阴性精神分裂症患者局部脑血流与威斯康星卡片分类测验的…

目的：为探讨阴性精神分裂症患者脑结构与认知功能缺争的关系，方法，运用单光子发射计算机断层扫描（ＳＰＥＣＴ）测定了１２例阴性精神分裂症患者有在安静状态下与威斯康星卡片分类测验的负荷状态下的局部血流，结果，在安静状态下阴性精神分裂症病人的脑局部放射性分布是对称的，但在威斯星卡片分类测验的刺激状态下左，右侧额叶的局部放射性计数是不对称的。结论：提示精神分裂症的阴性症状与左侧额叶的功能状态有关。     

精神分裂症症状与威斯康星卡片分类测验成绩的相关性

目的:探讨发作期的精神分裂症患者症状与威斯康星卡片分类测验成绩的相关性.方法:对新近发作、一月内未服用精神药物的精神分裂症40例住院患者和32例正常人进行了威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST).用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)对精神病患者进行评定,并对阳性、阴性和解体症状因子和威斯康星卡片分类测验结果作相关分析.结果:精神分裂症患者WCST操作较正常人差,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).阴性症状因子和解体症状因子与WCST操作存在相关性,阳性症状因子与WCST操作不相关.结论:精神分裂症患者在执行功能和概念化水平方面存在缺陷,其中解体和阴性症状可能与额叶功能障碍相关,前者相关性可能更大.     

阴性症状为主的精神分裂症男性患者认知功能及灰质密度改变

目的:运用基于体素的脑形态测量学方法(VBM),探讨以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症男性患者大脑结构形态学的改变,及其与精神病理学症状的关系。方法:15例阴性症状为主的成年男性精神分裂症患者和15例正常对照参与实验,所有研究对象均接受威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)与磁共振检查,获取磁共振T1加权像和高分辨率3D图像后进行VBM分析,比较患者组和正常对照组局部脑区灰质密度的差异性。结果:在威斯康星测验中,阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者完成测查的总应答数、错误应答数和持续性错误数显著高于正常对照组,正确应答数和完成分类数与正常对照组没有显著差异。VBM分析显示患者右侧额上回,左侧额中回,左额内侧回,右侧楔叶,左侧颞中回的灰质密度较正常对照组低,未发现患者组灰质密度有明显增高的脑区。结论:以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者存在显著的额叶执行功能低下;双侧额叶灰质密度的下降可能是其执行功能损害的病理生理基础。     

阴、阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者神经认知功能的比较研究

目的：探讨阳性症状为主型（阳性型）及阴性症状为主型（阴性型）精神分裂症患者的神经认知功能状况。方法：采用木块图、线方向判断、视觉再生、理解记忆、连线及威斯康星卡片分类（WCST）测验，对25例阴性型精神分裂症患者和20例阳性型精神分裂症患者进行评定。结果：阴性组患者的视觉再生、理解记忆、木块图，连线B时间、思维灵活性以及WCST持续性错误百分数、完成分类数等成绩显著低于阳性组；其中木块图、连线B时间、思维灵活性以及WCST持续性错误百分数指标与SANS总分均有显著相关；视觉再生、理解记忆测验得分及WCST完成分类数与SANS及SAPS总分均有显著相关。结论：不同亚型精神分裂症患者神经认知功能损害的特点不同。顶叶及额叶功能下降与阴性症状关系密切；而颞叶功能下降与阴性、阳性症状均密切相关。     

强迫症患者认知功能与病期的关系

目的：探讨强迫症的认知功能障碍与病期的关系。方法：分别用韦氏记忆测验，数字划销测验和威斯康星卡片分类测验评估25例急性强迫症和36例慢性强迫症患者的记忆、注意和执行功能。结果：急性强迫症患者的记忆测验中记图和数字划销测验中第二阶段失误率显著性较慢性强迫症差，其余两组间记忆测验、划销测验和威斯康星卡片分类测验各量表分无显著性差异。结论：强迫症的认知功能与病期无明显相关。     

奥氮平对精神分裂症认知障碍的疗效及糖、脂代谢的影响

目的观察奥氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的疗效及其对糖、脂代谢影响。方法将60例接受单一奥氮平治疗的精神分裂症患者，采用修订韦氏记忆量表（WMS--RC）评定记忆功能；威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）评定执行功能；PANSS量表评定精神症状；并检测血糖、胆固醇和甘油三脂，分别在治疗前、治疗8周末各测验1次。结果经过8周的奥氮平治疗后，记忆商数显著提高（P〈0．001），威斯康星卡片分类测验的总测验次数、持续错误数及随机错误数均显著下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；并且奥氮平对记忆功能、执行功能的改善与阳性症状、阴性症状的下降里显著正相关．治疗8周末血糖、胆固醇和甘油三脂水平均显著高于治疗前（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）．结论奥氮平能有效的改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能障碍，但应重视其对糖脂代谢的副作用。     

强迫症患者与精神分裂症患者的执行功能

目的:比较强迫症和精神分裂症患者执行功能损害的特点。方法:本研究为横断面研究。研究对象为符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版诊断标准的强迫症(n=29)和精神分裂症门诊患者(n=30),以及年龄和教育程度匹配的正常对照(n=30)。所有被试接受威斯康星卡片、连线测验、河内塔测验、言语流畅性测验等神经心理学测验评定执行功能。结果:威斯康星卡片测验中,强迫症患者总操作时间短于精神分裂症患者(P0.05),与正常对照接近(P0.05);完成归类数目多于精神分裂症患者(P0.05),与正常对照接近(P0.05);错误应答数目少于精神分裂症患者(P0.05),与正常对照接近(P0.05);完成第一分类所需的应答需要的卡片数目多于精神分裂症患者和正常对照(P0.05)。连线测验中,强迫症患者在连线B的时间和错误数少于精神分裂症患者(均P0.05),与正常对照接近(P0.05)。河内塔测试中,强迫症患者的移动次数和出错次数与精神分裂症患者差异无统计学意义(均P0.05),但多于正常对照(均P0.05)。结论:强迫症总体执行功能水平比精神分裂症水平高,但是概念理解能力差。     

系统家庭治疗对慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的 探讨系统家庭治疗对慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响.方法 将73例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,均服用利培酮维持治疗,干预组使用药物治疗的同时合并系统家庭治疗,对照组单纯使用药物治疗.观察疗程为24个月,于入组时及24个月后采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定患者的临床疗效,同时给予威斯康星卡片分类测验(W...     

精神分裂症患者一级亲属的阴性症状和认知功能研究

目的 :探讨精神分裂症一级亲属的阴性症状和认知功能。方法 :采用威斯康星卡片分类测验、持续注意测验、词语解释、数字广度、词语广度和空间广度测验 ,阴性症状量表等评估认知功能和阴性症状。结果 :词语解释、CPT视觉 /听觉漏报、反应时间和WCST持续错误数、总应答数、随机错误数等在对照组亲属、单发家系亲属、高发家系亲属中呈渐差趋势 ,阴性症状也有相同趋势 ,单发家系亲属评分介于对照亲属与高发家系亲属之间。与对照组相比 ,病例组一级亲属的WCST的正确分类数、完成分类数更少 ,视觉 /听觉反应时间更长 ,视觉漏报更多 ,阴性症状更明显 ,这些差异有非常显著性意义。结论 :精神分裂症患者部分一级亲属有不同程度的认知功能损害和一些阴性症状。具有一定的遗传特质性 ,是发生精神分裂症的高危人群。     

老年精神分裂症和Alzheimer氏病患者认知功能的对照研究

目的：探讨老年精神分裂症和Alzheimer氏病在额叶执行功能和记忆方面的神经心理功能障碍及其特征;了解老年精神分裂症和Alzheimer氏病人认知功能与社会生活功能的关系。方法：采用简易智力状态检查（MMSE）、韦氏记忆量表（WMS）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、日常生活能力量表（Alzheimer氏病）,对34例45岁（含45岁）以前起病反复发作或持续到老年的精神分裂症、28例Alzheimer氏病及31例正常对照组进行对照研究。结果：老年精神分裂症和Alzheimer氏病都有记忆障碍和额叶执行功能障碍。老年精神分型症语义记忆受损严重程度与Alzhe-imer氏病无明显差异,而对新信息在延迟期的快速遗忘损害要轻;老年精神分裂症的额叶执行功能障碍对记忆损有选择性,两者密切相关,Alzheimer氏病的记忆损害与额叶执行功能障碍的相关不明显。老年精神分裂症的社会日常生活功能优于Alzheimer氏病,与正常老年人无明显差异。结论：老年精神分裂症认知功能损害不同于Alzhe-imer氏病,有一定的特征性。提示老年精神分裂症和Alzheimer氏病认知功能障碍的差别在于各自神经生物学病理机制的不同。     

Regional cerebral blood flow in depression: associations with psychopathology

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured during rest and cognitive activation in 21 patients with a major depressive episode and 21 healthy subjects. Depressive patients had significantly lower rCBF during rest in the right global, frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal regions and in the left global and frontal regions. During mental activation patients showed significantly lower values in all right and left parietal regions. rCBF was correlated with the scores of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the parietal regions. rCBF was correlated with the scores of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale (BRMS), the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A). The most significant negative correlations were obtained with the BPRS. Correlation analyses between each single item of the BPRS and CBF values revealed the strongest associations between emotional withdrawal and decreased CBF. Patients with 'reactive' features had higher CBF than patients without 'reactive' symptoms. Only patients without 'reactive' symptoms had a lower CBF than controls. 'Endogenous' features had no impact on CBF.     

Single photon emission tomography with 99m Tc-HMPAO in Arab patients with depression

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the rate of cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in Arab patients wth depression. METHODS: Forty-four patients with DSM-III-R major depressive disorders were studied at rest using single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) with 99m Tc-HMPAO in comparison with 20 normal controls. All patients were assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). RESULTS: The depressed group showed greater rCBF in left and right posterior frontal and parietal cortical regions than normal controls. Within the depressed group, patients with the least severe illness (HRSD < 20) had significantly lower rCBF than normal controls, whilst those with moderately severe (HRSD 20-29) and severe (HRSD > 30) had significantly greater rCBF in most cortical regions than normal controls. Symptom scores, derived from the HRSD were predicted by rCBF principally increased rCBF in the left frontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a generalized cerebral activation principally in the frontal cortex which is in contrast to the results of most previous studies but more in line with the results of studies of induced affect and some studies of depression subsyndromes.     

Reduced frontal perfusion in depressed postmenopausal women: a SPECT study with WCST

OBJECTIVES: To investigate frontal cerebral blood flow (CBF) in depressed postmenopausal women and its relation to cognitive function and the severity of depressive symptoms. METHODS: Regional CBF of 20 unmedicated depressed postmenopausal women was measured using Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT, both at rest and during frontal activation using the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST). Frontal CBF was semi-quantified by comparing the radioactivity in the prefrontal region to the cerebellum (F/C ratio). We measured the severity of the symptoms of depression using the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and cognitive function using the mini-mental status examination (MMSE). RESULTS: At rest, there was no difference in frontal CBF between patients with moderate or severe (HADS> or =11) and patients with mild depressive symptoms (HADS<11). During the WCST, however, the HADS> or =11 group did not score as well as the HADS<11 group (P=0.03). The changes in F/C ratios were inversely correlated with HADS scores (r=-0.43, P=0.05) and positively correlated with MMSE scores (r=0.58, P=0.004). After adjusting for age, F/C ratios were significantly correlated with MMSE (P=0.002), but not with HADS scores. CONCLUSIONS: Frontal CBF did not increase in postmenopausal women with moderate/severe symptoms of depression during the WCST activation task, and reduced frontal CBF was related to the impairment of cognitive function. The combination of the functional activation test and SPECT imaging powerfully revealed this functional disease, which remains undetectable using more common baseline measurements.     

Interhemispheric asymmetry of EEG alpha activity at rest and during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: relations with performance

There are conflicting results regarding the functional asymmetry of the prefrontal cortex. Spectral power analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity can provide important clues about the cortical mechanisms. In this study, interhemispheric EEG alpha power asymmetry of healthy individuals was investigated during the execution of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and during rest. We analyzed alpha-1 (8.6-10.2 Hz) and alpha-2 (10.9-12.5 Hz) bands separately and found some evidence to indicate that lower and upper alpha bands reflect different cortical processes. On the other hand, greater alpha power during resting correlated with higher performance on the WCST. The lower left frontal alpha power during WCST correlated significantly with the higher WCST performance. However, greater bilateral parietal alpha power during WCST correlated with higher performance. Significant correlations between EEG activity and WCST performance were, in general, restricted to lower alpha power, both at rest and during the task. These findings are discussed with regard to attention processes reflected by lower alpha activity.     

A controlled study of 99mTc-HMPAO single-photon emission imaging in chronic schizophrenia.

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during a word fluency task was compared in twenty-five male, right-handed, medicated schizophrenic patients and twenty-five age-matched male, right-handed healthy volunteers, using 99mtechnetium-HMPAO multidetector single-photon emission tomography. Increased rCBF in caudate and thalamus was found in patients, probably secondary to neuroleptic medication. Patients showed decreased rCBF in left frontal cortical regions and increased rCBF in left posterior cortical regions, compared to controls. Patterns of left-sided frontal rCBF dominance in controls were reversed in patients, as were normal patterns of right-sided parietal rCBF dominance. Negative symptom score correlated inversely with mesial frontal rCBF, particularly on the left.     

A meta-analytic review of Wisconsin Card Sort studies in schizophrenia: general intellectual deficit in disguise?

A majority of studies show that schizophrenics perform poorly on so-called tests of executive or frontal lobe function--the paradigmatic case being the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST). Nevertheless, the specific character of this deficit in schizophrenia remains underspecified. In particular, it seems premature to assume that schizophrenia is characterised by an executive dysfunction and/or a disorder of frontal lobe function before determining whether any deficit is: selective; disproportionate to the general level of intellectual functioning; or qualitatively comparable with that of frontal lobe patients. A meta-analysis was conducted on 29 studies comparing the performance of schizophrenics and normal controls on the WCST. This showed that the mean weighted effect size was large for categories achieved (d = 0.91), medium for absolute level of perseveration (d = 0.53), but only small for the proportion of perseverative errors (d = 0.18). By contrast, the effect size for Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Intelligence Quotient (WAIS IQ) in a subset of these studies (d = 1.23) was significantly larger than for any WCST measures. This pattern of findings challenges notions that schizophrenia is characterised by an executive dysfunction that is: selective; disproportionate to IQ level; and analogous to that found in frontal lobe patients. Rather, the poor WCST performance of schizophrenics appears to reflect a generalised intellectual deficit.     

左额叶CT值在偏执型精神分裂症患者中的变化及临床意义

目的:探讨左额叶CT值在偏执型精神分裂症患者中的变化及临床意义。方法:选取2014年6月—2016年6月于我院就诊的偏执型首发精神分裂症患者共120例作为观察组,取120例正常的头部CT患者作为正常组,测量其脑部CT图像上大脑左侧额叶CT值,分析偏执型精神分裂症患者患者大脑左侧额叶CT值与临床资料的关系。结果:观察组患者的平均左额叶CT值低于正常组(t=17.286,P0.05),PANSS评分阴性症状的CT值与阳性症状的CT值差异无统计学意义(t=0.309,P=0.758),不同的教育程度和是否具有职业的患者的CT值比较差异无统计学意义。左额叶CT值与PANSS评分呈负相关(r=-0.455,P=0.024),左额叶CT值与病程时间分评分呈负相关(r=-0.406,P=0.035)。结论:偏执型精神分裂症患者的左侧额叶CT值显著降低,与精神分裂症状的程度和病程时间呈负相关,左侧额叶CT值降低是偏执型精神分裂症的重要影像依据。