Evaluation of CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12 and CXCL13 chemokines in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with tick borne encephalitis (TBE)

PurposeThe aim of the study was to assess the concentration of chemokines: CXCL10, XCL11, CXCL12, CXCL13 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) before and after treatment. We evaluated also the usefulness of these molecules in diagnosis and monitoring of inflammation in TBE.MethodsTwenty three patients hospitalized in The Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections of Medical University in Bia?ystok, Poland were included in the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups: TBE group-patients with confirmed TBE and control group (CG): patients with excluded TBE and other inflammatory diseases of CNS. Concentration of CXCL10/IP-10, CXCL11/I-TAC, CXCL12/SDF-1α, CXCL13/BLC/BCA-1 in serum and CSF were measured with ELISA kits (R&;D Systems, USA) according to the protocols.ResultsThe analysis of chemokines concentration in TBE patients before treatment and control group using ROC showed that serum CXCL10 and CXCL13 and CSF CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12 and CXCL13 differentiate both groups (p<0.05). The analysis of CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12 and CXCL13 before and after treatment showed that CXCL10 and CXCL11 in CSF and CXCL13 in serum differentiates both groups with p<0.05.ConclusionsConcentration of CSF CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12, CXCL13 and serum CXCL10, CXCL13 may be good biomarkers of CNS inflammation caused by TBEV. Moreover concentration of CXCL10 in CSF and CXCL13 in serum may be used as indicators of patients recovery.     

IL-18 enhances IFN-gamma-induced production of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in human keratinocytes

IL-18 is involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and allergic contact dermatitis. CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 recruit type 1 T cells, and the production of these chemokines by keratinocytes is enhanced in these dermatoses. We examined the in vitro effects of IL-18 on IFN-gamma-induced CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 production in human keratinocytes. IL-18 enhanced the IFN-gamma-induced secretion and mRNA expression of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in parallel to the activation of NF-kappaB, STAT1, and IFN-regulatory factor (IRF)-1. Antisense oligonucleotides against NF-kappaB p50, p65, or STAT1 suppressed CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 production, and antisense IRF-1 suppressed CXCL11 production. Inhibitors of PI3 K, p38 MAPK, and MEK suppressed IL-18 plus IFN-gamma-induced CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 production and NF-kappaB, STAT1, and IRF-1 activities. IL-18 induced phosphorylation of ERK and Akt, while IFN-gamma induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. These results suggest that IL-18 may potentiate IFN-gamma-induced CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 production in keratinocytes by activating NF-kappaB, STAT1, or IRF-1 through PI3 K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways. These effects of IL-18 may promote the infiltration of type 1 T cells into lesions with inflammatory dermatoses and amplify the skin inflammation. IL-18 may act as a pro-inflammatory cytokine in these dermatoses and thus is a candidate therapeutic target.     

CXCL9 and 11 in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis: a role of alveolar macrophages

Interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10)/CXCL10, which is a ligand for CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary sarcoidosis. However, the roles of monokine induced by interferon gamma (Mig)/CXCL9 and interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC)/CXCL11, which are also CXCR3 ligands, remain unclear. Mig/CXCL9, IP-10/CXCL10 and I-TAC/CXCL11 in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of these chemokines in alveolar macrophages was examined using ELISA, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining. In BALF, Mig/CXCL9 and IP-10/CXCL10 were significantly elevated in stage II sarcoidosis as compared with the levels in healthy volunteers. In serum, Mig/CXCL9 and I-TAC/CXCL11 were increased in stage II of the disease. The levels of all CXCR3 ligands in BALF were correlated with the numbers of both total and CD4(+) lymphocytes. Alveolar macrophages were stained positive for all CXCR3 ligands and produced increased amounts of these chemokines. Positive staining of the three chemokines was also observed in the epithelioid and giant cells in the sarcoid lungs. These findings suggest that Mig/CXCL9 and I-TAC/CXCL11 as well as IP-10/CXCL10 play important roles in the accumulation of Th1 lymphocytes in sarcoid lungs.     

CXCL16对小鼠Matrigel种植体内促血管新生的作用

目的:观察CXCL16诱导Matrigel种植体内血管生成的作用,为完善CXCL16的血管新生作用提供理论依据。方法:采取小鼠腹壁Matrigel种植体的方法进行体内血管生成实验,实验组为Matrigel与CXCL16(1 nmol/L)混合后植入C57BL/6小鼠腹壁正中皮下,对照组仅将Matrigel植入,3周后取出,观察两组形态学变化和种植体内血红蛋白含量的变化。结果:与对照组相比,CXCL16实验组可诱导种植体内大量红细胞浸润和管腔样结构的形成,血红蛋白含量明显高于对照组。结论:CXCL16具有促血管新生的作用。     

血管免疫母细胞性T细胞淋巴瘤临床病理研究进展

血管免疫母细胞性T细胞淋巴瘤(angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma,AILT)是外周T细胞淋巴瘤中比较常见的一种类型,四川大学华西医院病理科从1990年至今诊断AILT已超过200例.相对于已研究较透彻的B细胞淋巴瘤而言,我们对AILT知之甚少,导致治疗的无奈和极差的预后.在AILT的研究中,如果把认识到其为一真正的淋巴瘤而非一种瘤前病变看作第一个里程碑,近年来关于CXCL13抗体在AILT中的特异性表达无疑是第二个里程碑,它不仅阐明了AILT的来源而且将肿瘤细胞从纷杂的背景中标记出来,为今后的相关研究奠定了一个重要的基础.本文对AILT的命名及发病率、临床表现、组织学特点、免疫表型、遗传学改变、鉴别诊断、治疗及预后等方面的问题进行综述.     

Inflammatory chemokines and their receptors in human visceral leishmaniasis: Gene expression profile in peripheral blood,splenic cellular sources and their impact on trafficking of inflammatory cells

Chemokines play an important role in determining cellular composition at inflammatory sites, and as such, influence disease outcome. In this study, we investigated the expression profile and splenic cellular source of various inflammatory chemokines and their receptors in human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The expression of chemokines or their receptors was measured at the gene and protein level by employing real time qPCR and a cytometric bead array assay, respectively. In addition, the cellular source of chemokines and their receptors in the spleen was identified employing gene expression analyses in sequentially selected cell subsets. We identified elevated expression of CXCL10, CXCL9, CXCL8, and decreased CCL2 from VL patients. Further, we found reduced expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3 and CCR2, but increased expression of CCR7 on VL PBMC, compared to endemic healthy controls. Additionally, splenic monocytes were found to be the major source of CXCL10, CXCL9 and CCR2, whereas T cells were the main source of CXCR3 and CCR7. We also report a strong association between plasma IFN-γ and CXCL-10, CXCL-9 levels. Enhanced parasite burden positively correlates with increased expression of CXCL10, CXCL9, IFN-γ and IL-10. Overall our result indicates that VL patients have an elevated inflammatory chemokine milieu which correlated with disease severity. However, expression of their chemokine receptors was significantly impaired, which may have contributed to reduced frequencies of blood monocytes and neutrophils in peripheral blood. In contrast, enhanced expression of CCR7 was associated with increased numbers of activated T cells in circulation. These findings highlight the importance of chemokines for recruitment of various cell populations in VL, and the knowledge gained may help in global understandings of the complex interaction between chemokines and pathological processes, and therefore will contribute towards the design of novel chemokine based immunological therapies against VL.     

大疱性类天疱疮皮损中Th1/Th2趋化因子及其受体的表达

目的:研究Th1趋化因子CXCL9/MIG、CXCL10/IP-10、CXCL11/I-TAC和Th2型趋化因子CCL22/MDC及其受体CXCR3、CCR4在大疱性类天疱疮(BP)皮损中的表达。方法:应用免疫组化方法检测30例BP患者皮损及20例正常皮肤中CX-CL9、CXCL10、CXCL11、CCL22、CXCR3和CCR4的表达。结果:BP皮损中4种趋化因子及其受体的表达均高于正常皮肤。其中,Th1趋化因子CXCL9、CXCL10和CXCL11及其受体CXCR3的阳性率分别为50%(15/30)、46.7%(14/30)、46.7%(14/30)和53.3%(16/30),Th2趋化因子CCL22及其受体CCR4的阳性率分别为66.7%(20/30)、56.7%(17/30)。正常对照中CXCL9、CX-CL10、CXCL11及其受体CXCR3的阳性率分别为10.0%(2/20)、10.0%(2/20)、15.0%(3/20)和15.0%(3/20),CCL22及其受体CCR4的阳性率分别为20.0%(4/20)和25.0%(5/20)。结论:Th1趋化因子CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL11和Th2趋化因子CCL22及其受体CXCR3和CCR4在BP皮损中表达升高,提示它们可能在BP的发病机制中起一定作用。     

Treg‐cell depletion promotes chemokine production and accumulation of CXCR3+ conventional T cells in intestinal tumors

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent tumor types worldwide and tumor‐infiltrating T cells are crucial for anti‐tumor immunity. We previously demonstrated that Treg cells from CRC patients inhibit transendothelial migration of conventional T cells. However, it remains unclear if local Treg cells affect lymphocyte migration into colonic tumors. By breeding APC^Min/+ mice with depletion of regulatory T cells mice, expressing the diphtheria toxin receptor under the control of the FoxP3 promoter, we were able to selectively deplete Treg cells in tumor‐bearing mice, and investigate the impact of these cells on the infiltration of conventional T cells into intestinal tumors. Short‐term Treg‐cell depletion led to a substantial increase in the frequencies of T cells in the tumors, attributed by both increased infiltration and proliferation of T cells in the Treg‐cell‐depleted tumors. We also demonstrate a selective increase of the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 in Treg‐cell‐depleted tumors, which were accompanied by accumulation of CXCR3⁺ T cells, and increased IFN‐γ mRNA expression. In conclusion, Treg‐cell depletion increases the accumulation of conventional T cells in intestinal tumors, and targeting Treg cells could be a possible anti‐tumor immunotherapy, which not only affects T‐cell effector functions, but also their recruitment to tumors.     

Different chemokine expression in lethal and non-lethal murine West Nile virus infection

West Nile (WN) virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that can cause lethal encephalitis in humans and horses. The WN virus endemic in New York City (NY) in 1999 caused large-scale mortality of wild birds that was not evident in endemic areas in other parts of the world, and the pathogenesis of the WN virus strain isolated in NY (NY strain) appears to differ from that of previously isolated strains. However, the pathogenesis of NY strain infection remains unclear. This study examined CC (RANTES/CCL5, MIP-1 alpha/CCL3, MIP-1 beta/CCL4) and CXC (IP-10/CXCL10, B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC/CXCL13), and B cell- and monocyte-activating chemokine (BMAC/CXCL14)) chemokine expression during lethal NY strain and non-lethal Eg101 strain infection in mice. We found that the mRNA of the CC chemokines, RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, and IP-10 was highly up-regulated in the brain of NY strain-infected mice. By contrast, BLC mRNA was not detected in either group of mice, and BMAC mRNA was highly up-regulated in late stage of infection with the non-lethal Eg101 strain relative to levels in NY strain-infected mice.     

CXCL13与恶性肿瘤的研究进展

CXC亚家族趋化因子13(CXCL13)是CXC趋化因子家族成员之一.CXCL13能与其特异性受体CXCR5结合,趋化CXCR5+的成熟B细胞、滤泡辅助性T细胞 、树突状细胞以及巨噬细胞,在适应性免疫中发挥重要作用.一直以来,人们认为CXCL13能促进恶性肿瘤的发生、发展和转移,但近年来部分关于CXCL13与恶性肿瘤关系的研究证实CXCL13在恶性肿瘤的治疗中也发挥着重要的作用.因此研究C X C L 13的一般生物学特性及其与恶性肿瘤的关系具有重要意义.     

趋化因子受体CXCR3与其配体在小鼠暴发性肝炎发病中免疫学机制研究

目的 探讨趋化因子受体CXCR3与其配体(CXCL9/Mig,CXCL10/IP-10)在小鼠暴发性肝炎淋巴细胞迁移和急性肝衰竭中的作用.方法 6～8周龄雌性BALB/cJ小鼠腹腔注射100 PFU 3型鼠肝炎病毒(MHV-3),采用流式细胞术检测感染MHV-3后的BALB/cJ小鼠肝脏、脾脏和外周血T细胞和NK细胞的比例、数量以及其表面趋化因子受体CXCR3的表达频率.实时定量PCR技术检测感染MHV-3后的BALB/cJ小鼠肝内趋化因子CXCL9和CXCL10 mRNA的表达水平.Transwell细胞迁移试验评估病毒感染的肝细胞及CXCL10对脾脏淋巴细胞的趋化作用.结果 BALB/cJ小鼠感染MHV-3后,肝脏T细胞和NK细胞的数量及CXCR3的表达频率均显著增加,然而在脾脏和外周血均显著减少.实时定量PCR检测证实,感染MHV-3 48 h后,肝内趋化因子CXCL9和CXCL10 mRNA的表达比感染前分别上升了15.6和98.8倍.体外Transwell试验表明,病毒感染的肝细胞及重组CXCL10/IP-10蛋白对脾脏T细胞和NK细胞具有明显的趋化作用,并且这种趋化作用能被抗-CXCL10抗体显著阻断.结论 趋化因子受体CXCR3与其配体(CXCL9和CXCL10),尤其是CXCL10的相互作用在小鼠暴发性肝炎肝内淋巴细胞的募集及随后的坏死性炎症和急性肝衰竭中可能发挥着重要作用.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the role of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands in the migration of lymphocytes and acute hepatic failure. Methods BALB/cJ mice (6-8 weeks, female) were intraperitoneally injected with 100 PFU mouse hepatitis virus-3(MHV-3). The proportions and numbers of T cells and NK cells in liver, spleen, and blood as well as the expression of CXCR3 in T cells, and NK cells post MHV-3 infection was analyzed by flow cytometry. The hepatic mRNA level of the CXCR3-associated chemokines(CXCL9 and CXCL10) was detected by real-time PCR. A transwell migration assay was used to assess the chemotactic effect of MHV-3-infected hepatocytes and CXCL10 on the splenic lymphocytes. Results Following MHV-3 infection, the number of hepatic NK cells and T cells and the frequencies of hepatic NK cells and T cells expressing CXCR3 increased markedly; however, in the spleen and peripheral blood, they both decreased significantly. Moreover, the hepatic mRNAs levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were significantly elevated post infection. The transwell migration assay demonstrated that MHV-3-infected hepatocytes have the capacity to attract and recruit the splenic NK cells and T cells, and CXCL10 plays a key role in lymphocyte mobilization from the spleen. Conclusion Interactions between CXCR3 and its ligands (CXCL9 and CXCL10),especially CXCL10 may play a key role in the recruitment of intrahepatic lymphocytes and subsequent necroinflammation and acute hepatic failure in MHV-3 infection.     

趋化因子CXCL12/CXCR4生物轴在肿瘤中的研究进展

趋化因子CXCL12/CXCR4生物轴在肿瘤的演变过程中起着重要的作用,研究表明,高表达CXCR4的肿瘤细胞,可能在CXCL12趋化、牵引下转移至作为配体产生源的某些器官,从而形成器官的特异性转移,因此,目前大量针对拮抗CXCL12/CXCR4生物轴的抗肿瘤治疗效果也陆续得到证实。本文主要是对该生物轴的概念、信号传导通路、作用机制及其在肿瘤中的研究进展进行初步阐述。     

趋化因子CXCL13及其受体CXCR5研究进展

趋化因子及其受体是免疫系统的重要组成部分,通过它们之间的信号传导,使得免疫系统正常运作.根据其结构特征,趋化因子及其受体被分为C、CC、CXC、CX3C四个家族,本文将介绍近两年对CXC家族的趋化因子CXCL13的结构特征、表达调控、与细胞因子家族其它成员之间的相互作用,以及它与相应的配体CXCR5结合后所介导的生理和病理作用等方面研究的一些进展,为今后的研究工作提供帮助.     

早孕滋养细胞膜型及可溶性趋化因子CXCL16表达调控

目的 探讨趋化因子CXCL16在人早孕滋养细胞表达和释放的调控机制.方法 原代培养人早孕滋养细胞,实时定量RT-PCR、免疫化学和ELISA方法分析CXCL16的表达和分泌;ELISA方法分析细胞因子IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-4刺激前后滋养细胞CXCL16的表达和分泌水平;ELISA方法分析ADAM10治疗前后滋养细胞CXCL16的表达及分泌水平.结果 滋养细胞表达并分泌趋化因子CXCL16;IFN-γ治疗后滋养细胞表达和分泌CXCL16水平均显著上升(P<0.01),但TNF-α和IL-4并不影响CXCL16的表达或分泌;ADAM10可以加速CXCL16自滋养细胞的脱落,但并不上调CXCL16的合成.结论 IFN-γ和ADAM10参与调控母胎界面滋养细胞趋化因子CXCL16的合成和分泌.     

CXCL12对大鼠海马培养细胞GABA和乙酰胆碱分泌的影响及其机制

目的:观察CXCL12对体外培养的海马神经细胞神经递质γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)和乙酰胆碱分泌的影响,并探讨其受体机制。方法:通过免疫荧光组织化学染色方法观察CXCL12和其受体CXCR4在细胞内的定位;ELISA方法分别检测海马神经细胞在体外培养过程中CXCL12的分泌变化、CXCL12对海马神经细胞神经递质分泌的影响、以及用CXCR4阻断剂(AMD3100)阻断CXCR4后神经递质释放的变化。结果:CXCL12主要分布在海马神经细胞的细胞浆内,细胞膜上也有表达,其受体CXCR4主要表达在海马神经细胞的细胞膜上;在海马神经细胞体外培养过程中,随时间延长(1、3、5、7、10 d),CXCL12的分泌逐渐减少;采用50 ng/ml的CXCL12作用于海马神经细胞后,随着培养时间的延长,GABA和乙酰胆碱的分泌出现不同的变化,其中乙酰胆碱的分泌逐渐增加,而GABA的分泌则呈现一过性下降又短暂轻微升高的趋势;通过AMD3100阻断其受体CXCR4,则乙酰胆碱分泌减少,但GABA的分泌增加。结论:CXCL12通过CXCR4受体引起乙酰胆碱分泌增加,GABA分泌减少。这些现象表明CXCL12可以作为一种重要的神经生长因子刺激GABA和乙酰胆碱的分泌。     

CXCL12、CXCR4、MMP-2在宫颈鳞癌组织的表达及意义

目的探讨趋化因子CXCL12与其受体CXCR4及金属蛋白酶MMP-2在宫颈鳞癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法采用免疫组织化学SP法检测50例宫颈鳞癌组织及50例癌旁正常组织中CXCL12、CXCR4、MMP-2的表达。结果 CXCL12、CXCR4、MMP-2在宫颈鳞癌组织中的阳性表达率(68.0%、72.0%、78.0%)明显高于正常宫颈组织(12.0%、24.0%、30.0%),在中/低度分化的宫颈鳞癌组织阳性表达率分别为84.4%、75.0%、87.5%。CXCL12、CXCR4、MMP-2在宫颈鳞癌淋巴结转移组中阳性表达率(86.2%、82.8%、79.3%)也明显高于无淋巴结转移组(52.4%、57.1%、52.4%)。在宫颈鳞癌组织中CXCL12与CXCR4、MMP-2表达都呈正相关(r=0.355,P=0.004;r=0.310,P=0.036);MMP-2与CXCR4表达也呈正相关(r=0.297,P=0.042)。结论 CXCL12和受体CXCR4、MMP-2与宫颈鳞癌的病变进展和转移密切相关,可能对宫颈鳞癌的预后和复发具有指导意义。     

Evaluation of circulating concentrations of CXCL1 (Gro-α), CXCL10 (IP-10) and CXCL12 (SDF-1) in ALL patients prior and post bone marrow transplantation

The immune system plays an important role in the development of leukemia. CXC chemokines, as the molecular members of this system, are involved in the immune responses. Therefore, this study was designed to examine and compare the levels of CXCL1 (Gro-α), CXCL10 (IP-10) and CXCL12 (SDF-1) in ALL patients prior to and post bone marrow transplantation (BMT).     

The expression of CXCR4, CXCL12 and CXCR7 in malignant pleural mesothelioma

The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7, are involved in tumour progression, metastasis, and survival. We investigated the expression of CXCR4, CXCL12, and CXCR7 in malignant pleural mesothelioma to determine if they are possible biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Forty-one mesothelioma tumour tissues, ten normal human pleural tissues, and two mesothelioma cell lines were stained with anti-CXCR4, anti-CXCL12, anti-CXCR7, and anti-p-Akt antibodies. RT-PCR was performed to determine the expression of CXCR4, CXCL12, and CXCR7 in six human mesothelioma cell lines (H28, 211H, H2052, ms-1, H290, and H513) and one human normal mesothelial cell line, LP9. These seven cell lines were also stained with anti-CXCR7. We found that CXCR4 and CXCL12 were expressed in 97.6% and 78.0% mesothelioma tissue samples, concurrently with strong expression of p-Akt (R(2) = 0.739 and 0.620, respectively). In addition, CXCR7 expression was weaker than CXCR4 expression in mesothelioma tissues. Furthermore, RT-PCR showed that CXCR4 and CXCL12 were overexpressed in 5/6 mesothelioma cell lines (211H, H2052, ms-1, H290, and H513), whereas CXCR7 was overexpressed in only 2/6 (H513 and H2052). Moreover, we found that the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 inhibited the growth of all five mesothelioma cell lines that overexpress CXCR4 and CXCL12. Our results suggest that the Akt-mTOR pathway is involved during the interruption of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in these five mesothelioma cell lines. In conclusion, CXCR4 and CXCL12 are highly expressed in most mesothelioma cell lines and tumour tissues, suggesting that CXCR4 and CXCL12 may be used as biomarkers for patients with mesothelioma. The CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction may be a potential therapeutic target for mesothelioma.     

CXCL10 induces the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages into kidney,which aggravate puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis

The mechanism responsible for trafficking of monocyte-derived macrophages into kidney in the puromycin aminonucleoside model of nephrotic syndrome in rats (PAN-NS), and the significance of this infiltration, remain largely unknown. CXCL10, a chemokine secreted in many T helper type 1 (Th1) inflammatory diseases, exhibits important roles in trafficking of monocytes and activated T cells. We hypothesized that induction of circulating interferon (IFN)-γ and glomerular tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α during PAN-NS would stimulate the release of CXCL10 by podocytes, leading to infiltration of activated immune cells and greater glomerular injury. We found that serum IFN-γ, glomerular Cxcl10 mRNA and intra- and peri-glomerular macrophage infiltration were induced strongly during the late acute phase of PAN-NS in Wistar rats, but not in nude (Foxn1^rnu/rnu) rats lacking functional effector T lymphocytes. Wistar rats also developed significantly greater proteinuria than nude rats, which could be abolished by macrophage depletion. Stimulation of cultured podocytes with both IFN-γ and TNF-α markedly induced the expression of Cxcl10 mRNA and CXCL10 secretion. Together, these data support our hypothesis that increased circulating IFN-γ and glomerular TNF-α induce synergistically the production and secretion of CXCL10 by podocytes, attracting activated macrophages into kidney tissue. The study also suggests that IFN-γ, secreted from Th1 lymphocytes, may prime proinflammatory macrophages that consequently aggravate renal injury.