B超引导下MPCNL治疗上尿路结石

目的 探讨B超引导下微创经皮肾镜取石(MPCNL)疗上尿路结石的方法、疗效及并发症.方法 回顾分析我院2008年7月～2009年7月应用B超引导下MPCNL治疗上尿路结石132例患者的临床资料.对其方法、疗效、手术并发症进行分析总结.结果 全部病例均顺利建立经皮肾取石通道,单通道取石118例,双通道取石14例,一期取石117例,二期取石15例,手术时间60～180min,总结石取净率87.9%(116/132).术中出血3例,冲洗液外渗2例,术后感染3例,无血气胸、腹腔脏器损伤、肾切除等严重并发症.结论 B超引导下MPCNL治疗上尿路结石是一种穿刺成功率高、安全、有效的微创治疗方法,值得在基层医院开展.     

B超引导下微创经皮肾镜术治疗无明显积水的肾铸型结石

目的探讨B超引导微创肾穿刺造瘘、经皮肾取石术治疗无积水的铸型肾结石的疗效。方法回顾分析2009年1月至2010年9月采用微创经皮肾镜术（MPCNL）治疗27例无明显积水的铸型肾结石患者的临床资料。结果 27例均成功建立经皮肾镜微创通道,25例患者一期单通道碎石取石,2例因出血和体位不能耐受,留置肾造瘘管后改二期碎石取石。19例患者一期一次手术取净结石;3例患者经2次MPCNL手术;1例患者经过3次MPCNL手术均取净结石;2例患者残留结石配合ESWL治疗,术后1~2个月复查结石排出,总结石清除率为92.6%。2例患者残留结石（单发）位于肾下盏,结石直径小于5 mm。结论 B超引导MPCNL治疗无明显积水的肾铸型结石安全有效。     

复杂性肝胆管结石及狭窄的外科手术分析

目的探讨复杂性肝胆管结石及狭窄的手术治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院2005年1月至2010年1月60例接受手术治疗的复杂性肝胆管结石及狭窄患者的病例,观察术后并发症及使用消炎利胆片或中医中药后结石复发情况。结果 60例患者手术均成功,术后经B超、T管照影以及CT检查发现有11例有结石残余,经T管窦道用胆道镜取结石3~8次后11例患者结石均取尽;手术后胆道出血1例,伤口感染1例,经药物保守治疗后均治愈。离院后随访,有1例在术后1年内复发,其余未复发且经B超检查未发现异常。结论外科手术是治疗复杂性肝胆管结石及狭窄的有效方法。     

B超引导下MPCNL治疗上尿路结石

目的探讨B超引导下微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）治疗上尿路结石的方法、疗效及并发症。方法回顾分析我院2008年7月～2009年7月应用B超引导下MPCNL治疗上尿路结石132例患者的临床资料。对其方法、疗效、手术并发症进行分析总结。结果全部病例均顺利建立经皮肾取石通道,单通道取石118例,双通道取石14例,一期取石117例,二期取石15例,手术时间60～180min,总结石取净率87.9%（116/132）。术中出血3例,冲洗液外渗2例,术后感染3例,无血气胸、腹腔脏器损伤、肾切除等严重并发症。结论 B超引导下MPCNL治疗上尿路结石是一种穿刺成功率高、安全、有效的微创治疗方法,值得在基层医院开展。     

O-arm导航辅助下后路半椎体切除治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形

目的 探讨术中O-arm导航辅助下后路半椎体切除治疗半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析河北医科大学第三医院脊柱外科2014年1月—2015年3月收治的14例半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者的临床资料,其中男5例、女9例,年龄9～15岁。患者均为单发性完全分节半椎体畸形,其中半椎体位于T₉ 1例、T₁₀ 2例、T₁₁ 5例、T₁₂ 3例、L₁ 2例、L₂ 1例。患者术前均拍摄站立位全脊柱正、侧位X线片,测量冠状面及矢状面Cobb角。在O-arm导航辅助下植入椎弓根螺钉,术中O-arm导航3D重建半椎体畸形,明确半椎体切除范围,彻底切除半椎体畸形。术中经O-arm扫描、术后经CT扫描观察螺钉位置;分析手术前后Cobb角,评价脊柱侧凸、后凸矫正率。结果 14例患者共置入椎弓根螺钉120枚,其中11例置入4对椎弓根螺钉,2例置入5对,1例置入6对;经术中O-arm扫描确认位置良好,术后CT扫描评估螺钉置入准确性:0级118枚(98.3%),1级2枚(1.7%)。本组病例手术时间平均为(195.4±17.4)min,术中出血量平均为(611.9±173.0)mL,术后随访3~15个月,平均9.6个月。术前侧凸Cobb角为62.8°±15.8°,术后为10.9°±5.3°,矫正率为83.34%±6.08%,末次随访时为12.1°±4.8°;术前后凸Cobb角为57.5°±15.5°,术后为17.0°±6.6°,矫正率为70.66%±6.79%,末次随访时为17.9°±7.0°。随访期间未见明显角度丢失。术后与末次随访时侧凸、后凸角度与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01);而术后与末次随访时比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。本组病例术后无神经并发症,未发生螺钉松动、脱出、折断等。结论 在后路半椎体切除治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的手术中,O-arm导航能够指导椎弓根螺钉的准确置入和半椎体的精准切除,减少手术并发症,提高手术安全性。     

B超引导下局麻经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石的临床应用

目的 探讨B超引导下局麻经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗上尿路结石的可行性和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2008年3月—2012年10月B超引导下局麻行PCNL 的86例患者的临床资料,其中复杂性肾结石16例、单纯肾盂结石52例、输尿管上段结石18例。在B超定位下选择中盏或结石所在肾盏处作肾穿刺点,用1%盐酸利多卡因10～40 ml自穿刺点向肾脏方向穿刺浸润麻醉,深达肾包膜。然后在B超引导行PCNL。结果 86例患者麻醉效果满意,均顺利完成手术。穿刺成功率100%(86/86),术中未发现肝、脾、胸膜、肠管损伤等严重并发症。单纯肾盂结石患者结石取尽率96.2%(50/52);结石残留2例,予体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)排出。输尿管上段结石患者结石取尽率100%(18/18)。复杂性肾结石患者结石取尽率81.3%(13/16);术后结石残留3例,行二期PCNL取石2例,予ESWL排出1例。所有患者均获随访3～12个月,平均8.5个月。随访期间未发现结石残余和复发,无继发性上尿路感染。结论 B超引导下局麻行PCNL简单、安全、有效,尤其适用于肾脏及输尿管上段结石患者,值得临床推广应用。     

一期后路病灶清除钛笼重建联合钉棒系统治疗胸腰椎结核疗效分析

目的 探讨一期后路病灶清除、钛笼重建联合后路钉棒系统治疗胸腰椎结核的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2011年3月—2013年3月徐州市中心医院脊柱外科收治的31例胸腰椎结核患者的临床资料。患者均行一期后路病灶清除钛笼重建植骨融合内固定术治疗,术后规范化抗结核治疗。其中男14例,女17例;年龄31～59岁,平均41.5岁。胸椎结核(T_6～10)8例、胸腰段结核(T₁₁～L₂)7例、腰椎结核(L_3～5)16例。6例合并椎旁脓肿,18例合并脊髓神经功能损害,23例有不同程度的后凸畸形(术前Cobb角11°～52°,平均31.5°±7.3°)。观察术后患者VAS评分、神经脊髓功能及脊柱后凸畸形的改善情况,参照吴启秋脊柱结核治愈标准评估患者的治疗效果。结果 31例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间135～270(172.4±36.6) min,术中出血量400～1 100(521.3±179.2)mL。术中无硬脊膜、神经及大血管损伤,术后无脑脊液漏。31例患者均获随访,随访时间6～21个月,平均13个月。术后第10天VAS评分0～3分,平均(1.3±1.1)分,与术前[(6.6±1.4)分]比较明显下降,差别有统计学意义(t=16.253,P<0.01)。所有患者术后6个月复查X线示椎体间植骨轮廓不清,骨痂形成;25例随访10个月以上患者均获骨性融合。末次随访时,术前18例脊髓神经功能损害的患者,术后2例恢复至ASIA C级,3例恢复至D级,13例恢复至E级,与术前ASIA分级比较差异有统计学意义(Z=3.378,P<0.05)。23例合并后凸畸形患者,术后第5天Cobb角5.7°～19.5°,平均10.7°±4.6°,末次随访时Cobb角6.9°～21.6°,平均12.1°±3.7°,与术前比较均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(t=15.306、12.776,P值均<0.05)。31例患者术后4个月红细胞沉降率均降至正常。23例随访至术后12个月,参照吴启秋脊柱结核治愈标准治愈17例,余6例患者继续抗结核治疗。结论 对于不合并腰大肌脓肿及病灶范围局限的胸腰椎结核患者,一期后路病灶清除钛笼重建植骨融合内固定术能够有效地清除结核病灶、重建脊柱序列和维持脊柱稳定。     

微创治疗胆囊结石48例

目的 总结纤维胆道镜微创治疗胆道结石的经验.方法 回顾分析48例胆道结石患者,给予纤维胆道镜保胆取石手术,通过随访观察术后成功率及复发率.结果 48例手术全部成功,切口一期愈合,术后B超检查胆囊内均无结石.3a随访胆囊结石复发12例,复发率25.0%.结论 纤维胆道镜微创治疗胆道结石具有保护胆囊功能,降低胆结石的复发率的优点,值得推广.     

一期后路半椎体切除矫正内固定治疗先天性脊柱侧凸畸形

目的探讨一期后路半椎体切除矫正植骨内固定术治疗先天性脊柱侧凸畸形的临床效果。方法 采用一期后路半椎体切除矫正植骨融合内固定术治疗先天性脊柱侧凸畸形患者12例。术中咬除半椎体的后部附属结构,沿椎弓根外侧壁骨膜下剥离至椎体前缘,显露并切除半椎体、上、下椎间盘及邻近椎体的软骨面,通过内固定器械凸侧加压闭合畸形椎切除所余空隙,矫正脊柱畸形。术后定期门诊复查,观察脊柱融合、畸形矫正率和内固定稳固情况。结果 本组11例获得随访,随访时间1年3个月～6年5个月,平均3年4月,术前侧凸Cobb's角32～75°,平均57°,术后Cobb's角11～30°,平均17°,矫正率为57.7%;术前后凸25～65°,平均45°,术后后凸8～15°,平均14.5°,矫正率为61.7%。10例均无长期并发症,1例术后出现同侧下肢神经功能受损症状,保守治疗后恢复正常。结论 先天性脊柱侧凸患者绝大多数都呈进行性发展的自然病程,一期后路半椎体切除矫正植骨融合内固定术,固定节段短,创伤小,可以起到很好的矫正效果。     

合并复杂颅颈交界畸形的可复性寰枢椎脱位个性化治疗效果分析

目的探讨合并复杂颅颈交界畸形的可复性寰枢椎脱位个性化治疗策略。方法收集2007年9月到2013年9月伴有颅颈交界区畸形的寰枢椎可复性脱位患者36例,其中男性21例,女性15例;年龄35~70岁,平均年龄45.6岁。均行后路减压、复位、植骨融合内固定术。随访时间4~38个月。结果平均手术时间2 h,平均出血量130 m L。术后临床症状得到不同程度的改善。35例患者获得随访,平均随访时间13个月。术前日本矫形外科学会(JOA)评分(9.0±1.5)分,术后3个月复查恢复至(15.6±0.8)分(P0.05),末次随访为(15.8±0.6)分。术中发生椎动脉损伤1例,术后死亡。其余X射线片、CT复查示螺钉位置良好,术后复位满意,获骨性融合。结论对合并复杂颅颈交界畸形的可复性寰枢椎脱位,选择合适的治疗策略,对提高手术成功率至关重要。     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.