M型锁定重建钢板后路治疗骶髂关节复合体损伤13例分析

目的探讨采用M型锁定重建钢板后路治疗骶髂关节复合体损伤的不稳定骨盆骨折的效果。方法采用M型锁定重建钢板后路治疗骶髂关节复合体损伤13例。骨折按Tile分型。骨折复位按Tornetta和Matta标准术后X线平片上骨折移位的最大距离。功能评估采用Majeed评分系统。结果 13例患者无骨折不愈合、骨折移位或脱位、内固定松动等并发症发生。根据Tornetta和Matta标准评定优良率92.3%,按Majeed评分系统术后功能优良率84.6%。结论 M型重建锁定重建钢板后路治疗骶髂关节复合体损伤是一种较好的固定骨盆后环的方法。     

骨盆的形态特点与不稳定型骨折内固定治疗评价

目的　探讨根据骨盆的形态特点选择不同的内固定手术治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床应用价值。 方法　65例不稳定型骨盆骨折,31例Tile B型骨折经前入路,将耻骨联合或耻骨支复位用重建钢板固定,其中8例合并髂骨骨折经髂窝入路将之复位用重建钢板固定;34例Tile C型骨折的前环损伤均采用与Tile B型骨盆骨折相同的方法处理,后环损伤的固定方法：17例骶骨骨折或骶髂关节脱位之中,复位后在透视引导下从后方经皮骶髂螺钉固定11例,经髂骨的螺栓固定4例,经后路在双侧髂骨后嵴之间用张力带钢板固定2例;9例骶髂关节骨折-脱位之中,经皮骶髂螺钉固定6例,钢板固定3例;8例合并髋臼骨折行重建钢板内固定。 结果　通过对术后骨盆X线测量骨折分离移位的最大距离,根据Matta评分标准：小于4 mm为优,占86.1%（56例）;4~10 mm为良,占7.7%（5例）;10~20 mm为可,占6.2%（4例）;大于20 mm为差（0例）。本组骨盆X线测量结果总优良率为93.8%。 结论 不稳定型骨盆骨折应在血流动力学稳定时尽早根据骨折的类型及骨盆的解剖形态特点选择合理的内固定手术方案。     

骶髂关节骨折脱位的手术治疗

目的回顾性分析26例骶髂关节骨折脱位的内固定方法和临床疗效,探讨骶髂关节骨折脱位的手术方法。方法对26例骶髂关节骨折脱位的TileC型骨盆骨折病例,16例采用经皮骶髂关节空心螺钉技术固定骨盆后环,10例采用骶髂关节前路钢板技术固定骨盆后环,所有病例同时固定骨盆前环,采用Majeed功能评分进行疗效评定。结果随访6个月～6年,平均2年3个月,本组病例术后未发生骶神经损伤、伤口感染等并发症,X线片示骶髂关节复位及内固定位置良好。根据Majeed功能评分,优9例,良10例,优良率达73.1%。结论对于骶髂关节骨折脱位的TileC型骨盆骨折,经皮骶髂关节空心螺钉和骶髂关节前路钢板均可重建骨盆后环的稳定性。而经皮骶髂关节空心螺钉固定具有固定坚强、损伤小等优点,值得推广应用,但操作技术要求高,并要注意防止手术并发症的发生。     

腰骶髂联合固定治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位的疗效分析

目的探讨应用腰骶髂联合固定治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位的临床效果。方法对2007年7月~2010年1月收治的11例骶髂关节骨折脱位的骨盆骨折患者进行手术治疗。男6例,女5例;年龄21~60岁,平均36岁。11例均为Tile C型骨盆骨折。采用后路腰骶髂切口,椎弓根钉棒系统固定L5∕S1椎体和髂骨螺钉固定髂骨,配合患肢牵引和器械的撑开、合拢纠正垂直及分离移位。结果 11例患者术后获得12~20个月随访,平均16.5个月。术后X线片均示骶髂关节骨折脱位复位固定满意,骨盆后环形态恢复良好;下肢等长,未出现医源性神经、血管损伤,患者未出现跛行,下蹲功能满意。术后12个月Majeed评分:优9例,良2例。结论腰骶髂联合固定治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位疗效满意,且具有操作简单、并发症少的优点。     

经皮空心钉微创治疗APC-Ⅰ型骨盆骨折前环损伤

目的 观察经皮空心钉微创治疗APC-Ⅰ型骨盆前环损伤的临床疗效。方法 通过观察2017年6月至2019年8月采用经皮空心钉微创治疗APC-Ⅰ型骨盆骨折前环损伤17例患者的手术时间、手术出血量、术后下地活动时间、骨折愈合时间、骨盆骨折复位Matta影像学标准评价复位质量及Majeed评分系统来评价功能状态和临床疗效。结果 所有患者均获随访,随访时间为8～13个月,平均10.7个月。单侧耻骨支或耻骨联合固定手术时间为28～47 min,平均35 min;出血量4～14 mL,平均（7.1±2.4）mL;术后下地活动时间4～ 11周,平均（6.4±0.7）周,骨折愈合时间4～14 周,平均 （8.2±2.1）周。 Matta 复位标准结果,优 13 例,良4 例。所有患者骨折均愈合,无切口感染、无神经血管损伤。末次随访时Majeed功能评分为（85.1±2.4）分,其中优13例,良4例。结论 经皮空心钉微创治疗APC-Ⅰ型骨盆骨折前环损伤能获得良好的临床效果。     

不稳定骨盆骨折手术治疗26例临床疗效

目的：探讨不稳定骨盆骨折手术治疗的临床效果。方法：采用切开复位、重建钛板内固定治疗不稳定骨盆骨折26例（Tile分型均为B性或c型）;前环骨折采用耻骨联合上方弧形切口或髂腹股沟入路,后环骨折选择骶髂关节前方入路或后方人路,合并髋臼骨折者采用前后联合入路。结果：26例均获随访,平均随访21月。骨折均于术后3—6个月愈合,骨盆环稳定。按Majeed标准评价疗效,优17例（65．4％）、良6例（23％）、中2例（7．7％）、差1（3．8％）,优良率88．4％（23／26）。结论：切开复位内固定是治疗不稳定骨盆骨折的有效方法,可获得满意临床疗效。     

经皮螺钉结合有限切开内固定治疗Tile C型骨盆骨折

目的:探讨经皮骶髂螺钉结合有限切开内同定治疗Tile C型骨盆骨折的临床价值.方法:采用CT引导下经皮骶髂螺钉内同定结合有限切开内同定治疗Tile C型骨盆骨折15例,按照Tile分型均为C型骨折,C1型9例,C2型4例,C3型2例.结果:14例复位满意;1例未完全复位,纵向移位约0.8cm.骨折愈合时间8周～5月,平均3.4月,1例耻骨联合伤口发生浅表感染,经换药治愈.15例全部获得随访,随访时间15月～60个月,平均40个月,根据Majeed评估标准,优9例,良4例,可2例,优良率86.7%,4例术前骶丛神经损伤患者全部于3月后恢复,1例诉腰骶部疼痛,1例诉耻骨联合处疼痛.结论:经皮骶髂螺钉结合有限切开内固定治疗Tile C型骨盆骨折是一种安全、有效、微创的方法.     

腰髂固定联合经皮骨盆前环固定治疗垂直旋转不稳定型骨盆环骨折

目的 探讨腰髂固定联合经皮骨盆前环固定治疗垂直旋转不稳定型骨盆环骨折的近期临床疗效。方法 收集了新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院2018年9月至2022年1月接诊的不稳定型骨盆环损伤并接受前路皮下内固定（INFIX）联合后路腰椎－骨盆内固定治疗的患者进行回顾性分析。采用Matta标准对骨盆复位质量进行评估，Majeed评分对患者临床结果进行评估。进一步评估手术时间、术中失血量和并发症发生情况。结果 患者随访平均时间为12.6个月（6 ～ 18个月），其中前路皮下INFIX联合后路腰椎－骨盆内固定的平均手术时间和术中失血量分别为117.6 min（96 ～ 162 min）和203.6 mL（146 ～ 280 mL），复位质量优良率86.8%（优25例，良好8例，一般5例，差0例），无异位骨化迹象。末次随访时，Majeed评分的临床结果：优良率84.2%（优28例，良好4例，一般4例，差2例）。骶神经根损伤患者共6例，并进行术中减压，5例患者症状改善；2例前路INFIX术后感染，4周取内固定后好转；3例股外侧皮神经刺激。结论 腰髂固定联合经皮骨盆前环固定治疗垂直旋转不稳定型骨盆环骨折具有手术时间短、出血少、术中软组织损伤降低等优点，近期临床疗效满意。     

旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折临床特点与治疗方法探讨

目的：探讨旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床特点及其治疗方法选择。方法：30例旋转和垂直不稳定的骨盆骨折患者，16例保守治疗，14例手术治疗，骨盆前环均行切开复位内固定；5例骨盆后环行切开复位双钢板固定，9例在CT引导经皮置人松质骨螺钉固定骶髂关节。结果：30例随访2—3年，14例手术患者全部恢复行走功能：9例cT引导经皮骶髂关节螺钉内固定骨盆外形恢复好，功能恢复快，效果满意，5例行前路切开骶髂关节双钢板固定患者中骨盆外形恢复，3例沿髂嵴切口不适；16例保守治疗患者全部骨盆畸形愈合，10例遗留骶髂关节部位酸痛。结论：旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折保守治疗效果差，宜首选内固定治疗。CT引导下经皮骶髂关节螺钉内固定操作简单、费时短、出血少、损伤轻、牢靠，是骶髂关节骨折固定的好方法。     

经皮螺钉固定与传统切开钢板固定治疗耻骨支骨折的比较

文题释义：经皮螺钉固定：是近年来一种新兴的微创技术,主要是在透视成像的辅助下闭合复位骨折端,并使用合适直径的螺钉将骨折端固定。相较于传统切开复位钢板固定,具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优点。 耻骨支骨折：是骨盆前环骨折的一种,随着生物力学的发展,人们逐渐认识到骨盆前环稳定的重要性。早期固定耻骨支骨折有利于骨盆环的稳定,同时减缓患者的疼痛,改善患者生活质量。 背景：耻骨支骨折是骨盆前环损伤的常见的损伤类型,固定耻骨支骨折能够降低骨盆后环固定系统的应力水平,减少耻骨联合的分离,有利于骨盆环的稳定。经皮螺钉固定与传统切开钢板固定均可用于固定耻骨支骨折,但目前文献中没有足够的证据表明哪种方法更具优势。 目的：比较经皮螺钉固定与传统的切开复位钢板固定治疗耻骨支骨折的疗效。 方法：将2014年1月至2018年12月安徽医科大学第二附属医院收治的65例符合标准的拟行手术固定的耻骨支骨折患者纳入研究,随机分为2组,经皮螺钉固定组33例,切开复位钢板固定组32例。所有患者对治疗方案均知情同意,且得到医院伦理委员会批准。2组患者例数、性别、年龄、骨折分型、美国麻醉医师协会分级等一般资料对比差异均无显著性意义。记录2组患者手术时间、总出血量、术后输血例数、切口长度、术后至出院时间及并发症发生情况;评估患者术后Matta复位评分、手术前后目测类比评分以及随访时Majeed评分。 结果与结论：①2组各有30例患者获得有效随访,经皮螺钉固定组随访8-59个月,切开复位钢板固定组随访8-57个月;②经皮螺钉固定组手术切口更小,切口感染率低,出血更少,术后住院时间更短(P < 0.05);③2组术后的目测类比评分均较术前显著降低(P < 0.05),其中术后3 d时经皮螺钉固定组的目测类比评分较切开复位钢板固定组更低(P < 0.05),术后6个月时2组目测类比评分差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);④虽然经皮螺钉固定组Matta评分影像学复位的优良率低于切开复位钢板固定组,但2组间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);⑤术后6个月时2组Majeed评分差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);⑥说明经皮螺钉固定能取得与传统钢板固定一样良好的疗效,且相对于传统钢板固定具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优点。 ORCID: 0000-0002-5888-3665(李家乐) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

État de l’art : nouveaux anticoagulants et transfusion

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are indicated for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. As any anticoagulant, they are associated with a bleeding risk. Management of DOAC-induced bleeding is challenging. Idarucizumab, antidote for dabigatran, is currently available and is part of the therapeutic strategy, whereas antidotes for anti-Xa agents are under development. Activated or non-activated prothrombin concentrates are proposed, although their efficacy to reverse DOAC is uncertain. We propose an update on DOAC-associated bleeding management, integrating the availability of idarucizumab and the critical place of DOAC concentration measurements.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.