胎儿圆窗膜超微结构的观察

圆窗膜是中耳与内耳间联系的重要结构,但至今未见到有关胎儿圆窗膜超微结构及其胚胎发育规律的报道,本文旨在填补此项空白并探讨其生理功能。取水囊引产正常新鲜胎儿圆窗膜11例(16侧),胎龄为第四至第九个月。圆窗膜经4%戊二醛固定后制成超薄切片,透射电镜观察。第五至第九个月胎儿圆窗膜分三层:1.外上皮层面对鼓室,有1～3层鳞状细胞,游离面有微绒毛,细胞间以指状突相嵌合,桥粒丰富,基膜完整。随胎龄增加,上皮细胞变扁、变长呈卵圆形,核长轴     

先天性外耳道狭窄和闭锁患者卵圆窗、圆窗的空间方位特点及其临床意义*

目的：研究先天性外耳道狭窄、外耳道闭锁患者卵圆窗和圆窗的空间方位特点,探讨其临床意义。方法： 将先天性外耳道狭窄、先天性外耳道闭锁患者和正常人的CT数据三维重建后,计算圆窗龛口平面、圆窗膜平面、 卵圆窗平面、圆窗龛中轴线的空间方位。结果：圆窗膜与法兰克福平面的夹角在外耳道狭窄组（42.43°±25.58°） 小于正常组（66.72°±45.18°）。圆窗膜与矢状面的夹角在外耳道狭窄组（74.70°±17.94°） 小于正常组 （91.62°±21.36°）。圆窗膜与冠状面的夹角在外耳道狭窄组（72.14°±20.10°）和外耳道闭锁组（71.38°±27.59°） 均小于正常组（92.39°±29.36°）。卵圆窗与冠状面的夹角在外耳道狭窄组（103.38°±20.52°）大于外耳道闭锁组 （88.43°±20.14°）和正常组（82.40°±17.25°）。圆窗龛中轴线与矢状面的夹角在外耳道闭锁组（25.38°±7.63°） 大于正常组（17.14°±7.50°）。结论：在先天性外耳道狭窄患者圆窗膜后半部分向外下方倾斜,卵圆窗后半部分 向内下方倾斜。在外耳道闭锁患者,圆窗龛整体向前倾斜。本研究可为经卵圆窗区和圆窗区手术提供解剖学基础, 以避免损伤面神经、圆窗膜和椭圆囊等内耳重要结构。     

豚鼠颞骨显微解剖学研究

目的　准确定位豚鼠中、内耳结构。方法　对 15只正常健康成年豚鼠的中耳、内耳进行显微解剖 ,对颞骨标本标志结构放大 0 6 1倍并照相。结果　在豚鼠的颞骨标本上准确定位出下列中耳结构 :鼓膜、听骨链、卵圆窗、圆窗、咽圆窗鼓管鼓口、面神经等 ;内耳结构 :耳蜗、三个半规管、椭圆囊、球囊、乙状窦、内听道、内淋巴囊裂、前庭导水管口、蜗水管口等。结论　豚鼠颞骨结构与人体颞骨结构基本一致 ,但亦有区别 ,此项研究工作可以指导和帮助利用豚鼠作耳科研究的工作者准确定位中耳、内耳结构     

与镫骨手术和球囊穿刺术有关的内耳应用解剖

本文采用颞骨组织学方法,光镜观测85侧正常颞骨标本。测量了镫骨底板至前庭各点:圆窗膜与球囊间的距离及其解剖关系,为内耳手术如镫骨手术,球囊穿刺术等提供解剖学依据。     

中耳畸形对圆窗激振听力补偿性能影响的数值分析

目的研究中耳畸形对圆窗激振性能的影响,为圆窗激振式人工中耳的优化提供理论支持。方法构建包含两腔不对称的非螺旋耳蜗的人耳有限元模型,并与实验数据进行对比,验证模型的可靠性。基于该模型,通过改变相应组织的材料属性,分别模拟听骨链固定、听骨链融合、听小骨缺损3种中耳畸形对圆窗激振性能的影响。结果中耳畸形主要影响圆窗激振式人工中耳的低频性能,听骨链固定和听骨链融合对圆窗激振起恶化效果。镫骨固定对圆窗激振补偿性能的影响最大,恶化量高达47.93 dB;听小骨缺损可提高圆窗激振的性能,最大改善量为6.24 dB。结论中耳畸形对圆窗激振的低频性能有影响,临床植入圆窗激振式人工中耳时需要针对性地提高其作动器的输出量。     

听骨检测实验装置

目的：探讨对人工听骨赝复物传音功能进行评价的客观方法。方法：用两块圆形的弹性膜来分别代替鼓膜和卵圆窗，两膜之间放置人工听骨，在人工外耳道侧给予纯音刺激，同时记录其声强，在卵圆窗膜处用激光测振仪测量卵圆窗膜的振动速度，通过比较振动速度的大小来比较人工听骨的传音特性。结果：模型“感觉阈曲线”和正常人听阈曲线对比，两者走势基本相同。结论：中耳机械模型是检验人工听骨传音特性并进行人工听骨赝复物客观评价理想的工具之一。     

典型中耳病变对圆窗激振听力补偿性能影响的数值分析

目的研究典型中耳病变对圆窗激振听力补偿效果的影响,为圆窗激振式人工中耳的优化设计提供参考。方法利用CT扫描和逆向成型技术建立包括中耳和耳蜗的有限元模型,并验证模型的可靠性。再基于该模型,通过改变相应组织的材料属性,分别模拟镫骨环韧带硬化、镫骨不正常发育和锤骨前韧带硬化3种典型中耳病变。通过对比相应的基底膜响应,分析这3种病变对圆窗激振听力补偿效果的影响。结果镫骨不正常发育主要在高频处降低圆窗激振的效果,镫骨环韧带硬化和锤骨前韧带硬化主要恶化圆窗激振低频段的响应。3种病变中,镫骨环韧带硬化对圆窗激振听力补偿效果影响较大,等效声压的减小量可高达17 d B。结论中耳病变恶化圆窗激振的听力补偿效果,且恶化量较大,故在设计圆窗激振式人工中耳时需要针对性地提高其作动器的输出量。     

中耳结构动力响应对不同病理圆窗封闭的反馈

目的研究耳蜗圆窗病变对中耳结构力学行为的影响。方法依据临床健康志愿者右耳CT扫描结果,将CT扫描数据数值化导入PATRAN软件进行人耳三维有限元模型重建,并应用NASTRAN软件进行流固耦合频率响应分析,通过数值模拟方法探讨中耳结构动力响应对内耳耳蜗圆窗病变的反馈。结果硬化症导致的圆窗封闭比先天性圆窗封闭使镫骨振幅下降更多,最大达到30. 2 d B,且后者不会对镫骨振动速度产生明显影响。相位角方面,硬化症情况下镫骨和圆窗均最多产生90°变化,且两者保持180°差值;而先天性圆窗封闭情况下镫骨最大有270°变化,同时圆窗相位角变化消失。结论基于振幅、速度和相位角,镫骨动力行为会对先天性和硬化症导致的圆窗封闭形成不同的反馈表现,研究结果可为未来临床上诊断及修复圆窗病变提供理论支撑。     

中耳乳突腔粘膜的排泄引流机制研究进展

正随着耳内镜技术的发展,中耳乳突手术发生了较大的变革,由开放式乳突根治和完壁式乳突根治向清除局部病变,尽可能保留中耳结构、保留或/和恢复中耳的功能方面进化。中耳炎术后复发与中耳腔的通气引流阻塞有关~([1])。而中耳乳突粘膜的结构和生理功能恢复是中耳腔通气引流保持正常的关键,这就需要对中耳乳突粘膜的结构与功能有更为详尽的了解,对中耳粘膜的排泄引流机制进行更深入的研究。乳突腔的引流及排泄机制,直接影响到中耳手术方式的选择,在耳内     

花样结构白蛋白缓释载体的制备及在豚鼠内耳跨膜给药的应用

目的制备花样结构白蛋白(flower-shaped bovine serum albumin,FBSA)微纳材料作为载体进行内耳跨圆窗膜给药研究,为临床寻找新的药物缓释载体奠定基础。方法应用改良的去溶剂法制备FBSA微纳材料,并用荧光显微镜、电子显微镜、粒径分析仪等对其进行系统的表征。通过体外药物释放实验、MTT法来评估其细胞相容性和细胞毒性。通过小动物活体成像观察FBSA在豚鼠听泡内的扩散及在圆窗膜上的附着。结果蛋白基微纳米材料为放射状花样结构,大小约为50⁸0μm。空白FBSA微纳材料的zeta电位是-16.2 mV,其最高的载药量和包封率分别是21.4%和40.0%,具有缓释效果。通过L929细胞的毒性实验测试提示经热变性处理固定后的材料具有更低的毒性和更好的细胞相容性。小动物活体实验可见药物在内耳中扩散及在圆窗膜表面附着。结论成功构建FBSA微纳材料载体,在治疗内耳病的局部给药方面有着良好的应用前景。     

Recovery of responsiveness of cells of lateral geniculate nucleus of rat

1. Recovery of responsiveness of single cells in lateral geniculate nucleus of rat has been determined in both P and I cells. There are three types of recovery curve among P cells; (a) early recovery, (b) early partial recovery followed by depression and then complete recovery, (c) prolonged depression followed by cyclic recovery. Type (c) is by far the commonest recovery curve. In contrast to the spike in a P cell, the synaptic potential recovers to its full amplitude in about 20 msec. All I cells exhibit similar rapid recovery curves after a prolonged depression.2. Conditioning stimuli applied to visual cortex also produce a prolonged depression in most P cells but I cells can be re-excited at short intervals from cortex. Decortication does not prevent the prolonged depression of the multineuronal response produced by optic nerve stimulation.3. A neuronal model is proposed to explain these observations. It is supposed that I cells (interneurones) are innervated by axon collaterals of the P cells (principal cells, projecting to visual cortex) and that the I cells exert an inhibitory influence on the P cells.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Analysis of two types of dopaminergic responses of neurons of the spinal ganglia of rats

It was established, in experiments on isolated spinal ganglia of adult rats in concluons of intracellular recording, that dopamine (1 M/liter) elicits depolarized responses in 61% of neurons, hyperpolarized in 20% of neurons, and depolarized-hyperpolarized in 19% of neurons. The depolarized responses are associated with the activation of D₁ dopamine receptors, and are governed by the shift of cAMP-dependent cation (sodium) channels to the conducting state. The hyperpolarized responses are triggered by the activation of D₂ dopamine receptors, which by means of HTP-binding protein convert the potassium channels to the conducting state. The change in the polarization of neurons with the action of dopamine influences their electrical excitability variously.Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 739–745, June, 1990.