局部注射辛伐他汀对骨质疏松大鼠股骨髁骨小梁的改建效应

背景：局部注射具有成骨作用的辛伐他汀,可显著增加骨质疏松大鼠股骨颈及股骨髁部的骨密度及力学强度,分析局部注射辛伐他汀对股骨髁骨小梁的影响。 目的：进一步研究骨质疏松大鼠股骨内局部注射辛伐他汀对股骨髁骨小梁的影响。为将辛伐他汀应用于临床骨质疏松局部治疗提供实验基础。 方法：18只雌性SD大鼠双侧卵巢切除后3个月,制备大鼠骨质疏松模型。实验大鼠随机数字表法均分为3组,分别在实验大鼠的右侧股骨髓腔内单次注射辛伐他汀溶液5 mg、10 mg,对照组单纯注射空白载体。分别在注射后1个月处死大鼠并取材。Micro-CT扫描并定量分析骨组织形态变化。 结果与结论：给药后1个月,Micro-CT扫描结果显示,辛伐他汀治疗组的骨微结构参数如骨皮质厚度、骨小梁密度及连接率明显优于对照组。说明疏松骨骼单次注射小剂量辛伐他汀可显著促进股骨髁部骨小梁改建,改善骨骼微结构,可为强化局部、防治骨质疏松骨折的新选择进一步提供实验基础。     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

社区精神分裂症病人照料者的生活质量研究

通过对９３名精神分裂症患者的家庭照料者与１００名对照者比较研究表明，照料者的躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能与经济状况都显著差于对照者。照料者的生活质量与被照料者的病期、病情严重度、整体功能、药物副作用有关；同时，照料者身份为患者母亲者其生活质量受影响最大。     

Clinical perspectives of xenotransplantation of islets of Langerhans

This paper describes the rationale and different approaches for developing islets of Langerhans xenotransplantation. Implementing this therapeutic strategy in the treatment of human diabetes mellitus requires careful consideration of its potential risks and benefits, taking into account the current status of the treatment of this disease.     

构建骨质疏松动物模型研究进展

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)是一组代谢性骨病,其原因复杂,主要特点为骨微结构破坏、骨量低下、骨脆性增加。随着社会生产力的稳步提升,老龄化社会成为多数发达国家及部分发展中国家的社会形态。正因为老年人在人口结构的占比不断攀升,骨质疏松症的占比也不断增高,所以如何防治骨质疏松症已成为当前人们关注的重点和难点。为了研制更为有效的临床药物及推广正确的诊疗康复方案,构建行之有效的骨质疏松实验动物模型起着关键的作用,这也将推进临床转换这一过程。本文就如何构建骨质疏松动物模型进行系统的讲述,对涵盖动物模型的造模方法进行了详细的综述。     

侧脑室注射链脲佐菌素对大鼠海马神经元突触的影响

为观察链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)双侧侧脑室注射对大鼠海马神经元突触的影响,本研究将Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和模型组,模型组大鼠分别于第1、3d双侧侧脑室重复注射STZ3mg/kg,对照组以人工脑脊液代替STZ。21d后,取大鼠海马,免疫组织化学染色及Western blotting方法观察突触素、活性调节细胞骨架相关蛋白(activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associatedprotein,Arc)的表达;电镜观察海马CA1区神经元突触超微结构的改变。结果显示:与对照组相比,模型组大鼠海马内突触素蛋白表达显著减少,而Arc蛋白表达显著增多;模型组海马CA1区神经毡内突触结构异常,突触小泡聚集增多。以上结果提示:脑室注射STZ可影响大鼠海马突触相关蛋白的表达,引起突触超微结构异常,干扰了神经元突触信号的传导。     

Recovery of responsiveness of cells of lateral geniculate nucleus of rat

1. Recovery of responsiveness of single cells in lateral geniculate nucleus of rat has been determined in both P and I cells. There are three types of recovery curve among P cells; (a) early recovery, (b) early partial recovery followed by depression and then complete recovery, (c) prolonged depression followed by cyclic recovery. Type (c) is by far the commonest recovery curve. In contrast to the spike in a P cell, the synaptic potential recovers to its full amplitude in about 20 msec. All I cells exhibit similar rapid recovery curves after a prolonged depression.2. Conditioning stimuli applied to visual cortex also produce a prolonged depression in most P cells but I cells can be re-excited at short intervals from cortex. Decortication does not prevent the prolonged depression of the multineuronal response produced by optic nerve stimulation.3. A neuronal model is proposed to explain these observations. It is supposed that I cells (interneurones) are innervated by axon collaterals of the P cells (principal cells, projecting to visual cortex) and that the I cells exert an inhibitory influence on the P cells.     

Evaluation of fungicidal activity of extracellular filtrates of cyanobacteria--possible role of hydrolytic enzymes

A set of seventy axenised and unicyanobacterial isolates belonging to the genus Anabaena were evaluated for biocidal activity against a set of phytopathogenic fungi. Among them, 35 Anabaena strains showed zone of inhibition against one or more fungi. The extracellular filtrates from 4 and 8 weeks old cultures of these Anabaena strains were further evaluated in terms of hydrolytic enzymes, proteins and IAA employing standard methods. Significant differences were also observed among the strains in terms of their FPase, chitosanase and xylanase activity, while low and relatively similar values of CMCase, cellobiase and protease activity were recorded in the strains analyzed. IAA production was also observed in all the strains. Comparative evaluation of activity of hydrolytic enzymes and antifungal activity revealed that such enzymes may contribute to the fungicidal activity of the cyanobacterial strains, besides other bioactive compounds, including IAA, which are established promising traits for biocontrol agents. This study is a first time report on the production of hydrolytic enzymes by these oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes, which can be potential candidates for the development of biocontrol agent(s) against selected phytopathogenic fungi.     

Detection and characterization of mechanisms of action of aneugenic chemicals

A comprehensive evaluation of the genotoxic potential of chemicals requires the assessment of the ability to induce gene mutations and structural chromosome (clastogenic activity) and numerical chromosome (aneugenic activity) aberrations. Aneuploidy is a major cause of human reproductive failure and an important contributor to cancer and it is therefore important that any increase in its frequency due to chemical exposures should be recognized and controlled. The in vitro binucleate cell micronucleus assay provides a powerful tool to determine the ability of a chemical to induce chromosome damage. The application of an anti-kinetochore antibody to micronuclei allows their classification into kinetochore-positive and kinetochore-negative, indicating their origin by aneugenic or clastogenic mechanisms, respectively. The availability of chromosome-specific centromere probes allows the analysis of the segregation of chromosomes into the daughter nuclei of binucleate cells to evaluate chromosome non-disjunction. Quantitative relationships between the two major causes of aneuploidy, chromosome loss and non-disjunction, can be determined. The mechanisms leading to chromosome loss and non-disjunction can be investigated by the analysis of morphological and structural changes in the cell division apparatus by the application of specific stains and antibodies for various cell division components. We illustrate such analyses by the demonstration of the interaction of the monomer bisphenol-A with the centrosome of the mitotic spindle and the folic acid antagonist pyrimethamine with the centromeres of chromosomes. Both types of modifications lead to the induction of aneuploidy in exposed cells. Our studies also implicate the products of the p53 and XPD genes in the regulation of the fidelity of chromosome segregation at mitosis.     

长春西丁治疗脑血管病60例微循环疗效分析

本文对60例缺血性脑血管病人口服长春西丁片前后甲襞微循环指标变化进行了研究。结果显示缺血性脑血管病患者均有不同程度微循环障碍。服用长春西丁片后微循环明显改善,解除红细胞聚集、增快血流速度、扩张微血管口径、增加毛细血管开放数。总积分值降低,有统计学意义。本研究显示了长春西丁在脑血管病微循环方面的治疗作用,并讨论了作用机理。     

Investigation of the speed of response of a hemodialysis system

Conclusions 1. The response speed of a hemodialysis system depends on the multiplicity of change of the concentration of the low-molecular substance in an equivalent volume of an organism, size of the equivalent volume, velocity of the blood flow, clearance of the dialyzer, and also on the multiplicity of the flow rate of the dialyzate and number of periods of recirculation (in a system with recirculation) and velocity of the dialyzate (in a system with discharge). 2. In a system with recirculation with a multiplicity of the change of concentration of 2, 5, and 10, the multiplicity of the flow rate of the dialyzate should be selected respectively in limits from 2 to 4, from 5 to 10, and from 7 to 15. With an increase of the flow rate above these values the dialysis time decreases little; with a decrease of the flow rate the dialysis time increases considerably. With a multiplicity of the change of concentration of more than 2 the flow rate of the dialyzate should be realized in 2–3 equal volumes with the same period of recirculation of these volumes through the dialyzer. 3. At a constant velocity of the blood flow and equal flow rate of the dialyzate the ratio of the dialysis time in the system with discharge of the dialyzate to the dialysis time in the system with recirculation is equal to the ratio of clearances of the dialyzers with recirculation and discharge. All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Surgical Apparatus and Instruments, Moscow. Translated from Meditsinskaya Tekhnika, No. 3, pp. 9–14, May–June, 1972.     

Anatomical study of distribution of valves of the cutaneous veins of adult''s limbs

Since the cutaneous veins of the four limbs have been used as autogenous grafts in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, knowledge of distribution of the valves is increasingly required depending upon the use. In the gross anatomical study of distribution of valves of the trunci venae, there has been argument about locational relationships between the venous roots and the valves in the vicinity of the roots and the inter-valvular distance. However, there have been only few reports discussing detailed information about valves of the cutaneous veins of the four limbs. The authors observed patterns of distribution of the cutaneous venous valves of the four limbs of cadavers prepared for practice in anatomy. The following parts were excised from each cadaver: the cephalic, basilic, and the great saphenous veins, which originate from the acral venous network and flow into the proximal deep veins, and the venous roots communicating with these veins. An incision was made on each excised vein in the direction of the long axis under observation with a stereoscopic microscope, and the inter-valvular distance and the distance between the valve and the orifice of venous root in the vicinity of the valve were measured. The inter-valvular distance varied with type of the truncus venae, and it varied according to area even in the same truncus venae.     

Comparative analysis of indicators of the immune status of population of the Eastern regions of the USSR]

Altogether 1,500 healthy residents of seven cities situated in the Asian part of the USSR were examined. In Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Norilsk, Magadan, Yakutsk and Ussuriisk, the people were examined for the blood levels of T and B lymphocytes, the ratio of regulatory subclasses of T lymphocytes, the concentration of IgG, IgM and IgA, and for the content of immune complexes. Analysis was made of the general and regional regularities in changes seen in the immune system depending on climatic and geographic factors. Parameters of the populations similarity in the regions with different environmental conditions were delineated.     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Important results of experimental-theoretical pathology and etiopathogenetical research of the Institute of Pathology of Leipzig

Since the appointment of L. Wagner to the first full professor of pathology at the University of Leipzig there are past 112 years. Based on the analysis of the scientific works during this period the author tries to characterize the whole profile of the institute among the different directors and to show the important results of the experimental-theoretical pathology and of the etiopathogenetical research. These results are concentrated upon 3 themes: inflammation, atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. The investigations about the inflammation by Cohnheim and Marchand and those about the allergic inflammation by Klinge are of special importance. Beside these well-known men numerous co-workers have contributed with experimental and morphological work to the scientific profile of the institute.     

生物大分子自组织坍塌行为的研究

目的　研究生物分子链的自组织坍塌过程；探讨分子序列的组分、温度和链的柔性对生物分子自组织过程的影响。方法　基于粗粒化分子动力学模拟方法，研究均匀分子链和非均匀分子链的自组织坍塌过程。结果　发现链的非均匀性会使链的平衡结构产生微观网络结构，而链的柔性在很大程度上决定了链的整体构型。在链的刚性比较小的时候，均匀链和非均匀链都倾向于演化为团状结构。链的刚性比较大的时候，分子链演化为棒状和环状结构。发现在一定范围内温度对均匀链的平衡构型影响较小，而对非均匀链的平衡构型影响较大。结论　建立的粗粒化模型对于研究生物大分子的自组织过程，以及结构和功能的关系提供了一个有力的工具和新的思路。     

Influence of stimulation of movement-inhibiting areas of the pons on the activity of neurons of the medial region of the medulla oblongata

The reactions of 249 neurons located in the zones of gigantocellular reticular nucleus and the nucleus raphé magnus in response to electrical stimulation of areas of the cuneate nucleus of the midbrain, the medial parabrachial nucleus, and the central raphé nucleus, which inhibit movement, were analyzed in anesthetized white rats. Reactions to stimulation of these areas of the pons were lacking in 40 cells; 25 neurons were excited antidromically; 48 responded with solitary orthodromic action potentials; prolonged inhibition was observed in 72 neurons following the phase of activation; and 64 cells were tonically excited. The functional identification of the two last groups of neurons showed that the inhibition reactions are primarily recorded in cells receiving tactile and mechano-and nociceptive information, while the neurons which tonically discharge upon stimulation apparently participate in the inhibition of the motoneurons of the hind limbs. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 79, No. 7, pp. 41–48, July, 1993.     

Studies of the possibility of preservation of leukocyte concentrates

The authors tried to explain whether granulocytes obtained by sedimentation on dextran can be stored, under what conditions, and for how long time. For this purpose leukocyte concentrated were stored at 4-6 degrees C and 20-24 degrees C for up to 48 hours, and the count and percent proportions of leucocytes, granulocyte viability, their phagocytic index, chemotactic ability and ATP content were determined. The investigations demonstrated a progressing decrease of the biological viability of granulocytes after 24 hours, and a further decrease after 48 hours. Particularly pronounced and early changes were noted in the chemotactic activity and ATP content. A beneficial effect was noted of higher storage temperature (20-24 degrees C) on the maintenance of chemotactic activity. The other parameters were not temperature-dependent. It seems that under such conditions leucocyte concentrates should be transfused preferably immediately after their preparation.     

Cytogenetics of neoplasia of Xiphophorus

Certain laboratory hybrid Xiphophorus fish develop heritable neoplasia. Neoplasia can also be induced in some hybrids by treatment with carcinogens. In either case the neoplasms are mediated by a “tumor gene,” that is normally controlled by linked or nonlinked “regulating genes” or both. Light and electron microscopic studies on these two types of tumors reveal important differences. The heritable tumor is a compact mass of tissue formed of densely packed melanized melanocytes often with nuclear pockets and projections. A large number of cells undergoing a process of nuclear fragmentation has been observed. The induced tumors, on the other hand, contain fewer melanized melanocytes and show a comparative increase in the amount of connective tissue. The nuclear pockets and projections commonly found in the melanocytes of the heritable tumors are not present in the melanocytes of the induced melanoma. The most important difference observed was the presence of different types of structural chromosome aberrations in the induced tumor and a total absence in the heritable ones. These anomalies seem to be epiphenomenal, and the real genetic change is subchromosomal.     

SENP3对大鼠成骨细胞端粒酶活性及端粒长度的影响

目的:研究sentrin特异性蛋白酶3(SENP3)对大鼠成骨细胞端粒酶活性及端粒长度的影响。方法:首先0.2 mmol/L H_2O_2处理体外培养的大鼠成骨细胞后,Western blotting法检测SENP3及特异性蛋白1(Sp1)的表达。pc DNA3.0-SENP3转染成骨细胞,分别于24 h、48 h、72 h后采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞活力的变化。转染48 h后,Western blotting法检测Sp1和端粒酶逆转录酶(TERT)的表达,PCR-TRAP法及PCR法检测端粒酶活性及端粒长度;ELISA检测上清中碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和骨桥蛋白(OPN)的含量;放射免疫法(RIA)检测骨钙蛋白(OCN)的含量。最后将pc DNA3.0-SENP3与siRNA-Sp1共转染成骨细胞,并检测以上指标。结果:H_2O_2处理成骨细胞后,SENP3和Sp1的表达显著上升。pc DNA3.0-SENP3转染成骨细胞后,Sp1和TERT的表达显著上升,细胞活力、ALP、OPN及OCN含量也都显著上升;端粒酶活性显著增加及端粒长度缩短显著延缓。而当pc DNA3.0-SENP3与siRNA-Sp1共转染成骨细胞后,细胞活力,ALP、OPN及OCN含量,端粒酶活性及端粒长度均未发生显著变化。结论:SENP1通过上调Sp1的表达促进TERT的表达,增加端粒酶活性上升及延缓端粒长度缩短,从而增强成骨细胞增殖能力。