F12基因起始密码子c.1A>G变异所致遗传性凝血因子Ⅻ缺陷症一家系的遗传学分析

目的探讨1个姨表近亲婚配的遗传性凝血因子Ⅻ(FⅫ)缺陷症家系的临床特征与遗传学病因。方法选取2021年7月12日于瑞安市人民医院泌尿外科就诊的1个遗传性FⅫ缺陷症家系为研究对象。收集家系临床资料, 抽取受试者外周静脉血样, 分别进行凝血指标检测与基因检测, 采用Sanger测序进行家系验证, 并对候选变异进行生物信息学分析。结果遗传性FⅫ缺陷症家系成员共3代6人, 包括先证者及其父亲、母亲、妻子、妹妹和儿子。先证者为男性, 51岁, 临床表现为肾结石。凝血指标检测结果显示, 先证者活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)显著延长, FⅫ活性(FⅫ:C)与FⅫ抗原(FⅫ:Ag)均极度降低;先证者父亲、母亲、妹妹和儿子FⅫ:C和FⅫ:Ag均降低至正常参考值下限的一半左右。基因检测结果提示, 先证者F12基因第1外显子起始密码子存在c.1A>G(p.Arg2Tyr)纯合错义变异。经Sanger测序验证, 先证者父亲、母亲、妹妹和儿子均携带F12基因c.1A>G杂合变异, 先证者妻子未见该变异。该变异在HGMD数据库未见报道。经SIFT在线软件分析, 预测该变异为有害性变异;经Swiss-...     

一个结节性硬化症家系的临床特征及基因突变分析

目的分析一个中国人结节性硬化症家系的临床特征,并探讨其发病的分子机制。方法收集先证者及其家系成员的临床资料,采用全外显子组测序技术对先证者外周血DNA的TSC1和TSC2基因变异进行鉴定。经生物信息学分析后,对发现的潜在致病变异采用Sanger测序法对父母进行验证。结果先证者及其母亲均携带TSC2基因新的c.4183C>T(p.Q1395X)杂合变异,生物信息学分析提示该变异为潜在的致病变异。先证者母亲同样诊断为结节性硬化症,但症状轻于患者。另外4名未患病的家系成员未发现上述突变。结论TSC2基因新的c.4183C>T(p.Q1395X)杂合变异可能是该家系的致病原因。上述发现扩大了TSC2基因的突变谱。先证者症状重于其母亲考虑与表型异质性有关。     

FGG基因变异致遗传性异常纤维蛋白原血症一个家系的遗传学分析

目的探讨1个无症状遗传性异常纤维蛋白原血症(CD)家系的凝血异常和分子遗传学特征。方法选取2021年8月3日因"患卵巢畸胎瘤准备行腹腔镜手术, 术前凝血功能异常"就诊于哈尔滨市第一医院血液肿瘤研究所的女性先证者及其家系成员(共3代8人)作为研究对象, 收集先证者及其家系成员的临床资料。用Clauss法和衍算法(DFg-PT)检测先证者及其父母、儿子的血浆纤维蛋白原的活性(Fg:C), 用免疫比浊法测定抗原(Fg:Ag)水平。用PCR扩增仪进行纤维蛋白原(Fg)相关基因检测变异位点。结果先证者为32岁女性。先证者及其父亲Fg:C分别为0.71 g/L和0.87 g/L, 明显低于正常范围, 先证者母亲及儿子Fg:C均在正常范围。先证者及其父亲Fg:C/Fg:Ag比值为<0.7, 明显下降, 而母亲及儿子>0.7。先证者及其父亲的凝血酶时间延长, 而母亲及儿子正常。先证者及其父母和儿子的凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血活酶时间未见明显异常。基因检测结果提示先证者及其父亲FGA基因存在已报道为良性的c.991A>G(p.Thr331Ala)错义变异以及FGG基因的c.1211C&...     

一个遗传性对称性色素异常症家系的ADAR基因变异分析CSCD

目的探讨1个遗传性对称性色素异常症(dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria, DSH)家系患者的临床特点及基因变异, 明确其致病原因。方法采集先证者及其母亲的外周血样, 应用PCR扩增结合Sanger测序的方法分别对先证者和母亲的ADAR基因进行变异分析, 确定疑似致病变异。同时以100例与本家系无关的正常人作为对照。结果该病例符合DSH的典型表现, 表现为发生在手背, 脚和面部色素沉着、色素减退斑、色素异常斑。Sanger测序显示家系先证者及其母亲均携带ADAR基因第9外显子c.2762+1G>T杂合变异, 100名健康对照均未发现上述变异。根据美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会指南, ADAR基因c.2762+1G>T剪接变异被判定为致病性(PVS1+PM2+PP4)。结论 ADAR基因c.2762+1G>T变异可能为该家系患者的致病原因, 上述结果丰富了ADAR基因的变异谱。     

一个先天性小眼畸形家系的全外显子组测序分析及产前诊断

目的分析1个先天性小眼畸形家系的临床表型及遗传学病因。方法应用高通量测序技术对先证者及其父母进行全外显子组测序,筛选候选致病位点,对其家系进行Sanger测序验证,并通过羊水穿刺和Sanger测序为先证者母亲提供产前诊断。结果全外显子组测序和Sanger测序发现家系中的3例患者均携带OTX2基因c.289C>T(p.R97*)杂合变异,先证者母亲亦携带该变异,但无小眼畸形。先证者的父亲、舅母和胎儿未携带上述变异。结论OTX2基因c.289C>T(p.R97*)杂合变异很可能是该家系的发病原因。上述诊断将有助于该家系的遗传咨询和产前诊断。     

BCL11A相关智力障碍一个家系的遗传学分析

目的探讨1家系中2例BCL11A相关智力障碍(BCL11A-ID)患者的遗传学病因。方法选取2020年6月19日, 于临沂市人民医院遗传咨询门诊就诊的1个BCL11A-ID家系为研究对象。分析先证者及家系成员的临床资料, 并进行染色体核型分析、家系全外显子组测序(trio-WES)、拷贝数变异测序(CNV-seq), 可疑变异经Sanger测序验证并进行致病性评估。结果先证者及其母亲表现为智力障碍及语言发育迟缓, 二者的胎儿血红蛋白(HbF)显著升高。WES发现先证者BCL11A基因第4外显子存在c.1327_c.1328delTC(p.Ser443Hisfs*128)杂合变异, 导致编码蛋白截短表达, Sanger测序验证该变异遗传自母亲。检索相关数据库未见报道, 为新变异。根据美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会(ACMG)指南判定为致病性变异(PVS1+PM2+PP1)。先证者及其父母、哥哥的染色体核型分析未见异常, 先证者及其父母的CNV-seq未见异常。结论本研究确诊了先证者及其母亲为BCL11A-ID患者, c.1327_c.1328delT...     

NDP基因c.361C>T错义变异致诺里病一家系

目的分析1个诺里病家系的致病基因变异,确定其遗传学病因。方法对先证者核心家系4名成员的DNA样本进行全外显子组检测,筛选变异位点,确定致病基因。通过Sanger测序对核心家系及7名其他家系成员进行验证。结果全外显子组检测及Sanger测序结果显示先证者及另外3例男性患者的NDP基因均存在c.361C>T(p.Arg121Trp)半合子错义变异,先证者母亲、外祖母和2个表妹均为c.361C>T杂合变异携带者,正常表型男性家系成员均未检测到该变异,符合X连锁隐性遗传病的特点。结论NDP基因c.361C>T错义变异是该诺里病家系的遗传学病因。     

Xq13.1缺失致少汗性外胚层发育不良的表型及遗传学分析

目的探讨1例Xq13.1缺失致EDA基因部分缺失的少汗性外胚层发育不良的临床表型及遗传学特点。方法分析1例少汗性外胚层发育不良患儿的临床资料,并进行染色体核型、家系全外显子组测序(trio-whole exome sequencing,trio-WES)、基因组拷贝数变异检查(copy number variations,CNV-seq),对分析得到的可疑致病位置进行父母验证,明确异常基因变异来源。结果先证者,男,7岁8月龄。头发稀少卷曲,眉毛浅淡稀疏,皮肤干燥,自幼易发热,少汗/无汗,牙齿尖、稀疏/部分缺失,鞍状鼻,前额突出,耳廓内收,癫痫发作。先证者常规染色体核型检查、全外显组测序未见异常;基因组拷贝数变异检查结果显示Xq13.1q13.1(chrX:g.68796566-69138468)位置存在约341.90 kb缺失,包含有EDA基因部分片段。经验证缺失区域来自先证者母亲,其临床表型为毛发正常,皮肤稍干燥,牙齿稀疏、脱落、钉状牙,基因组拷贝数变异检查检测到Xq13.1q13.1(chrX:g.68836154-69078250)位置存在约242.10 kb杂合缺失。结论先证者及其母亲均存在Xq13.1缺失致EDA基因部分片段缺失,母亲临床表型较轻,先证者临床症状较重,符合X连锁隐性遗传少汗性外胚层发育不良发病特点,EDA基因部分缺失很可能是导致先证者出现异常临床表型的原因。     

CHD2基因合并HIVEP2基因新变异导致智力障碍伴癫痫性脑病家系遗传分析

目的 探讨一个由CHD2基因合并HIVEP2基因新变异导致的智力障碍伴癫痫性脑病家系的临床特征及遗传学特点。方法 对1例患有智力障碍伴癫痫性脑病的孕妇（先证者）进行全外显子组测序，对先证者及其他家系成员（共6人）进行分子遗传学检测，发现该家系的致病位点，对胎儿羊水进行低深度高通量测序检测及染色体核型分析，后经Sanger测序验证致病位点。结果 全外显子测序结果证明，先证者携带CHD2基因新变异（c.1715de1A）和HIVEP2基因新变异（c.1692C>G），先证者母亲及舅舅仅携带CHD2基因新变异，先证者父亲仅携带HIVEP2基因新变异，先证者丈夫及胎儿羊水中则未发现此两种变异，胎儿出生后随访至1岁，智力运动发育正常。结论 CHD2基因c.1715de1A变异可能是该家系的致病原因，HIVEP2基因c.1692C>G变异致病机制需更多研究，这丰富了CHD2基因和HIVEP2基因的基因型-表型数据库，及时的产前诊断和咨询有助于阻断致病基因在家系中的传递。     

一个婴儿恶性石骨症家系的遗传学分析

目的 对一个婴儿恶性石骨症家系进行遗传学分析，明确遗传学病因，并对该家系中的1个高危胎儿进行产前诊断。方法 对先证者及其父母行二代测序查找可疑致病性基因变异，应用Sanger测序验证该变异，并明确同患病的先证者妹妹的基因型，以及该家系高危胎儿的基因型。结果 该家系先证者及其妹妹存在TCIRG1基因致病性复合杂合变异c.[1213G>A];[1555-2A>C]，其中c.1213G>A杂合变异遗传自先证者母亲，c.1555-2A>C杂合变异遗传自先证者父亲。产前诊断结果提示胎儿携带父源性c.1555-2A>C杂合变异，不携带母源性变异。结论 TCIRG1基因复合杂合变异c.[1213G>A];[1555-2A>C]可能是该家系婴儿恶性石骨症的致病原因。准确的遗传学分析为该家系进行遗传咨询和产前诊断提供了可靠依据。     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.