左侧肾和睾丸血管变异1例

作者在解剖一具中年男尸时，发现腹膜后间隙存在肾和睾丸血管的变异，对其进行了解剖观测，经详细查询文献资料，国内报道很少见。现报告如下。     

肾及睾丸血管异常1例

笔者在解剖一具老年男性尸体时 ,发现其右肾及右睾丸多血管异常 ,现报道如下 :右肾动脉、右肾静脉起始、行程、位置均正常。但在右肾静脉下方见一长 3.0ｃｍ外径 5 .3ｍｍ的右肾副静脉 ,自肾门下端输尿管起始处后方横行向左注入下腔静脉 ,右肾静脉和右肾副静脉注入下腔静脉处的距离为 3.2ｃｍ。虽然肾副动脉的出现比较多见 ,报道出现率为 4 9.0 % ,但本例右肾副动脉的起始位置比较低 ,其在第 3腰椎水平肠系膜下动脉下方 0 .77ｃｍ处发自腹主动脉的右前壁 ,继而斜向右上分别经下腔静脉前方、右睾丸动、静脉的后方、输尿管起始处的后方 ,在肾…     

左侧睾丸动脉行程变异1例

笔者在解剖1具成年男性尸体标本时,发现其左侧睾丸动脉走行异常,与左侧肾蒂内血管关系复杂（图1）,现报道如下. 该例标本左侧睾丸动脉约平肾门平面起自腹主动脉左前外侧壁,自起始点向左外上方走行1.2 cm,经左侧肾静脉深面并绕其上缘,在左侧肾动脉前下方,即经左侧肾动、静脉间穿出后,又沿左侧肾静脉前小、后大两属支的夹角间下行,伴左侧双条睾丸静脉（蔓状静脉丛）下行进入腹股沟管.     

犬肾血管构筑及血管和肾小管相互关系——扫描电镜观察

使用同时显示肾血管和肾小管扫描电镜法及肾血管铸型扫描电镜法,观察研究了犬肾血管构筑及肾血管和肾小管相互关系。血管球内存在亚小叶微循环单位;血管球内存在直捷通路;迷路部血管和肾小管无明显的逆流配置;球后血管在肾皮质内有广泛吻合;肾髓质次级血管束内一些降直血管具有门静脉特点;直血管在乳头部肾盂上皮下形成致密血管丛,它是升、降直血管间的主要连接通道;内髓升、降直血管间还有毛细血管及少量血管襻连接。本文还讨论了上述结构特点的功能意义。     

后腹腔镜下肾切除术中肾血管的处理方法探讨

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下肾切除术中左右肾血管不同的处理方法及临床价值.方法 回顾性分析2005年3月至2011年12月行后腹腔镜下肾切除术的64例患者的病例资料及手术视频,总结术中处理肾血管的经验.术中以腰肌前间隙内侧弓状韧带为解剖标志寻找右肾蒂,小心处理右肾静脉防止撕裂下腔静脉;在腰肌前间隙腹主动脉旁脂肪前内寻找左肾蒂,避免损伤或漏扎左肾血管属支.结果 64例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术及输血病例,术后未出现严重并发症.结论 熟悉肾血管的解剖特征,采用不同的方法分别处理左右肾血管,有利于提高后腹腔镜下肾切除术的安全性.     

肾前段血管的应用解剖及其临床应用

在８７例成人尸体肾前段血管应用解剖学研究基础上，根据肾前段血管分布的规律，设计肾前段切除术。手术要点是寻找，阻断肾前上，下段动脉，显示肾前段缺血区，然后予以切除。按照血管分布要点进行手术，切除范围准确，可减少术中，术后出血等并发症。     

新鲜尸体肾血管的解剖观测及其在肾移植的应用

观测了１２６具（２５２只）新鲜尸体肾血管的支数、长度与管径。肾血管变异占１９．０％（４８例），其中多支肾动脉占１３．０％（３３例），多支肾静脉占６．０％（１５例）。对肾动脉管径小于５ｍｍ的采用带腹主动脉瓣吻合，肾静脉短于１．５ｃｍ采用腔静脉瓣延长至２．０～２．５ｃｍ。本文还对供体与受体血管、多支型血管的吻合方法及吻合体会进行讨论。     

尸体肾移植肾血管变异与临床应用

本文在尸体肾移植中取尸肾53具,发现供肾血管变异25例,占47.2%,其中多枝肾动脉15例,占28.3%,多枝静脉10例,占18.9%,经对异常血管进行成形术,肾移植术后吻合口无狭窄及出血,肾功能良好,与供肾正常血管比较无明显的差别。     

双侧肾副血管并双侧双干型睾丸静脉变异1例

笔者在解剖一具成年男性尸体时,发现其双侧出现肾副动脉,且均有肾副静脉伴行,同时双侧睾丸静脉腹段为双干型(图1,2)。报道如下:     

128层CT血管成像对左肾静脉压迫综合征的显示及诊断价值

目的探讨128层CT对左肾静脉(LRV)压迫综合征的显示方法及诊断价值。方法回顾性研究三峡大学人民医院经128层螺旋CT血管成像(CTA)诊断的LRV压迫综合征患者30例,其中男性25例,女性5例;年龄15～55岁,平均年龄36岁;病程1个月～6年。采用多种后处理方法显示病变,并与肾静脉造影比较。结果对比影像学的诊断标准及肾静脉造影的"金标准",128层CT诊断阳性率非常高,达到100%;假阳性5例,假阳性率约为16.7%,5例假阳性均经肾静脉造影证实LRV内压与下腔静脉内压差小于0.49 kPa(5 cmH2O)。结论LRV压迫综合征牵涉的多种病理改变128层CTA均可显示清楚,诊断明确,可代替肾静脉造影。     

Recovery of responsiveness of cells of lateral geniculate nucleus of rat

1. Recovery of responsiveness of single cells in lateral geniculate nucleus of rat has been determined in both P and I cells. There are three types of recovery curve among P cells; (a) early recovery, (b) early partial recovery followed by depression and then complete recovery, (c) prolonged depression followed by cyclic recovery. Type (c) is by far the commonest recovery curve. In contrast to the spike in a P cell, the synaptic potential recovers to its full amplitude in about 20 msec. All I cells exhibit similar rapid recovery curves after a prolonged depression.2. Conditioning stimuli applied to visual cortex also produce a prolonged depression in most P cells but I cells can be re-excited at short intervals from cortex. Decortication does not prevent the prolonged depression of the multineuronal response produced by optic nerve stimulation.3. A neuronal model is proposed to explain these observations. It is supposed that I cells (interneurones) are innervated by axon collaterals of the P cells (principal cells, projecting to visual cortex) and that the I cells exert an inhibitory influence on the P cells.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Analysis of two types of dopaminergic responses of neurons of the spinal ganglia of rats

It was established, in experiments on isolated spinal ganglia of adult rats in concluons of intracellular recording, that dopamine (1 M/liter) elicits depolarized responses in 61% of neurons, hyperpolarized in 20% of neurons, and depolarized-hyperpolarized in 19% of neurons. The depolarized responses are associated with the activation of D₁ dopamine receptors, and are governed by the shift of cAMP-dependent cation (sodium) channels to the conducting state. The hyperpolarized responses are triggered by the activation of D₂ dopamine receptors, which by means of HTP-binding protein convert the potassium channels to the conducting state. The change in the polarization of neurons with the action of dopamine influences their electrical excitability variously.Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 739–745, June, 1990.