下调TSPO表达不影响脂多糖诱导的小胶质细胞TNF-α和IL-1β以及IL-6的分泌

目的研究相对分子质量(Mr)18 000转运蛋白(TSPO)基因表达下调对脂多糖(LPS)诱导BV-2小胶质细胞分泌TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6的影响。方法以RNA干扰技术建立TSPO基因表达下调的细胞模型,实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和Western blot法检测转染TSPO siRNA BV-2细胞TSPO mRNA及蛋白水平表达的效果;用qRT-PCR法检测TSPO基因下调后小胶质细胞BV-2在LPS作用下分泌TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA水平表达的情况;ELISA检测TSPO基因下调小胶质细胞BV-2在LPS作用下分泌TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的蛋白水平表达的变化。结果成功建立了TSPO基因下调的细胞模型,稳定表达TSPO siRNA细胞的TSPO mRNA和蛋白水平表达均明显下降,TSPO基因下调后BV-2细胞在LPS作用下分泌TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的量无变化。结论下调TSPO的表达对LPS刺激引起的小胶质细胞TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的分泌无明显影响。     

C3a、C5a受体缺失减轻IgA肾病肾损伤

目的:探讨C3a、C5a及其受体在Ig A肾病发病中作用及潜在机制。方法:6~8周清洁级雌性BALB/c小鼠28只,阴性对照组、野生型组、C3a受体敲除组、C5a受体敲除组各7只,采用有活性的仙台病毒滴鼻经鼻黏膜感染联合尾静脉注射建立小鼠Ig A肾病模型,测定24 h尿蛋白量、血清尿素氮、血清肌酐;留取肾组织标本,通过直接免疫荧光法检测肾组织Ig A、C3沉积;采用PAS染色光镜下观察肾组织病理改变;采用RT-q PCR法检测肾组织中TNF-α、TGF-β、IL-1β、IL-6、MCP-1mRNA相对表达量。结果:15周后野生型组、C3a受体敲除组、C5a受体敲除组(实验组)24 h尿蛋白量高于阴性对照组,野生型组高于C3a受体敲除组及C5a受体敲除组,差异具有统计学意义;血清尿素氮及血清肌酐差异无统计学意义;实验组小鼠可见肾脏组织病理改变,且野生型组重于C3a受体敲除组及C5a受体敲除组,阴性对照组肾脏组织病理则无明显异常。实验组小鼠肾组织TNF-α、TGF-β、IL-1β、IL-6、MCP-1 mRNA相对表达量高于阴性对照组,同时野生型组高于C5a受体敲除组及C3a受体敲除组,另外IL-1β、IL-6、MCP-1的mRNA相对表达量C5a受体敲除组高于C3a受体敲除组。结论:C3a及C5a受体缺失可减轻Ig A肾病肾损伤,并且C3a受体缺失作用更加显著。     

IL-37抑制脂多糖诱导的小鼠树突状细胞活化

目的探讨白细胞介素37(IL-37)对细菌脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠树突状细胞(DC)活化的调节作用。方法应用GM-CSF和IL-4诱导小鼠骨髓细胞向DC分化,抗CD11c磁珠分选DC。IL-37预处理DC后,进行LPS刺激。流式细胞术检测DC表面共刺激分子(CD80、CD86)表达水平,实时荧光定量PCR检测肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-6和IL-1αmRNA表达水平,流式细胞微球芯片试剂盒(CBA试剂盒)检测细胞培养上清中IL-1α、IL-6、TNF-α等因子的浓度。结果 DC诱导成功,磁珠分选能够获得高纯度的DC(>90%)。IL-37降低LPS诱导的DC表面共刺激分子CD80、CD86的表达,并抑制DC合成IL-1α、IL-6、TNF-α。结论 IL-37可以通过降低共刺激分子和炎症因子的表达抑制LPS刺激的DC活化。     

IL-18在脓毒症肺损伤发生发展过程中的作用及机制研究北大核心CSCD

目的:研究IL-18在脓毒症肺损伤发展过程中的作用及调控机制。方法:成年雄性野生型C57BL/6(WT)和IL-18基因敲除(IL-18-/-)小鼠分为野生型小鼠对照组(WT组)、脂多糖(LPS)处理的野生型小鼠组(WT LPS组)、IL-18基因敲除的小鼠对照组(IL-18-/-组)、LPS处理的IL-18基因敲除小鼠组(IL-18-/-LPS组)。腹腔注射LPS(15 mg/kg)建立小鼠脓毒症模型,对照组注射等量生理盐水。观察各组小鼠72 h生存率并处死小鼠,HE染色观察肺部病理组织变化,RT-PCR及Western blot检测各组小鼠肺组织IL-18 mRNA及蛋白表达,免疫荧光检测肺组织IL-18表达及定位,TUNEL染色检测肺组织细胞凋亡,流式细胞术检测肺组织Treg/Th17比例,ELISA检测炎症因子TNF-α、IL-17A、TGF-1β、IL-10表达。Western blot检测各组小鼠肺组织RORγt、FoxP3蛋白表达及STAT3磷酸化水平。结果:LPS诱导后,小鼠肺组织高表达IL-18。与WT LPS组相比,IL-18-/-LPS组小鼠生存率显著提高,肺组织病理损伤减轻,凋亡细胞显著减少,Treg/Th17比例提高,抑炎因子TGF-1β、IL-10表达增加,而促炎因子TNF-α、IL-17A表达明显减少,肺组织RORγt蛋白表达增加,而STAT3磷酸化水平降低。结论:IL-18可通过上调STAT3磷酸化水平,促进Treg/Th17免疫失衡及炎症因子分泌,从而加剧脓毒症急性肺损伤。     

甲基转移酶样蛋白3(METTL3)通过NF-κB信号通路促进小鼠巨噬细胞活化和炎症反应

目的研究参与腺嘌呤第6位氮原子上的甲基化修饰(m~6A)的甲基转移酶样蛋白3(METTL3)在巨噬细胞活化中的作用。方法体外培养小鼠RAW264.7巨噬细胞,并以1μg/mL脂多糖(LPS)刺激0、 2、 4、 6 h,检测METTL3的表达情况。设计合成的针对小鼠METTL3的小干扰RNA(siRNA)敲低METTL3的表达,通过实时定量PCR和Western blot法检测干扰效率;利用siRNA下调METTL3表达48 h后,以1μg/mL LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞,采用实时定量PCR检测白细胞介素6 (IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、 IL-12、IL-1β的mRNA水平, Western blot法检测核因子κB (NF-κB)信号通路中p65和磷酸化p65蛋白水平。结果 LPS刺激后RAW264.7细胞METTL3的表达上调,设计合成的METTL3 siRNA能有效敲低METTL3的水平。敲低METTL3后,巨噬细胞LPS刺激诱导表达的IL-6、 IL-12、 TNF-α和IL-1β显著降低,同时伴有NF-κВ信号通路p65蛋白的磷酸化水平降低。结论 METTL3通过激活NF-κВ信号通路促进LPS刺激的巨噬细胞活化和炎症反应。     

TNF-αⅠ型受体对小鼠脑血管内皮细胞iNOS和HO-1基因表达的影响

目的 探讨TNF-αⅠ型受体(TNFRl)对小鼠脑血管内皮细胞iNOS,HO-1基因表达水平的影响。方法 体外培养TNFR1基因敲除的小鼠脑血管内皮细胞(BVEC/TNFR1)和野生型小鼠脑血管内皮细胞(BVEC),分别给予5ng/mL TNF-α刺激24h后,用实时荧光定量PCR技术及Westem blot方法检测两种细胞iNOS基因和HO-1 mRNA和蛋白表达量。结果 给予TNF-α刺激后,iNOS mRNA和蛋白表达仅在野生型脑血管内皮细胞内明显增高。而在受体敲除脑血管内皮细胞无明显变化。HO-1 mRNA和蛋白表达量在野生型小鼠脑血管内皮细胞和受体敲除小鼠脑血管内皮细胞均明显增高。结论 TNF-α可能作用于脑血管内皮细胞TNFR1,增加iNOS表达,HO-1表达增高并非由TNFR1介导,而由TNF-α的其他受体介导。     

Aβ1-42通过TLR4影响小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7炎症因子IL-1β和IL-6释放

目的探讨Aβ1-42对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7向炎症性细胞转变的影响及机制。方法 RAW264.7细胞分别经过LPS与Aβ1-42刺激,RT-PCR和Western blot检测GM-CSF受体CSF2RA和CSF2RB的表达水平,ELISA检测在Aβ1-42刺激下的炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平;采用TLR4抑制剂分别干预LPS和Aβ1-42处理后的RAW264.7,检测CSF2RA与CSF2RB受体的表达变化,炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6的释放。结果 RAW264.7细胞表面GM-CSF受体CSF2RB在LPS与Aβ1-42处理后表达水平均比对照组升高(P0.05),而CSF2RA表达没有显著性改变;炎症因子IL-6与IL-1β在Aβ1-42刺激后分泌增加,同时TLR4抑制剂抑制LPS和Aβ1-42对细胞的刺激。结论 Aβ1-42通过TLR4促进小鼠RAW264.7细胞炎症因子IL-6、IL-1β的分泌。     

卡氏肺大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6基因表达的变化

目的探讨卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(Pneumocysitis carinii pneumonia,PCP)大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(Alveolar macrophage,AM)TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6基因表达的变化。方法采用AM体外培养技术,应用RT-PCR法分别测定脂多糖(LPS)诱导的AM中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6基因表达的动态变化。结果肺泡巨噬细胞受LPS刺激后,PCP模型大鼠TNF-αmRNA在1、4 h表达高于正常组(P<0.05),IL-1βmRNA表达在4、8 h时表达高于正常组(P<0.01),IL-6mRNA表达在8 h时PCP高于正常(P<0.05),表达峰值都提前,并且在4 h达到峰值。结论LPS刺激后,PCP大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞在早期可能更易分泌TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6作为免疫分子,起免疫防御和免疫损伤作用。     

炎性条件下PD-L1敲除小鼠星形胶质细胞的活化和增殖能力降低

目的观察炎性条件下程序性死亡蛋白配体1(PD-L1)敲除小鼠皮层来源的星形胶质细胞(AS)的增殖和活化情况。方法制备PD-L1敲除小鼠模型,分离出野生型和PD-L1敲除小鼠皮层AS,用100 ng/m L脂多糖(LPS)联合100 ng/m Lγ-干扰素(IFN-γ)刺激,免疫细胞化学染色和实时定量PCR检测野生型和PD-L1敲除小鼠来源的AS的胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、波形蛋白(vimentin)、S100钙结合蛋白B(S100β)、bystin、神经上皮干细胞蛋白(nestin)、一氧化氮合成酶2(NOS2)、CC趋化因子配体5(CCL5)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、集落刺激因子2(CSF2)、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂A3n(Serpin A3n)和脂质运载蛋白2(Lcn2)的改变。结果 LPS联合IFN-γ刺激可明显促进AS的PD-L1的表达,PD-L1敲除小鼠AS的骨架结构较野生型AS存在差异。敲除小鼠AS的GFAP、vimentin、S100β、bystin mRNA水平较野生型AS明显下调,nestin mRNA水平无明显差异,但PD-L1敲除小鼠AS的增殖水平低于野生型AS。LPS联合IFN-γ刺激增加NOS2、CCL5、IL-6 mRNA的表达水平、但CSF2、Serpin A3n和Lcn2 mRNA无明显变化。结论炎性条件下PD-L1敲除小鼠星形胶质细胞的活化与增殖水平较野生型AS下降。     

The extended IL-10 superfamily: IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, IL-28, and IL-29

Cytokines are involved in virtually every aspect of immunity and inflammation. A cascade of responses evolves after cytokine activation, although optimal function might ultimately involve several complementary cytokines. Understanding the function of individual cytokines is complicated because their role can vary depending on the cellular source, target, and phase of the immune response. In fact, numerous cytokines have both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory potential, with the contrasting outcome observed being determined by the immune cells present and their state of responsiveness to the cytokine. These issues make the study of cytokine biology daunting, particularly so for IL-10 and IL-10-related genes. The IL-10 superfamily is highly pleiotropic. These genes are linked together through genetic similarity and intron-exon gene structure. Significant commonality exists not only through shared receptors but also through conserved signaling cascades. However, its members mediate diverse activities, including immune suppression, enhanced antibacterial and antiviral immunity, antitumor activity, and promotion of self-tolerance in autoimmune diseases.     

IL-10 subfamily members: IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26

It has been reported that the CD4+ T cell is a very important source of interleukin 10 (IL-10), while CD8+ cells produce low amounts. IL-10 exerts several immune stimulating, as well as inhibitory effects. There are at least five novel human IL-10 family-related molecules: IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and IL-26. Activated T cells produce IL-19, IL-22 and IL-26, while IL-24 is produced by activated monocytes and T-cells. IL-20 induces cheratin proliferation and Stat-3 signal transduction pathway, while IL-22 induces acute-phase production by hepatocytes and neonatal lethality with skin abnormalities reminiscent of psoriasic lesions in humans. In addition, IL-22 mediates inflammation and binds class II cytokine receptor heterodimers IL-22 RA1/CRF2-4. This cytokine is also involved in immuno-regulatory responses. IL-26 (AK155) is a novel cytokine generated by memory cells and is involved in the transformed phenotype of human T cells after infection by herpes virus. All these new IL-10 subfamily member cytokines are strongly involved in immune regulation and inflammatory responses.     

Ovarian follicular concentration of IL-12, IL-15, IL-18 and p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine the presence of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-15, IL-18 and p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23 in follicular fluid from spontaneous cycles and the relation between the concentration of selected cytokines and IVF-embryo transfer outcome. METHODS: IVF-embryo transfer and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA and MBL, Nagoya, Japan) were used. RESULTS: Follicular fluid of women included in the IVF-embryo transfer procedure contained common p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23 (median 70.1 pg/ml), IL-15 (median 1.3 pg/ml) and IL-18 (median 38.2 pg/ml). There was a significant negative correlation between follicular fluid concentrations of IL-15 and IL-18 (R=-0.392, P=0.003). Significantly higher concentrations of common p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23 (median 79.8 pg/ml) were found in the follicular fluid taken from follicles containing oocytes, when compared with those without an oocyte (median 44.5 pg/ml, P=0.006). Patients who achieved clinical pregnancy had significantly decreased concentration of IL-15 (median 0.8 pg/ml) compared with patients without successful IVF-embryo transfer outcome (median 1.4 pg/ml, P=0.047). CONCLUSION: Follicular fluid collected from spontaneous cycles contains detectable levels of p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23, IL-15 and IL-18. Increased concentrations of p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23 in follicles containing oocytes suggest an important role of this cytokine in reproduction. Possible negative value of IL-15 as a predictor of IVF-embryo transfer success remains to be determined.     

IL-1, IL-18, and IL-33 families of cytokines

Summary: The interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-18, and IL-33 families of cytokines are related by mechanism of origin, receptor structure, and signal transduction pathways utilized. All three cytokines are synthesized as precursor molecules and cleaved by the enzyme caspase-1 before or during release from the cell. The NALP-3 inflammasome is of crucial importance in generating active caspase-1. The IL-1 family contains two agonists, IL-1α and IL-1β, a specific inhibitor, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and two receptors, the biologically active type IL-1R and inactive type II IL-1R. Both IL-1RI and IL-33R utilize the same interacting accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). The balance between IL-1 and IL-1Ra is important in preventing disease in various organs, and excess production of IL-1 has been implicated in many human diseases. The IL-18 family also contains a specific inhibitor, the IL-18-binding protein (IL-18BP), which binds IL-18 in the fluid phase. The IL-18 receptor is similar to the IL-1 receptor complex, including a single ligand-binding chain and a different interacting accessory protein. IL-18 provides an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Newly described IL-33 binds to the orphan IL-1 family receptor T1/ST2 and stimulates T-helper 2 responses as well as mast cells.     

IL-4、IL-13蛋白表达及抗IL-4、IL-13人源单链抗体的筛选

目的:表达IL-4和IL-13蛋白,从人源单链抗体文库中分别筛选抗IL-4和抗IL-13单链抗体.方法:采用RT-PCR从健康志愿者外周血单核细胞(PBMC) mRNA中扩增IL-4和IL-13 cDNA;构建硫氧还蛋白融合表达载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21,IPTG诱导表达并对表达产物进行纯化鉴定.以生物素化的IL-4和IL-13为抗原从前期构建的人源抗体文库中采用噬菌体展示技术分别筛选抗IL-4和抗IL-13人源单链抗体(scFv).结果:扩增的IL-4 cDNA大小为280 bp,表达的融合蛋白大小为27 kD左右.扩增的IL-13 cDNA大小为252 bp,表达的融合蛋白大小为25 kD左右.分别以生物素化的IL-4和IL-13蛋白为抗原,采用噬菌体展示技术对人源抗体文库进行3轮富集后,分别有大约37％的scFvs与IL-4有结合特性,有约27％的scFvs与IL-13有结合特性.筛选了4株分别与IL-4和IL-13结合能力强的单链抗体进行了Westem blot鉴定和测序.结论:成功筛选到抗IL-4和抗IL-13人源性单链抗体.     

IL-21 and IL-21 receptor

Interleukin (IL)-21 is a new member of the type I cytokine superfamily. Although it is most homologous to IL-15, it has a unique receptor chain, IL-21R, that pairs with the γ-common cytokine receptor chain. The first experiments examining the biology of the IL-21 pathway reveal that it is a cytokine with effects on natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and B cells. Mice deficient in the IL-21 R have also been made, and are being examined for the effects of the IL-21/IL-21R pathway in vivo. Here we summarize our current knowledge of this new cytokine pathway, and its role in innate and adaptive immunity.     

The biological paths of IL-1 family members IL-18 and IL-33

Cytokines are key mediators of the immune system, and few have been more thoroughly studied than those of the IL-1 family. IL-1α and IL-1β are the founding members and now celebrate 25 years since their cloning. In that time, IL-1-directed research has illuminated many aspects of cytokine biology and innate immunity. The family is now recognized to include 11 total members, including IL-18 and IL-33, which are the topic of this review. These two inflammatory cytokines are expressed broadly, and their actions influence a variety of physiologic responses involved in inflammation and immunity. The purpose of this article is not to provide an exhaustive review of IL-18 and IL-33 but rather, to summarize what is known about their key functions and to provide perspective on their similarities and differences.     

Polymorphisms of IL-1B, IL-1RN, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-gamma genes in the Korean population

Cytokines play a crucial role in regulating the immune and inflammatory responses. The collective influence of several cytokines can regulate immune responses as complex as those underlying allograft rejections or autoimmune diseases. Polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of the cytokine genes may influence their expression. Therefore, the polymorphisms of cytokine genes are potentially important as genetic predictors of the disease susceptibility or clinical outcome. In 311 unrelated healthy Korean individuals, we investigated the polymorphisms of cytokine genes (interleukin-1 [IL-1], IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]), which had been previously reported to be associated with a number of immune diseases, transplant complications, and direct or indirect influences on the level of expression and production. And we also compared the results to those published for other populations. The genotype distributions were consistent with the assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with the exceptions of IL-1B +3954 and IL-6-174 polymorphisms. The polymorphisms examined in this study were almost similar to that observed in Asian populations. There were significant differences of the polymorphisms, except for IL-4 receptor alpha +1902, between Korean and other populations. Comparing the alleles associated with higher level of expression and production, IL-1B +3954*T, IL-2-330*G, and IL-4-590*T alleles were significantly higher, and IL-1RN*A2, IL-10-1082*G, and IFN-gamma*2 alleles were lower in Koreans than other populations. Especially in IL-6 promoter -174 polymorphism, we found only the G allele associated with higher plasma IL-6 levels. In haplotype analysis of IL-10 promoter polymorphisms, the GCC haplotype, associated with higher expression of IL-10, was significantly lower in Koreans. These results may be helpful for understanding transplant-related complications, immune or autoimmune diseases, and malignant diseases in the Korean population.