黎族大一新生的症状自评量表研究

目的：探究海南少数民族大学新生的心理健康状况及其影响因素,进一步提出针对黎族大学生的心理健康教育对策,探讨少数民族大学生心理健康干预体系的构建。方法：运用国内外广泛引用的症状自评量表（ SCL－9O）对180名海南省黎族大一新生展开心理健康测查。结果：SCL－90总均分的阳性筛选率为17．8％;男生在人际（t＝－2．577,P＜0．05）、忧郁、焦虑和恐怖（t＝－3．902,－3．899,－5．934;P＜0．01）4个因子上的得分显著低于女生,差异有统计学意义;来自农村的学生在人际（t＝－4．498,P＜0．01）、忧郁（t＝－2．553,P＜0．05）、焦虑（t＝－2．706,P＜0．05）、恐怖（t＝－4．154,P＜0．01）和精神病性（t＝－2．008,P＜0．05）5个因子上的得分显著高于来自城镇的学生,差异有统计学意义。结论：与全国大学生心理健康常模相比,黎族大一新生的心理健康状况较好,但是又在多个因子上存在着一定的生源和性别差异。     

大学生社会主义核心价值观现状调查

目的了解大学生社会主义核心价值观的现状,分析大学生社会主义核心价值观在性别、民族方面的差异。方法采用《青少年社会主义核心价值观》问卷对延边某大学“1名在校大学生进行问卷调查。结果大学生社会主义核心价值观调查结果表明,社会主义核心价值观的总平均分为3．5723,中等偏高;政治价值观在“三个代表”维度上,男女生之间存在着显著性的差异,女生得分要高于男生（t=-1．574,P〈0．05）;社会价值观在“政治民主”维度上,男女之间存在着及其显著的差异,女生得分要高于男生（t=-3．505,P〈0．01）;国家价值观在“和平统一”维度上存在着显著的男女性别差异,女生得分要高于男生（t=一3．067,P〈0．05）,在“热爱祖国维度上”存在着及其显著的朝汉族差异,朝鲜族大学生得分要高于汉族学生（t=2．772,P〈0．01）;发展价值观在“与时俱进”维度上,男女之间存在着显著的差异,女生得分要高于男生（t=-2．505,P〈0．05）;荣辱观在“辛勤劳动”维度上,男女之间存在着显著的差异,男生得分要高于女生（t=2．274,P〈0．05）。结论大学生社会主义核心价值观总体水平是积极向上的,在教育过程中应加强对大学生社会主义荣辱观的教育,特别要注意男女性别的差异,积极培养大学生的爱国情感和民族自尊心。     

大学生职业价值观 一般自我效能感与职业决策的相关研究

为探讨大学生职业价值观、一般自我效能感与职业决策的特点及其关系,运用大学生职业价值观问卷、一般自我效能感量表和自编大学生职业决策问卷对580名大学生进行调查。结果表明,男生在职业决策总分及职业知识、职业信念、自我评价的得分均高于女生（t=3.438,P=0.001;t=5.237,P=0.000;t=3.790,P=0.000;t=4.682,P=0.000）;一般自我效能感、职业价值观总分及发展因素与职业决策存在相关（P〈0.01）。可见,大学生职业价值观和一般自我效能感对大学生职业决策具有一定预测作用。     

出世、入世心理在一般自我效能感与学习动机之间的中介效应

目的：探讨一般自我效能感、出世心理、入世心理、学习动机之间的关系。方法：采用一般自我效能感量表、入世出世心理问卷、学习动机问卷对301名大学生进行调查研究。结果：①一般自我效能感与求知兴趣（ r＝0．257,P＜0．001）、利他取向（r＝0．117,P＜0．05）、拼搏精神（r＝0．200,P＜0．001）显著正相关;②一般自我效能感正向预测求知兴趣（β＝0．257,P＜0．001）和利他取向（β＝0．117,P＜0．05）,拼搏精神对求知兴趣（β＝0．335,P＜0．001）和利他取向（β＝0．283,P＜0．001）有显著的正向预测作用,在乎结果对于利他取向（β＝0．138,P＜0．05）有显著的正向预测作用;③一般自我效能感不仅直接影响学习动机,还通过出世心理、入世心理间接的影响学习动机。结论：拼搏精神在一般自我效能感与求知兴趣、一般自我效能感和利他取向间有部分中介作用,在乎结果在一般自我效能感与利他取向间有部分中介作用。     

大学生无条件自我接纳、自我价值感权变性与心理韧性的关系：交叉滞后分析

目的：探讨大学生无条件自我接纳、自我价值感权变性与心理韧性的关系。方法：采用交叉滞后设计,对366名大学生被试施测无条件自我接纳问卷、自我价值感权变性问卷与Connor－Davidson韧性量表,两次施测的时间间隔为3个月。结果：时间1的无条件自我接纳能够显著预测时间2的心理韧性的总分（β＝0．12,P＜0．05）,并能显著预测心理韧性中坚韧性（β＝0．12,P＜0．05）和自强性（β＝0．18,P＜0．001）;时间1的自我价值感权变性能够显著预测时间2心理韧性的总分（β＝0．09,P＜0．05）和自强分量表得分（β＝0．09,P＜0．05）。结论：无条件自我接纳和自我价值感权变性可能是心理韧性的原因变量,二者都对大学生的心理韧性有一定的促进作用。     

大学生手机依赖与自尊、孤独感的关系

目的：了解大学生手机依赖、自尊和孤独感的现状,探讨自尊、孤独感与手机依赖间的关系。方法：利用手机依赖、自尊、孤独感量表对600名在校大学生发放问卷。结果：大学生手机依赖者达33．8％;大学生手机依赖在性别和生源地上差异显著（t＝－2．62,P＜0．05;t＝3．41,P＜0．01）,自尊水平在生源地上差异显著（t＝－2．23,P＜0．05）;孤独感在性别、生源地上差异显著（ t＝－2．32,2．02;P＜0．05）;大学生自尊与手机依赖显著负相关（ r＝－0．114,P＜0．05）,孤独感与手机依赖显著正相关（r＝0．120,P＜0．05）;大学生自尊和孤独感能显著预测手机依赖（P＜0．05）,预测量为13％和14％。结论：大学生对手机依赖的总体情况较差;自尊水平低、孤独感高的大学生可能会有更高的手机依赖。     

大学生的一般学业情绪现状及其与大学适应的关系研究

目的了解大学生的一般学业情绪特点及其与大学适应的关系。方法用大学生一般学业情绪量表和中国大学生适应量表对学生进行测验。结果男女生在焦虑、放松、羞愧、气愤和兴趣5种情绪上有显著的差异，男生比女生体验到较多的正性情绪和较少的负性情绪；不同的年级在气愤（F（2，320）=3．40，P〈0．05）和兴趣（F（2，320）=3．63，P〈0．05）2种情绪上有显著的差异。二年级比一、三年级体验到较多的负性情绪和较少的正性情绪；不同生源学生的自豪（F（2，320）=5．38，P〈0．01）有极显著的差异，城市学生比农村学生体验到较多的正性情绪；大学生适应的总分及各维度得分与正性学业情绪呈显著正相关，与负性学业情绪呈显著负相关。结论大学生的一般学业情绪以正性情绪体验为主；大学生的学业情绪存在性别、年级和城乡差异；大学生的一般学业情绪与大学适应之间相互影响。     

大学生一般自我效能感与防御方式的相关研究

目的 探讨大学生一般自我效能感与防御方式之间的关系。方法 采用“一般自我效能感量表”及“防御方式问卷”，对390名大学生的一般自我效能感和防御方式进行了测量。结果 大学生一般自我效能感性别差异非常显著（P〈0．01），而城乡差异不显著（P〉0．05）；大学生防御方式的性别差异显著（P〈0．05），而城乡差异不显著（P〉0．05）；大学生的一般自我效能感与防御方式有显著相关。结论 一般自我效能感是影响大学生防御方式的重要因素。     

大学生职业价值观 一般自我效能感与职业决策的相关研究

为探讨大学生职业价值观、一般自我效能感与职业决策的特点及其关系,运用大学生职业价值观问卷、一般自我效能感量表和自编大学生职业决策问卷对580名大学生进行调查。结果表明,男生在职业决策总分及职业知识、职业信念、自我评价的得分均高于女生(t=3.438,P=0.001;t=5.237,P=0.000;t=3.790,P=0.000;t=4.682,P=0.000);一般自我效能感、职业价值观总分及发展因素与职业决策存在相关(P<0.01)。可见,大学生职业价值观和一般自我效能感对大学生职业决策具有一定预测作用。     

医学院校大学生心理素质现状

目的对广州某医学院校在校大学生心理素质的现状进行调查分析。方法使用华南师范大学郑希付、罗品超编制的《大学生心理素质量表》对500名在校医学生进行调查。结果该校大学生心理素质显著低于全国大学生常模（t=-19．293，P〈0．001），其中只有心理动力素质较高于全国常模（t=4．472，P〈0．001）；职业能力素质男生显著高于女生（t=2．271，P〈O．05），在学习心理素质上，男生显著低于女生（t=-2．521，P〈0．05）；各年级大学生在学习心理素质上有显著差异（F=2．760，P〈0．05）。结论医学院校大学生心理素质普遍低于一般大学生；男生职业能力素质优于女生，但学习心理素质不如女生；大三学生的学习心理素质比不上大一、大二学生。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

État de l’art : nouveaux anticoagulants et transfusion

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are indicated for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. As any anticoagulant, they are associated with a bleeding risk. Management of DOAC-induced bleeding is challenging. Idarucizumab, antidote for dabigatran, is currently available and is part of the therapeutic strategy, whereas antidotes for anti-Xa agents are under development. Activated or non-activated prothrombin concentrates are proposed, although their efficacy to reverse DOAC is uncertain. We propose an update on DOAC-associated bleeding management, integrating the availability of idarucizumab and the critical place of DOAC concentration measurements.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.