单侧肺损伤的狗肺力学特性的评估

我们研究出一种广义最小二乘法。该法通过肺换气时通道口的波形得到肺的压力及空气流量的数据,从而描绘出肺的一个或两个腔的肺力学模型的参数。我们用递减式测量的递归广义最小二乘法来估计间歇时间模型参数。在七只狗的身上进行了实验,给它们注入大量的油酸使单侧肺出血形成肺水肿,进行单腔测量时肺部的力学特性产生了很快     

用改进的ISRA算法求解ECT问题

图象空间建算法是一种新的求解ＥＣＴ问题的方法，与ＭＬ－ＥＭ算法不同，ＩＳＲＡ算法搜索问题的最小二乘解。本文作者提出了一种改进的ＩＳＲＡ算法，从理论和实验结果两方面说明与原ＩＳＲＡ算法相比，改进算法的解更接近测试图象，同时改进算法继承了原算法的一些优点如收敛性等。     

滤波和有色背景噪声影响下细胞膜离子单通道信号的自适应恢复算法研究

为了克服反混叠滤波器和有色背景噪声的影响。本文提出了一种自适应算法，估计离子通道的动力学特征参数和背景噪声的统计特征。然后基于这些参数，运用统计技术从强噪声的膜片钳记录中恢复离子通道信号，这种算法叉耦合了递归的expectation-maximization(EM)算法和递归扩展最小二乘算法，递归EM算法最优地估计隐Markov模型参数，递归扩展最小二乘算法最优地估计背景噪声的特征。仿真研究表明这种交叉耦合算法一致收敛，并且对构象状态数目误差有很强的鲁棒性。     

急性代谢性酸中毒时CSFpCO2在CSF酸碱调节中的作用

本文旨在探讨急性代酸时ＣＳＦｐＣＯ＿２在ＣＳＦ酸碱调节中的作用及其机制。４组急性代酸犬模型均由静脉内输入０．２ＮＨＣｌ产生，血浆［ＨＣＯ＿３－］ｌｈ内下降到１２±２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，实验持续６ｈ。Ⅰ组控制ＰａＣＯ＿２常，６ｈ时ＣＳＦ［ＨＣＯ＿３－］下降了１．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；Ⅱ组自然呼吸，ＣＳＦｐＣＯ＿２伴随ＰａＣＯ＿２下降，６ｈ时ＣＳＦ［ＨＣＯ＿３－］下降了６．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；Ⅲ组机械通气，ＰａＣＯ＿２和ＣＳＦｐＣＯ２均迅速下降，６ｈ时ＣＳＦ［ＨＣＯ＿３－］下降了８．２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；Ⅳ组控制ＰａＣＯ＿２正常，脑室注入乙酰唑胺，６ｈ时ＣＳＦ［ＨＣＯ＿３－］下降了１１．４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。结果说明急性代酸时．ＣＳＦ［ＨＣＯ＿３－］取决于ＣＳＦｐＣＯ＿２。ＣＳＦＨＣＯ＿３－主要来源于ＣＮＳＣＯ＿２的水化作用，与ＣＡ活性显著相关。     

肺癌p53蛋白表达和基因突变与临床病理的相关研究

目的 检测肺癌中ｐ５３蛋白表达和基因突变状况及其与临床病理和预后的相关性。方法：应用免疫组织化学（ＬＳＡＢ法）和聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性分析（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）二种方法。结果 检测肺鳞癌４６例，共９５例。免疫组化ｐ５３蛋白总阳性率为５０．５％（４８／９５例），肺鳞癌阳性率为５６．５％（２６／４６例）、肺腺癌为４４．７％（２２／４９例）。ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ检测ｐ５３基因突变率为４１．１％（３９／９     

脑脊液肿瘤坏死因子测定在中枢神经系统白血病的临床意义

目的：探讨脑脊液α肿瘤坏死因子在中枢神经系统白血病的临床意义。方法：用放射免疫法了４０例急性白血病患者ＣＳＦ－ＴＮＦ－α的含量。结果；ＣＮＳＬ虱ＣＳＦ－ＴＮＦ－α含量全部升高，与对照组及无ＣＮＳＬ组比较有极显著性差异。１０例ＣＮＳＬ虱治疗后８例缓解的ＣＳＦ－ＴＮＦ－α含量明显下降；１例虽缓解但下降不明显，半月后复发。     

针对有自主呼吸慢阻肺患者的无创动态呼吸力学参数估计

目的研究针对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者的无创动态呼吸力学参数估计方法。方法通过将人体呼吸系统简化为一阶线性模型,基于最优化方法设置约束条件,估计慢阻肺患者的呼吸系统阻力和顺应性。结果利用所构建的模型以及设置的约束条件,在模拟实验中可以估计有自主呼吸慢阻肺患者的呼吸系统阻力以及顺应性,所得结果相对准确(误差在5%以内)。利用1个呼吸周期内的数据即可获得估计结果,估计所需时间仅相当于3个呼吸时长,可以满足动态监测的要求。结论基于最优化方法实现对慢阻肺患者呼吸系统阻力和顺应性进行无创动态估计在模拟实验中已被证明可行,可进一步开展临床实验。通过临床实验后可以帮助医生实时监测慢阻肺患者呼吸系统阻力及顺应性的变化情况,为COPD诊断及治疗提供参考。     

SRS－淋巴瘤细胞染色质非组蛋白的研究

制备ＳＬＮＩＬＣ和ＮＭＬＣ染色质，用６％～１２％梯度胶的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分离ＳＬＭＬＣ和ＮｈＬＣ染色质ＮＨＣＰ。结果表明：ＳＬＭＬＣ染色质含有１３０ＫＤ、１２０ＫＤ、１１０ＫＤ、９４ＫＤ、５７ＫＤ、３７ＫＤ相关的ＮＨＣＰ，它们分别位于不同处理的ＳＬＮＩＬＣ染色质样品中；免疫化学分析显示：ＮＭＬＣ与重吸收后的抗ＳＬＭＬＣ抗血清不产生阳性带，而经不同处理的ＳＬＭＬＣ染色质样品与这种抗血清仍显阳性条带。这些结果表明：ＳＬＭＬＣ和ＮＭＩＬＣ染色质ＮＩＩＣＰ存在差别，这些相关的ＮＨＣＰ可能与ＳＲＳ－淋巴瘤的发生有关。     

PCR技术用于我国新疆皮肤利什曼病病原体SSUrDNA的扩增及其同源性研究

本文采用引物Ｒ２２２和Ｒ３３３，对来自我国新疆克拉玛依地区的１２份皮肤利什曼病（ＣＬ）患者的皮肤病变组织标本进行ＰＣＲ扩增。结果显示１２例ＣＬ患者病变组织均出现预期的３９７ｂｐ的阳性扩增区带。同时用地高辛标记的Ｌ．ｔｒｏｐｉｃａＳＳＵｒＤＮＡ扩增产物探针进行斑点杂交及Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交。斑点杂交结果显示：Ｌ．ｔｒｏｐｉｃａＳＳＵｒＤＮＡ扩增产物探针只与１２例ＣＬ患者的ＣＬ－ＰＣＲ－ＡＰ出现阳性杂交信号，与Ｌ．ｔｕｒａｎｉｃａ、Ｌ．ｉｎｆａｎｔｕｍ无阳性杂交信号，上述探针与１２例ＣＬ患者的ＣＬ－ＰＣＲ－ＡＰＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交均出现阳性杂交区带。以上结果证实Ｌ．ｔｒｏｐｉｃａ与我国新疆克拉玛依地区皮肤利氏曼病病原体ＳＳＵｒＤＮＡＰＣＲ扩增产物存在同源关系     

乳腺癌组织中郎罕细胞免疫组化研究

应用ＡＢＣ法对１４１例乳腺癌组织的郎罕细胞进行Ｓ－１００蛋白抗体标记。结果发现Ｓ－１００蛋白阳性的ＬＣ分布差异与乳腺癌的肿块大小，分化程度，淋巴结转移，临床分期，组织学类型及生存期有关（Ｐ＜０．００１）；而与乳腺癌的发病年龄无关（Ｐ＞０．００５）。因此检测乳腺癌组织中郎罕细胞的Ｓ－１００蛋白表达，对临床指导治疗及估计预后可能有一定的帮助。     

Vagal influence on respiratory mechanics in newborn kittens

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pulmonary vagal innervation on respiratory mechanics of the newborn kitten. To this end, eight kittens in the first week of life were anaesthetized, tracheostomized and measurements of breathing pattern and respiratory mechanics compared between the intact and post-vagotomy condition. Airflow (V) and changes in lung volume (V) were measured with a pneumotachograph attached to the tracheal cannula; tracheal pressure (Ptr) was measured from a side-port of the cannula. Pressure in the oesophagus (Pes), representing the mean pleural pressure (Ppl), was recorded using a liquid filled catheter. By occluding the airway at end-inspiration, static respiratory system compliance (Crs), chest wall (Cw), and lung compliance (CL) were computed as the ratio of V over, respectively, Ptr, Pes and Ptr-Pes. The slope of the relationship between V and V during expiration represented the respiratory system time constant (tau rs), from which the resistance of the respiratory system was obtained (Rrs = tau rs/Crs). Dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) and total pulmonary resistance (TPR) were obtained from the V, V and Ppl values during spontaneous breathing. After bilateral cervical vagotomy, most of the variables pertinent to respiratory mechanics did not change significantly, but Cw increased (35%) and TPR decreased (12%). The former probably resulted mainly from the deeper post-vagotomy breathing pattern, the latter from a loss in bronchomotor tone. Both the work per breath and the work per minute, computed as proposed by OTIS et al., tended to increase after vagotomy because of the deeper tidal volume, more than offsetting the changes in pulmonary mechanics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Non-invasive measurement of total respiratory compliance and resistance in cats

We adapted non-invasive techniques developed for human infants to measure total respiratory system compliance (Crs) and resistance (Rrs) in 21 healthy cats. The animals breathed through a face mask attached to a respiratory circuit and measurements were taken of changes in lung volume and airway pressure during brief occlusions of the airway at different lung volumes. The slope of the plot of change in volume against airway pressure yielded the multiple occlusion Crs with a mean (+/-95%CI) value of 6.8 (6.3-7.3) ml/cm H2O. In 12 animals measurements were made by the single breath technique in which occlusion was made early in expiration and on release, a plot of the subsequent relaxed expiratory flow and volume yielded the time constant (taurs), Crs and Rrs with mean (+/-95%CI) values of 0.27 (0.22-0.31) s, 7.0 (6.1-7.8) ml/cm H2O, and 38.7 (33.7-43.6) cm H2O/l/s, respectively. Rrs was significantly correlated inversely with forced expiratory flow at resting lung volume (V'maxFRC).     

The total compliance of the respiratory system during the first year of life

Respiratory system compliance (Crs) was measured in 34 spontaneously breathing infants during the first year of life. An occlusion technique was used whereby several expiratory occlusions were performed at different lung volumes within the tidal range. The airway opening pressure generated during a plateau after occlusion was related to the volume included above the end-tidal level by a regression equation. The slope of this equation represented the compliance of the infant's respiratory system; the intercept was significantly different for preterm (-0.5 ml) and post-term (-5.5 ml) infants and may represent the difference between end-expiratory lung volume during tidal breathing and the relaxed functional residual capacity. The values for respiratory system compliance were similar to those previously reported for infants during muscle relaxation. As a function of body length, Crs = 1.58 X length3.13 X 10(-4) ml . kPa-1. The technique described is simple to apply and is independent of oesophageal pressure measurements.     

Adaptive technique for estimating the parameters of a nonlinear mathematical lung model

In the paper, a design is presented for a lung-parameter tracking algorithm based on a nonlinear mathematical lung model for estimating the parameters of the respiratory system. The parameters are elastance of the lung and chest wall, and resistance of airways and lung tissues. A simple 2-parameter linear mathematical model describing the mechanics of the respiratory system has been found to be satisfactory only at low flow rates; since, at high flow rates, the use of this mathematical model can lead to incorrect estimates. A nonlinear term has been added to the model to account for turbulent flow, especially in the larynx and trachea. Digital simulation measuring the parameters of the nonlinear model, are presented. Inital clinical results show the feasibility of this algorithm as a method for continuous monitoring of the parameters of the respiratory system.     

Maximal forced expiratory maneuver to measure airway obstruction in allergen challenged mice

Our purpose was to develop a method of using a maximal forced expiratory maneuver (MFEM) for the study of bronchoconstriction and bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) induced in mice by ovalbumin (OA) inhalation challenge. Eight mice (group I) were sensitized and then provocated with OA. Pulmonary function testing (PFT) at baseline and after varying doses of acetylcholine challenge was performed. Eight weight-matched normal mice served as controls (group II). Pulmonary functions include MFEM, dynamic respiratory system compliance (Crs) and respiratory system resistance (Rrs). The results showed that mice treated with OA had worse PFTs than normal controls, characterized by lower MFEF 50%, FEV0.1 and Crs but higher Rrs. The OA-sensitized mice also had more severe bronchoconstriction in response to acetylcholine, characterized by greater decreases in MFEF 50%, FEV0.1 and Crs but a higher Rrs than the controls. There was a good correlation between PD20MFEF50%Ach and PD20FEV0.1Ach with PD20CrsAch and PD20RrsAch. In conclusion, the MFEM can be used to evaluate airway obstruction and BHR induced in mice by allergen challenge.     

Influence of blood donation on O2 uptake on-kinetics, peak O2 uptake and time to exhaustion during severe-intensity cycle exercise in humans

We hypothesized that the reduction of O2-carrying capacity caused by the withdrawal of approximately 450 ml blood would result in slower phase II O2 uptake (VO2) kinetics, a lower VO2peak and a reduced time to exhaustion during severe-intensity cycle exercise. Eleven healthy subjects (mean +/- S.D. age 23 +/- 6 years, body mass 77.2 +/- 11.0 kg) completed 'step' exercise tests from unloaded cycling to a severe-intensity work rate (80% of the difference between the predetermined gas exchange threshold and the VO2peak) on two occasions before, and 24 h following, the voluntary donation of approximately 450 ml blood. Oxygen uptake was measured breath-by-breath, and VO2 kinetics estimated using non-linear regression techniques. The blood withdrawal resulted in a significant reduction in haemoglobin concentration (pre: 15.4 +/- 0.9 versus post: 14.7 +/- 1.3 g dl(-1); 95% confidence limits (CL): -0.04, -1.38) and haematocrit (pre: 44 +/- 2 versus post: 41 +/- 3%; 95% CL: -1.3, -5.1). Compared to the control condition, blood withdrawal resulted in significant reductions in VO2peak (pre: 3.79 +/- 0.64 versus post: 3.64 +/- 0.61 l min(-1); 95% CL: -0.04, - 0.27) and time to exhaustion (pre: 375 +/- 129 versus post: 321 +/- 99 s; 95% CL: -24, -85). However, the kinetic parameters of the fundamental VO2 response, including the phase II time constant (pre: 29 +/- 8 versus post: 30 +/- 6 s; 95% CL: 5, -3), were not altered by blood withdrawal. The magnitude of the VO2 slow component was significantly reduced following blood donation owing to the lower VO2peak attained. We conclude that a reduction in blood O2-carrying capacity, achieved through the withdrawal of approximately 450 ml blood, results in a significant reduction in VO2peak and exercise tolerance but has no effect on the fundamental phase of the VO2 on-kinetics during severe-intensity exercise.     

Possible Role of P-Glycoprotein in Cyclophosphamide Resistance of Transplanted Mouse RLS Lymphosarcoma

The causes of different sensitivity of mouse LS lymphosarcoma and its resistant RLS variant to cyclophosphamide were studied. Division of LS and RLS cells stops in the G₂/M phase 24 h after cyclophosphamide treatment, but this stop lasts for more than 48 h in LS cells and less than 24 h in RLS cells. DNA fragmentation, a marker of apoptosis, is observed only in LS cells starting from 24 h after cyclophosphamide treatment. LS and RLS strains do not differ by the expression of bcl-2, bcl-6, bax, bad, mdr1a, mdr1b genes and P-glycoprotein protein. The strains differ by transport activity of P-glycoprotein, tested by SYTO 16 substrate release from cells: activity of P-glycoprotein in RLS cells was 2-fold higher than in LS cells. Presumably, the resistance of RLS tumor to cyclophosphamide-induced apoptosis is a result of inhibition of the apoptotic cascade by P-glycoprotein which is functionally more active in these cells than in LS cells.__________Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 139, No. 5, pp. 573–577, May, 2005     

运用数字体相关方法追踪呼吸过程中肺部肿瘤和胸腔的运动

目的 研究数字体相关（digital volume correlation,DVC）方法测量肺部肿瘤和胸腔随患者呼吸运动的变形及位移情况的可行性。方法 利用DVC跟踪胸腔内组织三维运动的算法,通过四维CT成像技术拍摄肺癌患者一个完整的呼吸过程。以吸气开始为初始状态,确定肿瘤和胸腔位置,运用DVC软件,分析初始状态下肺部4个特征体域在20%、40%、60%、80%和100%呼吸相位下以及胸腔上4个特征体域在100%呼吸相位下的三维位移值。结果 肿瘤的位移和变形的误差在1 mm以内,胸腔的位移和变形的误差在0.5 mm以内;肿瘤在呼吸过程中沿人体竖直方向运动最大,胸腔在吸气结束时刻沿人体前后方向运动最大。结论 DVC测试技术可用于检测呼吸过程中肺部肿瘤和胸腔等胸部组织的位移和变形情况。本研究为基于DVC方法实现肺部肿瘤无创、非射线、实时的图像引导放射治疗提供了依据。     

Function of lung surfactant and its deterioration

Lung surfactant(LS) is a mixture of several lipids and four apolipoproteins(SP-A, -B, -C and -D) and lowers surface tension at air-liquid interface of alveoli. Most of LS is synthesized and secreted by alveolar type II cells. Although lamellar bodies are storage granules of LS, each component appears to take independent intracellular routes to reside in the granules. Patients with infantile respiratory distress syndrome(IRDS) or acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) develop fatal respiratory failure due to lack of LS. In addition, acute phase of interstitial pneumonia also shows deterioration of LS and increased alveolar surface force resulting in decreased lung compliance. SP-A and SP-D are used as serum marker to evaluated activity of interstitial lung diseases. Recently, growing evidences are accumulating that LS plays a role in innate host defense in the lung against large species of bacteria, mycoplasma, and viruses.     

Computerized Methods for Determining Respiratory Phase on Dynamic Chest Radiographs Obtained by a Dynamic Flat-Panel Detector (FPD) System

Chest radiography using a dynamic flat-panel detector with a large field of view can provide sequential chest radiographs during respiration. These images provide information regarding respiratory kinetics, which is effective for diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. For valid analysis of respiratory kinetics in diagnosis of pulmonary diseases, it is crucial to determine the association between the kinetics and respiratory phase. We developed four methods to determine the respiratory phase based on image information associated with respiration and compared the results in dynamic chest radiographs of 37 subjects. Here, the properties of each method and future tasks are discussed. The method based on the change in size of the lung gave the most stable results, and that based on the change in distance from the lung apex to the diaphragm was the most promising method for determining the respiratory phase.