大学生一般自我效能感、防御方式及其关系研究

目的探讨大学生一般自我效能感与防御方式之间的关系。方法采用“一般自卷”，对390名大学生的一般自我效能感和防御方式进行了测量。结果①大学生一般自我效能感性别差异非常显著（P〈0.01），而城乡差异不显著（P〉0.05）；②大学生防御方式的性别差异显著（P〈0．05），而城乡差异不显著（P〉0．05）；③大学生的一般自我效能感与防御方式有显著相关。结论一般自我效能感是影响大学生防御方式的重要因素。     

大学生自我概念与防御方式的相关研究

目的：探讨大学生自我慨念与防御方式之间的关系。方法：采用“田纳西自我概念量表”及“防御方式问卷”，对390名大学生的自我概念和防御方式进行了测量。结果：①大学生自我概念性别差异非常显著（P〈0.01）．城乡差异显著（P〈0．05）；②大学生防御方式的性别差异显著（P〈0.05），而城乡差异均不显著（P〉0．05）；③大学生的自我概念与防御方式有显著相关。结论：自我概念是影响大学生防御方式的重要因素。     

大学生自我概念与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的探讨大学生自我概念与主观幸福感之间的关系。方法采用“田纳西自我概念量表”及“幸福感指数量表”，对465名大学生的自我概念和主观幸福感进行了测量。结果①大学生自我概念总分性别差异不显著（P〉0．05），而城乡差异显著（P〈0．05）；②大学生幸福感指数的性别差异不显著（P〉0.05），城乡差异显著（P〈0.01）；③大学生的自我概念与主观幸福感有显著正相关。结论自我概念是影响大学生主观幸福感的重要因素。     

高师贫困生自我效能感与主观幸福感的特点及关系研究

目的分析高师贫困生自我效能感、主观幸福感的特点及关系，为心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用一般自我效能感量表、生活满意度量表、快乐感量表，对218名贫困生和216名非贫困生进行测查。结果①高师贫困生生活满意度、快乐感显著低于非贫困生（t=4．811，P〈0．001；t=2．504，P〈0．05），自我效能感差异不显著。②高师贫困生自我效能感存在性别差异（t=2．117，P〈0．05），男生的自我效能感显著高于女生；生活满意度年级差异显著（F=3．547，P〈0．05），大一学生的生活满意度显著高于大二和大三学生，大二和大三之间的差异不显著。③高师贫困生自我效能感与生活满意度、快乐感呈显著正相关（r=0．349，P〈0．01；r=0．436，P〈0．01）。自我效能感水平越高，幸福感越强。结论高师贫困生主观幸福感相对较低，自我效能感与主观幸福感显著相关，通过提升自我效能感水平可以增强主观幸福感。     

女大学生社会支持、元认知策略和自我效能的关系

目的探讨女大学生社会支持、元认知策略和自我效能感之间的关系。方法采用社会支持量表、元认知策略问卷和一般自我效能量表对355名大学生的社会支持、元认知策略和一般自我效能感进行了测量。结果①女大学生自我效能存在显著专业差异（P〈0．01）；②社会支持、元认知策略和自我效能3个变量间存在显著相关（P〈0．05）；⑧在控制了人口学变量后，评价策略对自我效能有良好的预测能力；④自我效能在社会支持对元认知策略的影响上起到了中介作用。结论自我效能是影响大学生社会支持和元认知策略的重要因素。     

医学生时间管理倾向与一般自我效能感、心理控制源的关系

目的了解医学生时间管理倾向、心理控制源和一般自我效能感的情况,探讨它们之间的关系。方法采用青少年时间管理倾向量表、一般自我效能感量表、内在一外在心理控制源量表对潍坊医学院临床专业的191名学生进行问卷调查。数据进行t检验、方差分析、相关分析、回归分析。结果不同年级的医学生在时间管理倾向方面差异显著（F：6．16,P〈0．05）;时间管理倾向总分（r=0．18,P〈0．05）及其时间价值感维度（r=0．15,P〈0．05）与一般自我效能感之间呈显著正相关,时间管理倾向总分（r=-0．24,P〈0．01）、及其时间价值感维度（r=-0．21,P〈0．叭）、时间监控观维度（r=-0．24,P〈0．01）、时间效能感维度（r=-0．16,P〈0．05）与心理控制源之间呈显著负相关;心理控制源和一般自我效能感对时间管理倾向具有预测作用。结论医学生的一般自我效能感、心理控制源与时间管理倾向之间呈显著相关,心理控制源和一般自我效能感是影响医学生时间管理倾向的重要因素。     

大学生情绪智力与职业决策自我效能的关系

目的：考察大学生情绪智力与职业决策自我效能间的关系,从而能够为学生的职业决策、自我效能的提升提供一些依据。方法：使用《情绪智力量表》和《大学生职业决策自我效能感量表》作为研究工具,325名大学生为被试群体,进行问卷调查。结果：男生和女生的情绪智力不存在性别差异,班干部学生在“运用情绪”维度上的得分显著高于非班干部学生（t＝1．97,P＜0．05）;男生的职业决策自我效能在“选择目标”维度上的得分显著高于女生（t＝2．12,P＜0．05）,城市生源的学生在“收集信息”维度上的得分显著高于农村生源的学生（t＝2．48,P＜0．05）;情绪智力和职业决策自我效能存在中等程度的正相关（P＜0．01）;“管理自我情绪的能力”和“情绪感知能力”可联合预测总的职业决策自我效能（β＝0．39,0．23;P＜0．001）,情绪智力的不同维度能显著预测职业决策自我效能的不同维度。结论：学生的情绪智力水平和职业决策自我效能关系密切。     

大学生自我效能感与自尊的相关性研究

目的探讨大学生自我效能感与自尊之间的关系。方法采用"自我效能感量表"及"自尊量表",对177名大学生的自我效能感和自尊进行了测量。结果1大学生自我效能感性别差异不显著(t=-0.65,P>0.05),城乡差异也不显著(t=-0.37,P>0.05);2大学生自尊的性别差异显著(t=-2.09,P<0.05),而城乡差异不显著(t=-1.56,P>0.05);3大学生的自我效能感与自尊有显著正相关。结论自我效能感是影响大学生自尊的重要因素。     

英语自我效能感问卷的编制及信效度检验

目的：检验自编英语自我效能感问卷（ESEQ）的信度与效度水平。方法：通过669（501，168）名非英语争业人学生对该问卷进行检测。结果：①英语自我效能感问卷由17个题项两个分问卷，英语学习行为效能感问卷（ESEQ1）和英语学习能力效能感问卷（ESEQ2）构成：②ESEQ与ESEQ1、ESEQ2都具有良好的信度和效度；（参非英语专业女大学生的英语自我技能感显著高于男大学生（P〈0．0011。文理科大学生的英语自我效能感差异不显著。④非英语专业人学生的CET4成绩与英语自我效能感问卷及分问卷问均呈显著正相关（P〈0．001）。结论：自编英语自我效能感问卷（ESEQ）具有良好的信度和效度。     

大学生一般自我效能感及其与创造性人格的关系

目的探讨大学生一般自我效能感的特点及其与创造性人格的关系。方法采用一般自我效能感量表（GSES）和威廉姆斯创造性人格量表对200名大学生进行测量,然后进行相关分析。结果 1大学生一般自我效能感在性别之间不具有显著性;2大学生一般自我效能感与创造性人格中的冒险性（r=0.40,P〈0.01）、挑战性（r=0.37,P〈0.01）和好奇性（r=0.25,P〈0.05）有显著的正相关;3不同水平一般自我效能感的大学生的创造性人格差异显著。结论大学生一般自我效能感与创造性人格具有显著的相关。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

État de l’art : nouveaux anticoagulants et transfusion

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are indicated for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. As any anticoagulant, they are associated with a bleeding risk. Management of DOAC-induced bleeding is challenging. Idarucizumab, antidote for dabigatran, is currently available and is part of the therapeutic strategy, whereas antidotes for anti-Xa agents are under development. Activated or non-activated prothrombin concentrates are proposed, although their efficacy to reverse DOAC is uncertain. We propose an update on DOAC-associated bleeding management, integrating the availability of idarucizumab and the critical place of DOAC concentration measurements.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.