CCK-8对KLH免疫小鼠脾细胞Th1/Th2平衡的影响

目的： 探讨八肽胆囊收缩素（CCK-8）对Th1/Th2平衡的调节作用。方法: 给予BALB/c小鼠钥孔戚血蓝蛋白（KLH）免疫同时体内给予不同剂量的CCK-8,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测其脾细胞培养上清中Th1型细胞因子γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-2（IL-2）和Th2型细胞因子白细胞介素-4（IL-4）、白细胞介素-5（IL-5）水平,逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法检测脾细胞中IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-5 mRNA表达;ELISA法检测血清中Th1型抗KLH抗体IgG2a和Th2型抗KLH抗体IgG1水平。结果: ①KLH免疫使小鼠脾细胞分泌Th1/Th2型细胞因子水平明显增高,mRNA表达增高,KLH免疫同时给予CCK-8可使脾细胞培养上清中IFN-γ、IL-2含量进一步增加和IFN-γ、IL-2mRNA表达增高,而使IL-4、IL-5含量降低,IL-4、IL-5 mRNA表达减低和降低IL-4/IFN-γ比值。②KLH免疫小鼠血清中IgG2a、IgG1发生不同程度增高,CCK-8可使其血清中IgG1水平减低而使IgG2a水平增高。结论: CCK-8可促进KLH免疫小鼠体内Th1反应,使Th2优势反应向Th1方向转变。     

霉酚酸对系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血单个核细胞细胞因子分泌及Th亚群的影响

目的研究霉酚酸（mycophenolic acid，MPA）对系统性红斑狼疮（systemic lupus erythematosus，SLE）患者外周血单个核细胞（PBMCs）细胞因子分泌及Th细胞亚群的作用。方法分离SLE患者及健康对照的外周血单个核细胞（PBMCs），加入MPA或对照药物地塞米松（DEX）培养48h，用ELISA法测培养上清中IL-10、IL-12及IFN-γ的水平，用三色流式细胞术检测培养细胞中CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋IL-10^-T细胞、CD4^＋IFN-γ^-IL-10^＋T细胞及CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋IL-10^＋T细胞百分率。结果①MPA可使SLE患者PBMCs培养上清中IL-10、IL-12及IFN-γ的分泌显著降低，而DEX却使IL-10分泌水平增高。②MPA可降低SLE患者培养的PBMCs中CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋IL-10^-T、CD4^＋IFN-γ^-IL-10^＋T及CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋IL-10^＋T细胞比率，而DEX在使CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋IL-10^＋T细胞亚群比率增高的同时，却使CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋IL-10^-T细胞亚群的比率降低。结论MPA可抑制SLE患者PBMCs细胞因子分泌，并降低SLE患者外周血培养的PBMCs中Th亚群比率。     

转录因子T-bet/GATA-3比率评价哮喘患者Th1/Th2失衡及CpG ODN干预机制的研究

目的: 探讨哮喘患者PBMCs中转录因子T-bet/GATA-3比率与Th1/Th2细胞失衡的关系及体外CpG干预后T-bet/GATA3比率的变化及其对Th1/Th2细胞平衡的调节作用。方法: 用RT-PCR法测定30例发作期哮喘患者（哮喘组）及20例慢性阻塞性肺病患者（COPD组）及20例正常人（对照组） PBMCs中T-bet mRNA、GATA-3 mRNA及TLR9 mRNA的表达强度，用ELISA法测定血浆IL-4、IL-5、IL-13和IFNγ的表达水平，以观察哮喘患者PBMCs中转录因子T-bet/GATA-3比率与Th1/Th2细胞失衡的关系。将20例发作期哮喘患者的PBMCs分为2部分，一份加入CpG ODN和PHA（CpG组），一份仅加入PHA（对照组），培养48 h后分别收集培养液和细胞，采用RT-PCR法测定细胞中T-bet mRNA、GATA-3 mRNA及TLR9 mRNA的表达强度，ELISA法测定培养液中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13和IFN-γ的表达水平。结果： 哮喘患者PBMCs中T-bet/GATA-3的比率显著低于COPD患者和正常人，IL-4、IL-5、IL-13的水平显著高于COPD患者和正常人，与T-bet/GATA-3的比率呈负相关，而IFN-γ的水平显著降低，与T-bet/GATA-3的比率呈正相关。哮喘组TLR9的表达强度显著弱于COPD患者和正常人。CpG干预组细胞培养液中IL-4、IL-5和IL-13的水平分别显著低于对照组，IFN-γ的水平显著高于对照组。CpG干预组细胞中T-bet mRNA和TLR9 mRNA的表达强度显著强于对照组，GATA-3 mRNA的表达强度显著低于对照组；T-bet/GATA-3的比率显著高于对照组。结论: 哮喘患者T-bet/GATA-3的比率降低，可以作为评价Th1/Th2细胞失衡的精确指标。CpG ODN可以上调T-bet的表达，下调GATA-3的表达，从而上调T-bet/GATA-3的比率，逆转Th1/Th2细胞失衡，是一种很有前景的哮喘治疗手段。     

接种纯化人用狂犬病疫苗对妊娠期Th1/Th2类细胞因子谱的影响

目的研究人用狂犬病纯化疫苗（RV）对妊娠期Th1/Th2类细胞因子谱的影响。方法对所有可疑狂犬病毒暴露者进行RV的全程接种,在接种RV的第0、14、45天时采血并分离外周血单个核细胞与RV进行培养,采用ELISA法检测抗狂犬病病毒抗体,体外培养检测淋巴细胞增殖能力,CBA法检测细胞培养上清液中Th1类细胞因子：干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）、白细胞介素-2（IL-2）以及Th2类细胞因子：IL-4、IL-5、IL-10的水平。结果 17例暴露者于RV全程注射后17d（第45天）抗体检测阳性;RV刺激后,暴露者第45天淋巴细胞增殖能力明显高于第0天（P〈0.05）;当RV刺激后,暴露组第14天、第45天产生IL-2、IL-4、IL-5的含量显著高于未刺激组及暴露组第0天水平（P〈0.05）。结论妊娠期注射RV在刺激机体产生体液免疫的同时,可以有效地诱导Th1/Th2类细胞因子的产生。     

三种类型肺癌患者外周血Th1/Th2相关细胞因子的临床分析

目的：了解不同病理类型肺癌患者辅助性T细胞亚群（Th1/Th2）的反应状态,探讨肺癌发生发展的免疫机制。方法：收集三种不同病理类型肺癌患者47例（鳞癌23例,腺癌15例,小细胞肺癌9例）、健康志愿者31例的血清,分成肺癌组、正常对照组,用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测各组外周血中Th1型细胞因子、白细胞介素2（IL-2）、γ-干扰素（IFN-γ）和Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10的浓度。结果：三种不同病理类型肺癌患者外周血中IL-2、IFN-γ浓度均显著低于正常人组,IL-4、IL-10浓度显著高于正常人组（P〈0.05）。结论：腺癌、鳞癌、小细胞非分化癌三种不同病理类型的肺癌患者外周血中的免疫细胞均呈现Th2型免疫反应优势状态,呈现Th1/Th2的漂移状态。     

激素预处理树突状细胞对哮喘Th2型反应的影响

目的： 研究激素预处理的树突状细胞（DCs）对哮喘DCs与T细胞共培养上清液中T辅助细胞1(Th1)和Th2型细胞因子的影响及其机制。方法: 采集哮喘组和健康组外周血,分别常规培养和加入地塞米松培养至成熟DCs。将2组常规培养和地塞米松预处理的DC-T细胞共培养72 h。流式细胞仪测定2组常规培养或地塞米松培养成熟DCs的表型。酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测DC-T细胞共培养上清液中白细胞介素-5(IL-5)和干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）的含量。结果: 哮喘组常规培养的DC-T细胞共培养上清液中IL-5水平高于健康组（P<0.01）,其IFN-γ含量较健康组有减少的趋势,但无显著差异（P>0.05）;地塞米松预处理的DC-T细胞上清液中IL-5水平低于常规培养组（P<0.01）。无论哮喘组或健康组,地塞米松预处理的DC-T细胞共培养上清液中IFN-γ水平均低于未用地塞米松预处理的DC-T细胞共培养上清液（P<0.01）。2组地塞米松预处理的DCs均部分抑制了肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)所诱导的DCs表型CD83上调（P<0.01）,而上调了CD14的表达（P<0.01）。结论: 哮喘患者常规培养的DCs与同种自体T细胞共培养后呈Th2型反应,地塞米松预处理的DCs可使Th2型反应减弱,其机制可能与地塞米松影响DCs的分化、成熟有关。     

SLE患者Th1/Th2平衡状态及与外周血淋巴细胞CD28及CTLA-4分子表达的关系

目的:了解SLE患者Th1/Th2平衡状态以及共刺激分子CD28/CTLA-4与Th1/Th2平衡状态的关系。方法:研究对象为18例SLE患者(活跃期12例、缓解期6例)。对照组14例,为健康体检者。外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)经梯度密度离心法分离后置于含PMA(5μg/L)及ionomycin(500μg/L)培养液中培养72 h。采用ELISA方法检测培养的PBMCs上清液中IFN-γ及IL-10的含量。应用流式细胞技术检测培养的淋巴细胞CD28及CTLA-4分子的表达。结果:活跃期SLE患者培养的PBMCs分泌IL-10的量(351.29 ng/L±153.31 ng/L)较对照组(254.48 ng/L±120.69 ng/L)有一定程度的升高,但差异无显著(P0.05),IFN-γ的分泌量(25.76 ng/L±16.09 ng/L)明显低于对照组(50.71 ng/L±27.92 ng/L,P0.05),IL-10/IFN-γ比值(18.74±13.77)明显高于对照组(6.66±4.95,P0.05)。培养前、后SLE患者CD3+及CD8+T细胞CD28分子表达量与对照组比较均无显著差异。培养前活跃期SLE患者CD3+T细胞CTLA-4分子表达量(0.79%+0.37%)较对照组(1.31%+0.61%)明显降低(P0.05)。培养后SLE患者CD3+T细胞及CD8+T细胞CTLA-4分子表达量仍低于对照组,但差异无显著(P0.05)。活跃期SLE患者培养的PBMCs中CD3+T细胞CTLA-4分子的表达量与上清液中IFN-γ含量呈明显的直线正相关关系(r=0.681,P0.05)、与上清液中IL-10及IL-10/IFN-γ比值呈明显的直线负相关关系(r=-0.624,P0.05;r=-0.738,P0.01)。结论:SLE患者存在Th1/Th2平衡向Th2方向偏移,即Th2优势状态。CTLA-4分子可能通过抑制CD28的信号转导参与Th2优势状态的形成。     

锌通过调节Th1/Th2平衡及抗氧化降低哮喘大鼠气道炎症

目的 探讨锌对哮喘大鼠气道炎症的影响及机制。方法 建立哮喘大鼠模型,SD大鼠32只,按体重随机分为4组,A组为缺锌饲料+卵清蛋白（OVA）激发组;B组为补锌饲料+ OVA激发组;C组为正常锌饲料+ OVA激发组;D组为正常锌饲料+生理盐水激发组。诱喘后24 h取右肺HE染色,观察气道壁细胞成分;取左肺制备肺组织匀浆检测γ干扰素（IFN-γ）、白细胞介素4（IL-4）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）水平。结果 与C组相比,A组大鼠支气管壁中嗜酸粒细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞数及肺组织匀浆中MDA均明显增加（P<0.05）,而IFN-γ、IFN-γ/IL-4、SOD及GPX均明显减少（P<0.05）;B组大鼠上述炎性细胞及MDA均明显减少（P<0.05）,而IFN-γ、IFN-γ/IL-4、SOD及GPX均明显增加（P<0.05）;IL-4含量两组无明显变化。结论 锌可能通过调节Th1/Th2平衡及抗氧化降低哮喘大鼠气道炎症。     

腹泻型肠易激综合征患者外周血Th1/Th2细胞因子失衡表达的分析

目的:分析腹泻型肠易激综合征(IBS)患者外周血Th1/Th2细胞因子失衡表达。方法:连续选择近期就诊的腹泻型IBS患者27例,对照组为31例同龄、同性别的同期健康体检者。两组对象接受了外周血Th相关细胞因子γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)检测,并计算IFN-γ/IL-4比值。结果:腹泻型IBS组外周血IFN-γ浓度及IFN-γ/IL-4比值均明显高于对照组,而血清IL-4浓度则显著低于后者(P均<0.05～0.01)。结论:腹泻型IBS患者存在明确Th1优势失衡表达。     

以T-bet/GATA-3的比率作为评价哮喘患者Th1/Th2失衡指标的探讨

目的：探讨哮喘患者PBMCs中转录因子T-beL／GATA-3的比率与Th1／Th2细胞失衡的关系。方法：采用RT-PCR法测定30例发作期哮喘患者(哮喘组)及20例慢性阻塞性肺病患者(COPD组)及20例正常人(对照组)PBMCs中T-bet和GATA-3的活性，ELISA法测定血浆IL-4、IL-5、IL-13和IFN-γ的表达水平。结果：哮喘组PBMCs中T-bet／GATA-3的比率较COPD组和对照组明显降低，Th2细胞因子IL-4、IL-5、IL-13的水平增高，与T-bet／GATA-3的比率成负相关，而Th1细胞因子IFN-γ的水平降低，与T-bet／GATA-3的比率成正相关。结论：哮喘患者T-bet／GATA-3的比率降低，可以作为评价Th1／Th2细胞失衡的精确指标。     

Recovery of responsiveness of cells of lateral geniculate nucleus of rat

1. Recovery of responsiveness of single cells in lateral geniculate nucleus of rat has been determined in both P and I cells. There are three types of recovery curve among P cells; (a) early recovery, (b) early partial recovery followed by depression and then complete recovery, (c) prolonged depression followed by cyclic recovery. Type (c) is by far the commonest recovery curve. In contrast to the spike in a P cell, the synaptic potential recovers to its full amplitude in about 20 msec. All I cells exhibit similar rapid recovery curves after a prolonged depression.2. Conditioning stimuli applied to visual cortex also produce a prolonged depression in most P cells but I cells can be re-excited at short intervals from cortex. Decortication does not prevent the prolonged depression of the multineuronal response produced by optic nerve stimulation.3. A neuronal model is proposed to explain these observations. It is supposed that I cells (interneurones) are innervated by axon collaterals of the P cells (principal cells, projecting to visual cortex) and that the I cells exert an inhibitory influence on the P cells.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Analysis of two types of dopaminergic responses of neurons of the spinal ganglia of rats

It was established, in experiments on isolated spinal ganglia of adult rats in concluons of intracellular recording, that dopamine (1 M/liter) elicits depolarized responses in 61% of neurons, hyperpolarized in 20% of neurons, and depolarized-hyperpolarized in 19% of neurons. The depolarized responses are associated with the activation of D₁ dopamine receptors, and are governed by the shift of cAMP-dependent cation (sodium) channels to the conducting state. The hyperpolarized responses are triggered by the activation of D₂ dopamine receptors, which by means of HTP-binding protein convert the potassium channels to the conducting state. The change in the polarization of neurons with the action of dopamine influences their electrical excitability variously.Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 739–745, June, 1990.