碘海醇脂质体的制备及其质量评价

采用逆相蒸发法制备碘海醇脂质体。对脂质体的形态、包封率、粒径分布、体外释放及体内造影情况等性质进行研究。透射电镜下观察脂质体为粒径均匀的球状或近球状小囊泡。HPLC法测定碘海醇脂质体包封率为82.35%±1.82%。碘海醇脂质体平均粒径207.7nm,分散指数0.355,Zeta电位-1.83mV。体外释放度试验表明碘海醇脂质体中药物的释放明显比碘海醇单纯药物缓慢,24h才达到98.57%。体内试验结果表明脂质体包裹的造影剂比普通造影剂CT峰值推后,信号增强,作用时间延长。碘海醇脂质体包封率较高、重现性良好。将碘海醇包裹于脂质体后减少给药剂量、延长作用时间,并可能减小对血管和中枢神经的毒性。     

新疆伊犁地区维吾尔族,哈萨克族,蒙古族活体测量比较

对新疆伊犁地区维吾尔族404人(男232人、女172人)、哈萨克族 359人(男197人、女162人)、蒙古族209人(男117人、女92人)×32项活体测量项目及22项体质指标指数的性别和民族间比较.结果表明,三民族共同特征:身材超中等,头短而宽,头长高指数属高头型,头宽高指数属阔头型,面高而宽,中等鼻高,窄型鼻宽,鼻指数属狭鼻型,口裂宽中等,女性头较男性圆、高、阔.主要不同之处:哈萨克族身材较高、面宽、唇厚、头型阔而圆;蒙古族额部、面部较宽、骨盆值最大;维吾尔族面较窄、唇薄等.     

电针“足三里”穴对肾小体及肾小管超微结构的作用

电针“足三里”穴引起肾小体过滤膜通透性增强,表现为毛细血管内皮小孔轻度扩张、基膜增厚、密度变浅。但足细胞裂孔直径未改变,同时,肾小管机能活性升高。近端与远端小管曲部上皮微绒毛加长、顶端小泡及溶酶体数目增多、基底皱褶伸长。近小球体细胞合成肾素的机能亦增加。总之,针刺后肾脏的过滤、重吸收、排泄及分泌功能均加强。本文还探讨了针刺镇痛与肾超微结构变化之间的相互关系、联系方式及其机能调整等问题。     

国人延髓动脉的观察

本文观察了110例成人脑标本的延髓外部动脉;采用动脉X线造影法和透明法,在20例人脑标本上观察了延髓内部动脉的形态和供应。将延髓表面分为四区,供应各区的外部动脉可分为相应的4群。前正中群和前外侧群动脉主要来自脊髓前动脉,前正中群动脉供应舌下神经核、内侧丘系及部分锥体束等中缝两侧结构;前外侧群动脉供应大部分锥体束;外侧群动脉来自椎动脉、小脑下后动脉、基底动脉和小脑下前动脉,主要供应网状结构、脊髓丘脑束、三叉神经脊束及核、迷走神经背核等;后群动脉来自脊髓后动脉和小脑下后动脉,主要供应薄、楔束核等。本文还讨论了延髓外侧区的血液供应及“终动脉”等问题。     

VEGF、bFGF、TGFβ1在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨VEGF、bFGF、TGFβ1在非小细胞肺癌的表达及与其生物学行为特征的关系.方法 应用链霉菌抗生素蛋白-过氧化物酶连结(streptavidin-perosidase,SP)免疫组化方法检测VEGF、bFGF、TGFβ1及CD34在50例非小细胞肺癌的表达,并进行微血管密度计数,以18例癌旁组织为对照.结果 VEGF、bFGF、TGFβ1的阳性表达率分别为68%、58%、60%,VEGF、bFGF、TGFβ1表达均与NSCLC的临床分期(χ2值分别为4.535、3.864、3.852,P＜0.05)、淋巴结转移有关(χ2值分别为4.235、3.876、4.151,P＜0.05),而TGFβ1,表达还与组织学类型有关(χ2=4.443,P＜0.05),鳞癌比腺癌表达率高.MVD表达与NSCLC的临床分期、淋巴结转移有关(t值分别为2.312和2.865,P＜0.05),与组织学类型、组织分化程度无关;且四者表达在癌组织与癌旁组织之间均有显著性统计学意义.VEGF、bFGF表达与MVD有关(t值分别为2.518和3.679,P＜0.05);TGFB.表达与MVD无显著关系.结论 VEGF、bFGF、TGFβ1在NSCLC均有很好的表达,并且其表达与NSCLC的生长、进展、转移等生物学关系密切;VEGF、bFGF在肿瘤血管形成、转移中起重要作用,TGFβ1可能与机体免疫功能降低及肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸有关.     

Ultrastructure of the benign and borderline Brenner tumours

One benign Brenner tumour and one Brenner tumour of borderline malignancy were investigated by electron microscopy. The cells of the benign Brenner tumour nests and the cells in the borderline tumour were similar in ultrastructure. The intercellular spaces were large and reinforced by a moderate number of desmosomes. The nuclei were round or oval. The nuclear membrane was irregular in shape with deep infoldings corresponding to the characteristic nuclear groovings seen by light microscopy. Only few secreting cells could be found in the benign of Brenner tumour. The cystic cavities of the borderline Brenner tumour were lined by nonciliated secreting and ciliated nonsecreting cells. The secretory granules were PAS-positive and diastaseresistant. The granules stained homogeneously and strongly with the PASM-method at the electron microscopical level indicating the presence of 1.2-hydroxyl groups. The Brenner tumours have many similarities to the transitional epithelium and to the Muellerian-derived tubular structures. The findings support the theory that Brenner tumours are of coelomic origin and develop by direct metaplasia from the ovarian surface epithelium.     

美洲大蠊消化系统形态学观察

为探讨美洲大蠊(Periplaneta americana)消化系统结构,通过连续石蜡切片和HE染色技术制备并观察美洲大蠊切片。结果显示,美洲大蠊消化道占据体腔大部分空间,其中前肠长度约占整个消化道长度的一半,肠壁薄,前胃中含有高度硬化的齿,便于磨碎食物;中肠是美洲大蠊消化吸收的主要部位,肠壁细胞包括单层柱状上皮细胞和再生细胞;后肠包括回肠、结肠和直肠3部分。回肠肌肉层较厚,经过回肠瓣后成为结肠。直肠肠壁细胞特化为长形垫状突起,突出于肠腔中形成直肠垫。本文为进一步阐明蟑螂结构与消化机制和变应原理论基础提供依据。     

Automatic reference selection for quantitative EEG interpretation: Identification of diffuse/localised activity and the active earlobe reference,iterative detection of the distribution of EEG rhythms

EEG (Electroencephalograph) interpretation is important for the diagnosis of neurological disorders. The proper adjustment of the montage can highlight the EEG rhythm of interest and avoid false interpretation. The aim of this study was to develop an automatic reference selection method to identify a suitable reference. The results may contribute to the accurate inspection of the distribution of EEG rhythms for quantitative EEG interpretation. The method includes two pre-judgements and one iterative detection module. The diffuse case is initially identified by pre-judgement 1 when intermittent rhythmic waveforms occur over large areas along the scalp. The earlobe reference or averaged reference is adopted for the diffuse case due to the effect of the earlobe reference depending on pre-judgement 2. An iterative detection algorithm is developed for the localised case when the signal is distributed in a small area of the brain. The suitable averaged reference is finally determined based on the detected focal and distributed electrodes. The presented technique was applied to the pathological EEG recordings of nine patients. One example of the diffuse case is introduced by illustrating the results of the pre-judgements. The diffusely intermittent rhythmic slow wave is identified. The effect of active earlobe reference is analysed. Two examples of the localised case are presented, indicating the results of the iterative detection module. The focal and distributed electrodes are detected automatically during the repeating algorithm. The identification of diffuse and localised activity was satisfactory compared with the visual inspection. The EEG rhythm of interest can be highlighted using a suitable selected reference. The implementation of an automatic reference selection method is helpful to detect the distribution of an EEG rhythm, which can improve the accuracy of EEG interpretation during both visual inspection and automatic interpretation.     

Arnold-Chiari malformation and associated anomalies in a dicephalic newborn calf

A full-term female newborn calf of the Japanese black short-horn breed which was two-headed (dicephalus) and had two incomplete necks was carefully dissected. The calf was one of twins, the other being a normal male. There was no record of reproductive problems with the cow. The left and right heads were of almost the same size and shape. Each head had a nose, mouth, eyeballs, and ears. The brains were very congested. That is to say, in both the left and right brains, the longitudinal fissure was unclear, and these was narrower pattern in the cerebral gyri. The surfaces of the two brains displayed poly- or microgyria-like features. The cerebellar gyri ran longitudinally among the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. The caudal half of the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem were distorted ventrally at an angle of approximately 80 degrees. Twisting of the brain stem was observed in the right brain. The end of the medulla oblongata and a tongue-like process of the cerebellum extended through the foramen magnum of the skull into each enlarged vertebral canal (Arnold-Chiari malformation). They extended under the arch of the each 2nd cervical vertebra. The 4th ventricle was also displaced and irregularly dilated. The two necks were conjoined in the single 3rd cervical vertebra at an angle of approximately 45 degrees to each other. The one trunk was slightly distorted. The ribs revealed the presence of a left 14th extra tib. In the lumbar region, spina bifida was apparent. The pelvis was distorted asymmetrically. The tail was short. The viscera appeared as one set, but the rectum and anus were duplicated. Although the calf displayed female features, the vagina was undeveloped. The four limbs appeared normal and the joints moved freely.     

一种新的硅微通道红细胞变形性测量方法

本文将微机械厍工技术引入细胞流变学研究领域，利用集成电路光刻和异向腐蚀工艺，在硅晶体表面形成了亚微米级精度的通道，建立了一种新的硅微通道细胞流变学测量系统，可观察细胞流过微通道的全过程。实验结果表明，系统具有良好的重复性（变异系数ＣＶ〈５％），可灵敏地反映细胞流变特性的改变，可在一定程度上模拟细胞通过毛细血管的行为，并可提供较为丰富的信息。     

流行性非甲非乙型肝炎的临床病理

本文报道19例流行性非甲非乙型肝炎病人的临床、肝脏病理及起微结构改变。光镜下可见17例患者肝组织以肝细胞气球样变性为主,电镜下可见胞质水肿,部分溶解,病理诊断为急性轻型肝炎;1例妊娠末期肝炎有肝细胞大块坏死,另1例肝组织有纤维膈形成。     

磁性阿霉素纳米微球在磁场中磁感应的发热研究

目的：制备一种在高频磁场中能感应发热的用于治疗肿瘤的阿霉素纳米微球，研究其在磁场中的热效应。材料与方法：用超声搅拌冷冻干燥的方法制备药物微球，电镜观察其形态及粒径估测。将其置于不同介质中于高频磁场中测其温度变化值。结果：磁性阿霉素微球为球囊状，平均粒径200nm左右，最小为150nm，最大为350nm，该微球在交变磁场中使介质升温。升温速度与平稳时的温度和微球的量，磁场强度成正比，介质流动性好，升温快。结论：可通过调节磁场强度和磁性阿霉素微球的量使周围温度达到所需值。     

A histological study of the Harderian gland of mongolian gerbils,Meriones meridianus

The histological structure of the gerbil Harderian gland was investigated by means of light and transmission electron microscopy. The single excretory duct of the gland is directly continuous with endpieces at the hilus and opens nasally and ventrally to the third eyelid. The excretory duct is accompanied by many acini of small serous glands around it. The gland is composed of tubuloalveoli (tubular alveoli) with wide lumina and is not divided into lobules. There is no branched duct system within the gland. The tubuloalveoli themselves convey the secretory materials to the hilus where the excretory duct begins. The alveolar epithelium is composed of only one type of glandular cell as well as myoepithelial cells. The glandular cells contain many clear secretory vacuoles containing lipids and well-developed tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The secretory vacuoles are surrounded by a unit membrane and are secreted by exocytosis. The interstices of the gland contain two types of autonomic nerve varicosities and a number of melanocytes. The surface of the gland is covered with the endothelium of the orbital venous sinus.     

Survivin siRNA对人肺腺癌A549细胞增殖影响实验研究

目的：探讨慢病毒载体介导survivin siRNA对人肺腺癌A549细胞增殖的影响及其作用机制，为肺癌基因治疗新策略提供帮助。方法:构建表达survivin-siRNA的慢病毒载体感染A549细胞株，测定病毒滴度。采用RT-PCR、免疫组化及Western blotting等检测感染后不同分组A549细胞survivin-mRNA和蛋白的变化及caspase-3蛋白的变化，通过流式细胞仪及MTT法检测感染后A549细胞周期及生长曲线。结果: RT-PCR及Western blotting检测显示，转染细胞(MOI=150)中survivin基因mRNA和蛋白的表达明显降低，抑制率分别为97%、88%；细胞生长曲线和周期结果显示转染组细胞增殖明显减慢，G1期细胞比例明显增加，S期细胞比例则明显减少；转染细胞中caspase-3被激活。结论: 慢病毒载体介导的siRNA能有效抑制人肺腺癌A549细胞survivin基因的表达和细胞增殖，有效激发细胞凋亡，有望成为肺腺癌基因治疗的新策略之一。     

The structural organization of the kidney of Typhlonectes compressicaudus (Amphibia, Gymnophiona)

Summary The structural organization of the kidney ofTyphlonectes compressicaudus (Amphibia, Gymnophiona) was studied by light microscopic (LM) examination of serial paraffin and semithin Epon sections. The kidney is slender and quite long and has a mesonephric segmental construction; the excretory duct (Wolffian duct), running along the lateral side of the kidney, segmentally receives the terminal trunks of the collecting duct system. The nephron has the following parts: renal corpuscle, neck segment, proximal tubule, intermediate segment, distal tubule and connecting tubule. The distal tubule is located in a ventromedial (central) zone of the kidney; all other tubular segments lie in a dorsolateral (peripheral) zone. The renal corpuscles are found at the border between these two zones.The renal corpuscle is very large; its urinary pole faces the peripheral zone. A small proportion of neck segments receive either a nephrostomal duct or a blind branch. The proximal tubule is a thick, highly convoluted tubule. The intermediate segment is ciliated and makes a few coils. The distal tubule is composed of three portions: a highly convoluted part in the central zone, subsequently an attachment site with the renal corpuscle and a short postattachment-part. The connecting tubule and the collecting duct have a heterogeneous epithelium consisting of light and dark cells. The collecting duct is distinguished by dilated intercellular spaces. The Wolffian duct has a pseudostratified epithelium.The present study correlates the course and segmentation of the renal tubule ofTyphlonectes. The tubule has three major convolutions. The first occurs in the proximal tubule in the peripheral zone; the second is established by the distal tubule and occurs in the central zone; the third is formed by the connecting tubule and is found in the peripheral zone.Research fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt foundation: home address: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113, Japan     

正常人及胎儿头发的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜对16例不同年龄正常人及胎儿的头发进行了观察。发现毛干均为圆柱形,直径随年龄而变化,表面有毛小皮呈复瓦状。胎儿的毛干细,单个毛小皮即可包绕周径。毛小皮大致平行排列,间距较宽,游离缘平滑。5岁儿童头发直径增粗,毛小皮大小不一,多个毛小皮包绕周径,游离缘呈锯齿状,有细小的微突,并有较大的起伏弯曲,形成复杂纹理。青年人头发进一步增粗,毛小皮较宽大,排列较密,游离缘呈锯齿状,微突多而发达,表面可见小块碎片附着。中年人头发直径最粗,毛小皮排列最密,游离缘微突较少,从游离缘向下有垂直裂纹,表面有碎片及小孔。白发有时可见毛小皮整块脱落。老年人头发直径变细,毛小皮较窄小,排列较疏,呈鳞片状,游离缘平滑,少或无微突。白发有较大而深的孔洞。本文认为,毛发直径的粗细、毛小皮的大小、排列的疏密、游离缘的形态特点,微突的多少、表面有无小块碎片附着以及孔洞出现等,均可作为判断年龄的参考。     

磁性阿霉素纳米微球的制备及在高频磁场中的发热研究

制备一种在高频磁场中能感应发热的用于治疗肿瘤的阿霉素纳米微球，研究其在磁场中的热效应。用超声搅拌冷冻干燥的方法制备药物微球，平均粒径200nm左右。电镜观察其形态为球囊状。将其置于不同介质中于高频磁场中测其温度变化值，实验表明该微球在交变磁场中使介质升温。升温速度与平稳时的温度和微球的量及磁场强度成正比，介质流动性好，升温快。     

基层免疫规划经费来源和成本测算研究

目的调查分析目前基层免疫规划工作成本状况及构成,探讨规范开展免疫规划工作的合理成本,为争取政府投入提供依据。方法对基层免疫规划工作经费投入现况进行调查,并按卫生部《预防接种工作规范》要求开展工作进行合理成本测算。结果基层免疫规划工作人均成本303.45元,县、乡级人均成本的构成比分别为15.16%、84.84%,平均投入每剂次14.45元,政府投入占县、乡级的比例分别为100%、0.24%,乡级经费来源于创收,免疫规划工作的人均合理成本366.67元,平均每剂次合理成本为17.46元。结论基层免疫规划经费投入严重不足,政府投入不是主渠道,而是依赖创收;各级政府应该加大对免疫规划工作的经费投入,国家应用财政转移支付的方式统筹解决免疫规划经费。     

Treatment of bone tumors around the shoulder joint by the Tikhoff-Linberg procedure

The Tikhoff-Linberg procedure is a limb-sparing surgical option to be considered for bony and soft tissue tumors in and around the proximal humerus and shoulder girdle. The authors reported 6 cases of the Tikhoff-Linberg procedure for tumors around the shoulder joint at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery of Severance Hospital from March 1988 to May 1989. The results of the study are as follows: The 6 cases were composed of: osteogenic sarcoma 2 cases, chondrosarcoma 2 cases, chondroblastoma 1 case, and giant cell tumor 1 case. The tumors were completely removed by the Tikhoff-Linberg procedure without amputation or disarticulation of the upper extremity. The distal clavicle, upper humerus and part of all of the scapula were resected. The Tikhoff-Linberg procedure was performed for patients whose tumors did not involve the neurovascular bundle in the axilla. The function of the hand and forearm after the Tikhoff-Linberg procedure was nearly normal in all cases. The Tikhoff-Linberg procedure would be recommended as a limb-sparing operation for tumors around the shoulder joint that require wide resection without disarticulation or forequarter amputation of the upper extremities.     

Ultrastructural studies of the myotendonous junction of selenium-deficient ducklings.

An ultrastructural study was made of the changes occurring within the gastrocnemius insertion of normal and selenium-deficient ducklings from 1 to 12 days of age. The cytologic characteristics of the fibroblasts, vessels, collagen, and muscle cells are described. Those exposed to the selenium deficiency showed major alterations of all components. The fibroblasts showed changes ranging from collapsed cisternae and degenerating mitochondria to rupture. The capillary endothelium was abnormal, as was the smooth muscle of arteriolar walls. The collagen sizes were altered, and the muscle cell termini showed major pathologic changes. The above alterations occurred within 4 days of exposure of the deficiency. The muscle cells of the body portion of the gastrocnemius showed no alterations until Day 8. The observations present evidence that indicates that connective-tissue-vascular abnormalities precede myopathic changes in nutritionally induced dystrophy. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to the etiology of nutritionally induced dystrophy.