PCL双束重建术中股骨隧道定位对移植物等距特性的影响

目的 探讨后交叉韧带（PCL）双束重建术中股骨隧道定位变化对移植物等距特性的影响。方法 取10具正常成人新鲜膝关节标本,将后交叉韧带分为前外侧束和后内侧束,分别在双束股骨附丽部上选前、后、中、近、远十个测试点,用细软钢丝将各点与胫骨附丽部中点相连,用百分表测量膝关节 0°～ 120°活动范围内各钢丝关节内长度的变化。结果　比较各点的钢丝在关节内长度变化发现,其中前外侧束的近点、后点和后内侧束的近点这3点长度的最大值均不超过2mm。且对前外侧束的近点、后点进行两两比较,发现差异无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论 在后交叉韧带双束重建中,前外侧束应以其股骨附丽部上缘的中点（即近测试点）为中心钻孔;后内侧束应以其股骨附丽部上缘（即近测试点）为中心钻孔建立股骨骨隧道。     

大收肌腱转位重建内侧髌股韧带的应用解剖

目的 评估大收肌腱转位重建内侧髌股韧带治疗髌骨脱位的术式可行性及可能的风险,探讨转位肌腱固定方法。 方法 解剖观察30侧尸体标本的大收肌腱及内侧髌股韧带形态及其周围血管神经等毗邻关系;测量收肌结节至内侧髌股韧带股骨止点距离、收肌结节至大收肌腱移行部距离;并在尸体标本上模拟手术。 结果 大收肌腱长度（收肌结节至收肌裂孔距离）为（105±14）mm（77~129 mm）,内侧髌股韧带轴长长度为（46±6）mm（33~57 mm）,收肌结节至内侧髌股韧带股骨止点距离为（9±2）mm（6~13 mm）,收肌结节至大收肌腱移行部距离为（124±11）mm（102~144 mm）。 结论 长约55 mm的大收肌腱通过转位固定于髌骨内侧缘重建内侧髌股韧带可行,大收肌腱作为重建内侧髌股韧带的供体是一个良好的选择。     

基于解剖学鞍沟区确定股骨止点进行内侧髌股韧带重建治疗髌骨脱位的早期疗效分析

目的 探讨使用鞍沟区法确定股骨止点关节镜下进行内侧髌股韧带（medial patellofemoral ligament, MPFL）重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位的早期疗效。方法 选取2019年2月至2020年5月在新疆医科大学第四附属医院住院治疗的复发性髌骨脱位39例患者,均使用鞍沟区法确定股骨止点进行内侧髌股韧带治疗,通过股骨内上髁、股骨内收肌结节、腓肠肌内侧股骨止点三点围成的鞍沟中点确定等距点。记录患者行MRI或屈膝30°CT测量髌股适合角（PCA）、髌骨倾斜角（PTA）,并通过Lysholm评分和Kujala评分评估膝关节功能,测量股骨隧道距离等距点（Schottle点）位置。结果 39例患者均获得随访,随访10～15个月,平均（12.21±4.55）个月。患者均顺利完成手术,无骨折,血管、神经损伤等并发症的发生,切口均一期愈合,未见感染、不愈合、再脱位情况。膝关节Lysholm评分和Kujala评分由术前（35.84±7.17）分、（39.42±6.62）分增加至末次随访的（89.63±5.49）分、（90.37±4.44）分;膝关节影像学角度PCA及PTA由术前的（22.84±5...     

伸膝装置应用解剖及其在膝关节置换术中的临床意义

目的：为全膝关节置换术（TKA）中髌骨软组织平衡提供形态学基础。方法：应用显微外科技术对12例新鲜、80例固定成人膝关节标本伸膝装置的解剖结构进行观察与测量。结果：髌前三层不同走向的纤维膜性结构包被伸膝装置。股外侧肌腱、股内侧肌、股最内侧肌与股直肌腱分别成33．50°±6．19°、54．5°±8．20°、78．60°±8．52°角。矢状面股直肌腱与髌腱成12°（3°～20°）夹角。股四头肌腱扩张部向下扩展形成髌内、外侧支持带（MPR、LPR）。内侧髌股韧带（MPFL）长（47．60±5．59）mm，宽（19．70±6．13）mm。膝关节肌为独立肌肉，是膝关节重要的滑移装置并维持髌骨内侧稳定结构。结论：TKA术中髌骨软组织平衡，关键在于准确分层缝合股最内侧肌止点和MPFL，必要时松解髌骨外上角股外侧肌腱或LPR。术中防止膝关节肌内侧束撕裂有重要意义。     

膝关节内侧髌股韧带止点的解剖

目的 观察国人内侧髌股韧带止点的解剖学特点及其在髌骨稳定中的作用。 方法 采用30例成人尸体膝关节标本,观测国人内侧髌股韧带止点的解剖学特点。 结果 内侧髌股韧带在股骨端附着于收肌结节与股骨内上髁之间的骨脊上,此处纤维薄而窄,向前逐渐增宽增厚。在髌骨端,附着于髌骨内缘上2/3,此处最厚最宽。 结论 揭示了内侧髌股韧带止点的解剖学特点,为临床应用提供解剖学基础。     

旋股外侧动脉降支用于冠状动脉旁路术的可行性研究

目的 为旋股外侧动脉降支用于冠状动脉旁路术提供解剖学依据,并对其手术切取方法进行初步设计。方法 对19具福尔马林保存成年尸体38侧旋股外侧动脉起始部及其降支的走行、分支及周围结构进行详细的观察,测定旋股外侧动脉降支主干的长度、起点和止点处的外径,以及髂前上棘至髌骨中点连线的中点到股外侧肌与股直肌间沟的水平距离。结果 旋股外侧动脉降支位置较为恒定,位于股中间肌、股直肌、股外侧肌之间的肌间隙内。主干长度为12.0±2.36cm,起点处外径为2.7±0.35mm,止点处外径为2.2±0.28mm,髂前上棘至髌骨中点连线的中点到股外侧肌、股直肌间隙前外侧缘的水平距离为0.4±0.18cm。结论 旋股外侧动脉降支的解剖特点符合冠状动脉旁路术的要求,可以用于该手术,经股直肌和股外侧肌间隙可方便切取该动脉。     

膝关节后外侧角重建术中股骨隧道定位对移植物等距性的影响

目的探讨膝关节后外侧角重建术中,股骨隧道定位的变化对移植物等距性的影响。方法选用9具新鲜冷冻尸体膝关节标本,分别在外侧副韧带和腘肌腱股骨侧附着部上选取中、近、远、前、后各5个测试点。模拟膝关节后外侧角的重建步骤,将外侧副韧带、腘肌腱和腘腓韧带胫腓侧的附着部中心与相应股骨侧的5个测试点用铜丝连接,测量膝关节在0°～90°屈曲过程中铜丝长度的变化。结果外侧副韧带股骨侧附着部的远点和前点与其腓骨附着部中心之间变化平均值的最大值均不超过3 mm,且两点无统计学差异(P>0.05);腘肌腱股骨侧附着部的前点与PFL腓骨附着部中心之间变化平均值的最大值不差过3 mm;腘肌腱股骨侧5个测试点与胫骨侧腘肌肌腱移行处点之间变化平均值的最大值均超过3 mm。结论在腓骨侧骨隧道选择附着部中心的情况下,重建外侧副韧带和腘腓韧带时,股骨侧骨隧道宜定位外侧副韧带和腘肌腱附着部前缘(即前点)。     

带股深血管蒂股骨（膜）瓣移位的应用解剖

在３０侧下肢标本上，解剖观测了股深动脉及其股骨体中下部的分支分布。股深动脉发第一穿动脉之后，下行于股骨体内侧的大收肌和短收肌与长收肌之间。从发第一穿动脉处至股骨体中点，股深动脉干长１０．８±２．２ｃｍ。至股骨体中点水平时，股深动脉外径２．１±０．４ｍｍ。股骨体中点至其下方６ｃｍ范围的血供主要来自股深动脉末梢和第三穿动脉。根据解剖结果，设计了带股深血管蒂股骨（膜）瓣，修复股骨中上部骨不连或骨缺损。     

膝关节前交叉韧带后外束股骨止点位置的解剖

目的 通过对膝关节前交叉韧带后外束股骨止点的解剖测量,找到确定前交叉韧带后外束股骨止点的简单可行的方法,为双束重建前交叉韧带手术中的骨道定位提供理论依据。方法 解剖20例新鲜膝关节标本（25~45岁）。在屈膝90°位,测量前交叉韧带后外束股骨止点中心点距股骨髁间窝外侧壁前方、后方和下方软骨缘的距离,再对测量数据进行评估和对比。结果前交叉韧带后外束股骨止点中心点距离股骨前方软骨缘(8.74±1.39)mm,距离后方软骨缘(8.69±1.57)mm（P =0.926）。后外束止点中心点距离股骨下方软骨缘(5.06±0.77)mm。结论膝关节屈膝90°位时,前交叉韧带后外束的股骨止点中心点位于股骨髁间窝外侧壁,距离下方软骨缘5mm,距离前方和后方软骨缘的距离相等。在前交叉韧带双束重建的手术中,应用本研究的结果能够简单、快捷地确定前交叉韧带后外束股骨骨道位置。     

伸肌训练结合电刺激治疗股四头肌伸肌滞后的效果

目的　观察膝关节术后发生股四头肌伸肌滞后的患者运用伸肌训练与电刺激治疗效果。方法　将30例膝关节术后发生伸肌滞后患者随机分为两组,伸肌训练组（A组）与联合运用伸肌训练与神经肌肉电刺激组（B组）,两组都接受常规康复治疗。训练前及训练2周后评定伸肌滞后角度。结果　A组伸肌滞后角度治疗前14.5°±7.33°,治疗后8.4°±6.75°;B组伸肌滞后角度治疗前13.9°±9.15°,治疗后3.9°±3.56°。两组治疗前后均有显著改善,P<0.05;A、B两组改善程度亦有显著差异,P<0.05。结论　与电刺激联合运用相比,伸肌训练可有效改善股四头肌的伸肌滞后。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964