nucleus in performance of the conditioned reactions connected with sound localization

The instrumental differentiation of left-right positions of sound-conditioned stimuli (series of clicks under dichotic stimulation) in 8 dogs was examined before and after the bilateral electrolytic lesions of various parts of the caudate nucleus (NCd). It was demonstrated that after damage of the NCd the correct differentiation of the side of monaural sound stimulation was preserved in all dogs. However, the differentiation of lateralization of sound produced by interaural time differences was selectively impaired. Lesions of the dorsal part of the NCd heads caused the absolute absence of the differentiation of the binaural sound image lateralization for 21-50 days after the operation. This function partially recovered but the percentage of correct responses remained significantly reduced in comparison with preoperative performance. Lesions of the ventral segment of the NCd heads of different parts of the NCd bodies had less influence on the performance of this behavioral task. In these cases there was no period of absolute absence of the differentiation, but the level of correct responses to the binaural signals was significantly reduced. It is suggested that the NCd is a part of the system of brain structures in which the parameters of the conditioned sound signals are compared with a reference system for recognition of sound location. The result of this comparison is used by the NCd for choosing a corresponding program of the motor response.     

Functional-morphological changes in the lungs in bronchial asthma]

Histological and immunohistochemical studies of 57 bioptic specimens of the mucosa of the main bronchi taken during an attack of bronchial asthma, and those of the lungs of 27 patients who had died on the attack, showed that in the course of the attack of bronchial asthma serous-desquamous allergic inflammation, which proceeded according to the type of hypersensitivity, of the immediate type, developed along the full length of the broncho-vascular barrier. It occurred under the effect of biologically active substances liberated in the reaction of the antigen with IgE. Immunochemically, there was detected luminescence of IgE on the basal membranes of the mucous glands, on the basal membranes of the mucosa, as well as in lymphoid, plasmic, and mast cells infiltrating the mucosa. In allergic inflammation in the bronchi there were noted drastic delatation and increased permeability of vessels of the microcirculatory bed, odema, migration of eosinophils, the mast-cell reaction with degranulation of mast cells, spasm of musculature, elevated permeability of the basal membrane, impregnation of the latter with plasmic protein with fibrin, hypersecretion and desquamation of the epithelium, hypersecretion of mucous glands. As a result of the inflammatory changes in the bronchial system disorders of the drainage function of the bronchi with obstruction of their lumens which were most pronounced in small bronchi and bronchioles, developed.     

A study of the ingestive function of the reticuloendothelial system after administration of extracts of burned skin

Experiments on noninbred albino rats showed that burn trauma induced a lasting inhibition of the ingestive function of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). This was expressed as lengthening of the time of ingestion and an increase in the percentage retention of radioactive gold Au¹⁹⁸ previously injected into the bloodstream. The slowing of the rate of Au¹⁹⁸ uptake from the bloodstream indicated blocking of the RES, which persisted for 7 days. Extracts of burned skin act on the ingestive function of the RES like burn trauma. The results confirm the view that the focus of thermal injury is the point of origin of burn toxemia. The depression of the ingestive activity of the reticuloendothelial cells of the liver under the influence of extracts of burned skin is a sensitive indicator of the state of the nonspecific immunologic resistance of the burned organism.     

The heterogeneity of an influenza virus A population due to differences at individual hemagglutinin H3 sites]

Using monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein of various influenza virus strains, the populations of long-passaged strain A/Hong Kong/1/68 and of recently isolated strain A/sparrow/Ukraine/83 belonging to the H3N2 serovariant were shown to have subpopulations of virions differing in the structure of antigenic sites of hemagglutinin and in nucleoprotein domain which correlated with the degree of electrostatic interaction of virions with an ion-exchanger. The results of the study indicate a possibility of separation in the course of stepwise ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 of antigenic variants of influenza virus strains which is very important for the understanding of the mechanisms of population variability as well as for investigation of individual epitopes of hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein domains of influenza virus in evaluation of antigenic relationships of virions belonging to the same strain of a certain serotype.     

Age changes in vasomotor reflexes and ultrastructure of sympathetic neurons in rats after chemical desympathization

The number of cells in the sympathetic ganglia of rats was reduced by means of guanethidine to 30% (group 1) and to 1% (group 2) of normal. In rats aged 2 months pressor responses to asphyxia and to stimulation of the femoral nerve were absent. In the animals of group 1 (but not of group 2) recovery of the reflexes was observed at the age of 4 months. An increase in the number of neurofibrils was demonstrated in the neurons surviving guanethidine treatment, indicating growth of the axon of these cells. Investigation of responses to the indirect sympathomimetic tyramine revealed an increase in the number of effector sympathetic endings at the periphery at the age of 4 months in the animals of group 1. It is suggested that restoration of reflex responses in the animals of this group at the age of 4 months took place on account of growth and branching of the axons of the surviving nerve cells, as a result of which the density of the effector innervation at the periphery was restored.     

心理控制源及相关因素对高考学生家长焦虑的影响

目的探讨子女教育心理控制源及相关因素与高考学生家长焦虑情绪的相关关系。方法对保定市两所重点高中的236名高考学生家长共435人,进行了自编一般情况问卷、子女教育心理控制源量表（PLOC）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）测试。结果①高三学生家长中母亲在子女对父母生活的控制（t=-2.264,P〈0.05）因子分上显著高于父亲;不同受教育程度PLOC各因子差异显著（P〈0.01）;经济状况良好的家庭父母PLOC中父母对子女行为的控制因子分显著高于经济状况一般和经济状况较差的父母;②教育成效、父母责任、子女对父母生活的控制、父母对子女行为的控制4个因子得分与焦虑自评量表得分呈正相关（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。③焦虑与PLOC及相关因素的回归分析表明,性别、受教育程度、父母对子女行为的控制进入了对焦虑的回归方程,对焦虑的预测作用较大。结论高考学生家长焦虑情绪受多种因素影响,并与子女教育心理控制源有关。     

Effects of Stimulation of the Insular Cortex on Execution of the Antrofundal Reflex in Conscious Dogs

Neuroanatomical studies demonstrated the existence of direct descending projections from the insular cortex to the area of the solitary tract nucleus responsible for mediating the vagovagal reflexes of the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract. These studies provided grounds for suggesting that one of the mechanisms mediating the influences of the insular cortex on stomach function may be modulation of its vagovagal reflex reactions, one of which is the antrofundal inhibitory reflex. Experiments on conscious dogs were performed to study the effects of electrical stimulation of the insular cortex on execution of the antrofundal gastric reflex in conditions of intermittent gastrointestinal tract activity during fasting. Stretching of the walls of the antral segment of the stomach during the active period of intermittent gastric activity led to suppression of contractions in the fundal segment. Electrical stimulation of the insular cortex was found to prolong this reflex reaction. Thus, one result of activation of the insular area of the cortex is enhancement of the inhibitory vagovagal gastric reflexes, in all probability occurring as a result of modulation of neurotransmission in the vagovagal reflex arc system.     

Reflex regulation of capacity for work

Summary The stability of changes of the muscular working capacity under the effect of various analysors was investigated in this work. This study was conducted on the background of decreased, working ability of the right arm.The results of these observations showed that increase of working capacity caused by stimulation of the cutaneous temperature and olfactory analysors disappears following repetition of these experiments 2 or 3 times. They are components of reaction of orientation. Increase of the working capacity under the effect of additional stimulation of the motor analysor is very stable under conditions of these experiments. Evidently, excitation of certain centers plays an important part in creation of stability of this effect. This excitation appears as an unconditioned reflex as a result of stimulation of the proprioceptors.Presented by Academician K. M. Bykov     

Role of changes in insulin-binding activity and energy metabolism in the pathogenesis of experimental crush syndrome]

Study of the effect of the crush syndrome on cell metabolism and insulin-binding activity revealed a new aspect of the pathogenesis of the syndrome, namely, a marked reaction of the mononuclear receptor apparatus. Accumulation of lactate in the tissues and the development of acidosis probably play an important role in disturbance of the insulin-binding activity of the plasma membrane. Reduction of the level of tree adenine nucleotides and ATP in particular may be of essential importance in the late stages of compression. Of importance in the pathogenesis of the crush syndrome was the binding of insulin with its receptors and the subsequent intensification of metabolic disorders and reduction of phosphorylation, which in turn may be the cause of reduced transmission of the signal to the receptors, i. e. disorder of the postreceptor action of insulin.     

Neuroaminergic control of anterior pituitary secretions (author's transl)]

The demonstration and identification of monoamines and of aminergic tracts in the central nervous system has permitted a study of their role in the control of the liberation of hypothalamic releasing hormones. Knowledge of the role of these hypothalamic neurohormones in the release of pituitary hormones is at present under study. The role of monoamines in the control of pituitary hormone functions depends narrowly on pharmacological methods intervening either in the synthesis of neuroamines or in their action on a specific receptor. The authors consider successively the implication of monoamines in the control of liberation of ACTH, GH, TSH, prolactin and gonadotropic hormones. The role of aminergic mechanisms in the physiology of pituitary releasing hormones forms an integral part of homeostasis. Knowledge of these mechanisms leads to a clinical study of their role in disorders of hypothalamo-pituitary function.