具有详实解剖学结构的国人第5百分位女性胸腹部有限元模型开发及验证

目的 预测与评估汽车碰撞中小身材女性胸腹部的生物力学响应及损伤机制.方法 基于国人第5百分位女性志愿者CT图像,提取精确的胸腹部几何轮廓,借助相关软件构建具有详实解剖学结构的国人第5百分位女性胸腹部有限元模型,并重构3组胸腹部尸体实验,即胸部正面撞锤冲击实验、腹部正面棒击实验和胸腹部侧面撞锤冲击实验,对模型进行有效性验...     

基于有限元模型的下肢长骨动态试验的仿真研究

目的研究在动态载荷下下肢长骨的损伤极限。方法基于中国人体下肢有限元模型,分别对股骨、胫骨、大腿和小腿进行动态三点弯曲仿真,并借助尸体试验验证该模型的有效性。结果仿真所得撞锤的撞击力-位移曲线走势与尸体试验结的基本吻合。裸股骨、裸胫骨、大腿和小腿失效时的撞击力分别为4.29、3.94、4.81和4.086 kN,位移分别为17.78、34.00、52.10和47.06 mm,与尸体试验结果也较为相符。结论本研究验证了模型的有效性,为后续对膝关节以及对整个下肢模型的验证奠定基础,为碰撞事故中对行人进行保护提供了科学的理论依据。     

6 岁儿童下肢长骨有限元模型验证及参数研究

研究在动态载荷下6岁儿童下肢长骨的损伤极限。分别对股骨、胫骨的有限元模型进行动态三点弯曲仿真试验,并通过有限元模型仿真试验与尸体试验结果的对比,探究相关参数对6岁儿童下肢长骨骨折的影响。仿真试验所得冲击块的撞击力 位移曲线走势与尸体试验的结果基本吻合,验证了该模型的有效性。股骨和胫骨失效时的撞击力分别为2.52和1.96 kN,位移分别为11.88和23.49 mm。与成人相比,儿童骨骼的弹性模量略低,并且骨骼韧性较好,使得撞击时发生骨折的风险相对降低。本研究为儿童下肢损伤机理及防护措施的研究提供了科学的基础数据。     

6岁儿童行人-汽车碰撞中碰撞角度对头部损伤的影响

目的应用符合欧洲新车安全评鉴协会(the European New Car Assessment Programme,Euro NCAP)要求的6岁儿童行人有限元模型,探究不同碰撞角度对儿童头部损伤的影响。方法应用符合Euro NCAP技术公告(TB024)并且具有详细解剖学结构的6岁儿童行人有限元模型,设置4组行人-汽车碰撞仿真试验,探究不同碰撞角度下儿童头部损伤情况。人体头部质心初始位置在车的纵向中心线上,轿车初速度为40 km/h,轿车分别与人体右侧、前侧、左侧、后侧碰撞(即0°、90°、180°、270°)。比较不同碰撞角度下运动学差异和头部碰撞响应,同时分析面骨和颅骨的损伤情况。结果通过分析儿童行人头部接触力、头部质心合加速度、头部质心相对于车的合速度、头部损伤标准(head injury criterion,HIC_(15))、面骨骨折情况以及颅骨应力分布发现,背面、正面碰撞下儿童头部骨折及发生脑组织损伤的风险大于侧面碰撞,其中背面碰撞下儿童行人头部损伤风险最高,侧面碰撞下儿童行人头部损伤风险最低。结论背面碰撞下儿童行人头部损伤风险最大,研究结果对行人-汽车碰撞评估和防护装置研发具有重要的应用价值。     

生长板材料属性对6岁儿童乘员膝关节损伤影响分析

目的构建较高仿真度的6岁儿童乘员下肢有限元模型,验证6岁儿童乘员膝关节的有效性;分析在前碰撞载荷下生长板对儿童膝关节的生物力学响应及损伤机制。方法基于儿童生理结构及CT影像构建包含生长板的6岁儿童乘员下肢有限元模型,赋予相应的材料属性;参照Kerrigan等及Haut等的生物力学实验,验证模型的有效性,分析不同生长板材料属性对膝关节损伤的影响。结果通过模型仿真实验与生物力学实验曲线对比验证了模型的有效性;在膝关节区域,生长板的存在可以改变儿童乘员下肢骨折的损伤模式;不同生长板的材料属性,可以影响股骨轴向损伤力的阈值及达到损伤阈值而发生骨折的相对位置。结论所建模型得到有效验证,可用于6儿童乘员膝关节损伤生物力学响应及损伤机制的相关研究及应用。     

女性骨盆三维有限元模型构建及其侧面碰撞分析

乘员骨盆损伤在车辆侧面碰撞中非常常见,研究骨盆在侧碰中的损伤机理,有助于优化汽车保护装置,提高乘员的安全性.本研究根据CT图片提取相关数据,利用逆向工程软件生成骨盆几何模型,用有限元前处理软件划分网格,构建一个中国50百分位女性骨盆的三维有限元模型,并用Guillemot尸体实验结果验证了模型的有效性.然后用该模型进行侧碰仿真模拟,研究骨盆在侧面碰撞中的响应及密质骨厚度对骨盆刚性的影响.结果表明,女性骨盆在侧面碰撞中发生骨折的临界撞击力为3.00kN;密质骨厚度不同,骨盆受到载荷时的响应也不同,密质骨厚度为l mm时,前下髂骨脊位移为9.75 mm,密质骨厚度为2 mm时,前下髂骨脊位移为5.35 mm.表明密质骨厚度越薄,骨盆刚性越低.     

肥胖对乘员碰撞损伤影响机制的研究进展

现有汽车安全设计和法规主要是基于标准体型的50百分位人群,在肥胖人群不断增长的趋势下,研究肥胖乘员的碰撞损伤和防护越来越重要。现有研究中多采用事故统计分析、尸体实验、多刚体模型和有限元模型等方法 探讨肥胖乘员的损伤机制,肥胖对乘员的碰撞损伤主要有泡沫效应假说、躯干几何形状变化假说和质量效应假说等多种提法,可见肥胖乘员的损伤机制尚不明确。在全面总结肥胖乘员的碰撞损伤机制基础上,阐述当前肥胖乘员碰撞损伤研究所面临的问题及未来研究的发展方向。     

颅骨厚度对颅内生物力学响应的影响

目的通过有限元方法研究颅骨厚度对颅内力学参数的影响。方法选取第5百分位女性头部进行CT扫描,构建生物仿真度较高的头部有限元模型,通过重构尸体试验验证所建模型。建立不同颅骨厚度的头部有限元模型,进行多组试验,对比颅内各项力学参数。结果相同头部尺寸下,随着颅骨厚度减小,颅内压负值受到影响较大,呈现下降趋势;颅内压正值受到影响较小,但是呈现上升趋势。脑组织剪切力、von Mises应力会相对增大,且增长幅度较大。结论相同头部尺寸下,颅骨厚度在一定程度上会影响头部损伤,颅骨厚度小的人相较颅骨厚度大的人更容易受伤。     

人体膝关节有限元动力学分析模型的建立与验证

根据乘员碰撞事故中人体膝关节的生物力学响应特性,应用有限元(FE)方法和碰撞模拟技术,构建了一个人体膝关节模型。模型按人体解剖学结构构建,由股骨内、外侧髁,胫骨内、外侧髁,腓骨小头、髌骨、软骨、半月板以及主要韧带构成。通过比较模型仿真和尸体碰撞实验在轴向载荷条件下膝关节受刚性碰撞的响应结果,验证了模型的有效性。该模型为研究人体膝关节损伤机理提供了可靠的基础数据,并可应用于乘员损伤防护装置的设计和开发。     

基于汽车碰撞损伤的人体胸部有限元模型构建与验证

目的利用胸部有限元模型预测与评估碰撞载荷下胸部生物力响应与损伤机理。方法利用CT和MRI图像数据对胸部骨骼与内部软组织进行几何重建,并划分网格。模型的生物组织材料参数与材料本构模型基于文献尸体实验与组织材料实验。结果对模型进行前碰撞与侧碰撞仿真实验验证,结果表明胸部接触力、胸部位移量、力与位移曲线与尸体实验吻合较好,并利用胸部位移量、黏性准则对仿真过程进行损伤评估。结论模型可满足汽车碰撞安全中胸部损伤机理与防护及医学胸部钝器损伤的仿真研究需要。     

A Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb for Simulating Automotive Impacts

A finite element (FE) model of a vehicle occupant’s lower limb was developed in this study to improve understanding of injury mechanisms during traffic crashes. The reconstructed geometry of a male volunteer close to the anthropometry of a 50th percentile male was meshed using mostly hexahedral and quadrilateral elements to enhance the computational efficiency of the model. The material and structural properties were selected based on a synthesis of current knowledge of the constitutive models for each tissue. The models of the femur, tibia, and leg were validated against Post-Mortem Human Surrogate (PMHS) data in various loading conditions which generates the bone fractures observed in traffic accidents. The model was then used to investigate the tolerances of femur and tibia under axial compression and bending. It was shown that the bending moment induced by the axial force reduced the bone tolerance significantly more under posterior-anterior (PA) loading than under anterior-posterior (AP) loading. It is believed that the current lower limb models could be used in defining advanced injury criteria of the lower limb and in various applications as an alternative to physical testing, which may require complex setups and high cost.     

髌骨骨折AO张力带内固定有限元模型的建立和分析

背景：目前有关髌骨骨折内固定的生物力学研究大多集中在尸体标本上,应用现代有限元法进行分析的报道较少。 目的：建立髌骨骨折AO张力带内固定的三维有限元模型,并对所建模型进行有限元力学分析。 方法：选择1名成年女性志愿者,行下肢薄层CT扫描,将图像数据导入Mimics 10.01 软件通过Region growing提取右侧髌骨polylines,导入Geomagic studio 10.0建立髌骨几何模型。将髌骨几何模型导入PRO/E 2.0软件中,利用软件中的分割功能模拟髌骨骨折,利用软件中的扫描功能,生成两根折弯的克氏针和环形钢丝,建立三维髌骨骨折AO张力带内固定模型,导入ANSYS中建立三维有限元模型,模拟屈膝90°髌股关节作用力600 N进行有限元分析,分析其位移及变形特点。 结果与结论：AO张力带有多向加压作用,及明显对抗股四头肌向上拉应力的作用。提示有限元分析结果与生物力学结果相符,建立的髌骨骨折AO张力带内固定有限元模型有效,有助于更全面了解张力带内固定髌骨骨折的生物力学原理,为临床治疗提供借鉴。     

A Lower Limb-Pelvis Finite Element Model with 3D Active Muscles

A lower limb-pelvis finite element (FE) model with active three-dimensional (3D) muscles was developed in this study for biomechanical analysis of human body. The model geometry was mainly reconstructed from a male volunteer close to the anthropometry of a 50th percentile Chinese male. Tissue materials and structural features were established based on the literature and new implemented experimental tests. In particular, the muscle was modeled with a combination of truss and hexahedral elements to define its passive and active properties as well as to follow the detailed anatomy structure. Both passive and active properties of the model were validated against the experiments of Post-Mortem Human Surrogate (PMHS) and volunteers, respectively. The model was then used to simulate driver’s emergency braking during frontal crashes and investigate Knee-Thigh-Hip (KTH) injury mechanisms and tolerances of the human body. A significant force and bending moment variance was noted for the driver’s femur due to the effects of active muscle forces during emergency braking. In summary, the present lower limb-pelvis model can be applied in various research fields to support expensive and complex physical tests or corresponding device design.     

膜单元与弹簧单元模拟韧带损伤的生物力学响应

目的对比分析膜单元与弹簧单元对颈部韧带生物力学响应的影响。方法基于现有的6岁儿童颈部有限元模型,将其中的韧带分别用膜与弹簧两种单元类型模拟,进行儿童颈椎C4～5椎段动态拉伸实验和全颈椎拉伸实验。同时采用膜单元模型进行弯曲仿真试验,并分析仿真效果。结果在C4～5椎段动态拉伸实验中,膜单元仿真与弹簧单元仿真最终失效力分别为1 207、842 N,与尸体实验分别相差0. 6%、30. 6%;在全颈椎拉伸实验中,膜单元仿真峰值力与尸体实验相差1. 8%,弹簧单元仿真峰值力为484 N,与尸体实验相差较大。膜单元弯曲试验仿真效果良好。结论弹簧单元在模拟受力方面存在一定局限性,而膜单元具有较高的生物仿真度,更能体现韧带的生物力学响应。     

Mechanical contribution of the fibula to torsion stiffness in the lower extremity

The role of the fibula in rotational stability of the lower extremity, taking into account the intact knee joint and tibia, to the best of our knowledge, has not been investigated. A cadaver study was designed to determine the torque transfer down the lower extremity, with and without the fibula. Six fresh, frozen human cadaver legs were used. The knee joint was left intact and the foot disarticulated. An external rotation up to 5 degrees , coupled with axial compression, was applied to the femur passing through the knee joint in extension and down the lower extremity to the fixed distal end, where torque (N m) was measured via a load cell. Each specimen was further tested with the fibula, cut 4 cm from the distal end, and finally with the entire fibula disarticulated at the proximal end and removed. To achieve 5 degrees rotation, torques reached 1.82 N m (SD, 0.66 N m). When the fibula was cut, the torque reduced a small yet significant amount of 5%. With the entire fibula removed, the torque reduction was significant and more pronounced at 11%. The fibula provided a small yet significant role in torsion stability. From this study, where the biomechanical characteristics of the fibula is explicated, it is hoped that this information will have use in further understanding the biomechanical role of the fibula, especially, in relation to the altered mechanics associated with lower limb pathology involving a deficient fibula.     

头部钝器损伤实验与仿真分析

目的　为了研究头部在钝器作用下的生物力学响应及损伤机理。 方法　利用CT图像数据和MRI图像数据对头部骨骼与内部软组织进行几何重建,然后画分网格,构建颅脑有限元模型。另一方面,对连于躯干的头部标本进行10 m/s的低速冲击,测试冲击部位接触力、顶部应变及冲击的对侧（枕部）加速度。把构建的有限元模型导入MADYMO软件进行相同条件下模拟仿真,从输出模块里输出相应部位的结果。 结果　仿真结果表明模型的头部接触力、顶部应变、对撞侧加速度与头部标本冲击实验测得值能较好吻合。 结论　建立的头部有限元模型及采用的仿真方法可满足头部钝器损伤的仿真研究需要。     

Cervical Spine Model to Predict Capsular Ligament Response in Rear Impact

Predicting neck kinematics and tissue level response is essential to evaluate the potential for occupant injury in rear impact. A detailed 50th percentile male finite element model, previously validated for frontal impact, was validated for rear impact scenarios with material properties based on actual tissue properties from the literature. The model was validated for kinematic response using 4g volunteer and 7g cadaver rear impacts, and at the tissue level with 8g isolated full spine rear impact data. The model was then used to predict capsular ligament (CL) strain for increasing rear impact severity, since CL strain has been implicated as a source of prolonged pain resulting from whiplash injury. The model predicted the onset of CL injury for a 14g rear impact, in agreement with motor vehicle crash epidemiology. More extensive and severe injuries were predicted with increasing impact severity. The importance of muscle activation was demonstrated for a 7g rear impact where the CL strain was reduced from 28 to 13% with active muscles. These aspects have not previously been demonstrated experimentally, since injurious load levels cannot be applied to live human subjects. This study bridges the gap between low intensity volunteer impacts and high intensity cadaver impacts, and predicts tissue level response to assess the potential for occupant injury.