Viral Infections During Pregnancy:The Big Challenge Threatening Maternal and Fetal Health

Viral infections during pregnancy are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes,including maternal and fetal mortality,pregnancy loss,premature labor,and congenital anomalies.Mammalian gestation encounters an immunological paradox wherein the placenta balances the tolerance of an allogeneic fetus with protection against pathogens.Viruses cannot easily transmit from mother to fetus due to physical and immunological barriers at the maternal-fetal interface posing a restricted threat to the fetus and newborns.Despite this,the unknown strategies utilized by certain viruses could weaken the placental barrier to trigger severe maternal and fetal health issues especially through vertical transmission,which was not fully understood until now.In this review,we summarize diverse aspects of the major viral infections relevant to pregnancy,including the characteristics of pathogenesis,related maternal-fetal complications,and the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of vertical transmission.We highlight the fundamental signatures of complex placental defense mechanisms,which will prepare us to fight the next emerging and re-emerging infectious disease in the pregnancy population.     

新生儿疾病临床研究进展

1 新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病与脑损伤 新生儿脑损伤仍是引起新生儿死亡和伤残的重要原因,早期诊断和干预十分重要.在利用磁共振成像(MRI)判断新生儿脑损伤及预后评估方面,中国医科大学附属第二医院做了较多工作.     

儿童结节性硬化症合并左肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤1例

病例资料:患者,女,14岁.主因间断腹痛20d,加重1周入院.查体:精神反应可,面部鼻唇沟区多发皮肤皮脂腺瘤,心肺正常,腹部稍胀,左上腹可扪及一8cm×10cm大肿物,压痛明显,边缘欠清晰,肾区叩击痛(+).     

发绀

发绀(cyanosis)是指血液中还原血红蛋白增多(>50g·L-1)或变性血红蛋白增多,使皮肤、黏膜呈青紫色.在皮肤薄、色素较少和毛细血管丰富的部位,如口唇、鼻尖、耳垂、颊部与甲床等处发绀较为明显,贫血时则不易发现.     

原发性肾病综合征患儿血清胆红素、尿酸水平与脂质代谢紊乱的关系

目的 探讨原发性肾病综合征(PNS)患儿血清胆红素、尿酸(UA)水平与脂质代谢紊乱的关系.方法 检测PNS患儿和健康儿童各50例血清总胆红素(TBIL)、结合胆红素(DBIL)、未结合胆红素(IBIL)、UA、脂蛋白a(LPa)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(ApoA1)及载脂蛋白B(ApoB)水平,并计算血脂综合指数.结果 1.肾病组UA、LPa、TC、TG、HDL.C、LDL-C、ApoB、TC/(HDL-C TBIL)和LDL-C/(HDL-C TBIL)明显高于健康对照组(Pа=0),而TBIL、DBIL和IBIL与健康对照组比较均无显著性差异(Pа>0.05);2.健康对照组血清胆红素、UA水平与血脂代谢无明显相关(Pа>0.05),而肾病组HDL-C与TBIL呈正相关(r=0.31 P=0.04),LDL-C分别与TBIL、IBIL呈负相关(r=-0.36 P=0.03,r=-0.33 P=0.04);3.肾病组UA分别与TBIL、IBIL呈正相关(r=0.37 P=0.02,r=0.45 P:0).结论 血清胆红素及UA水平变化对健康儿童血脂代谢不构成影响,但对PNS患儿,TBIL、IBIL降低,UA升高与脂质代谢紊乱密切相关.血脂综合指数可用于评价PNS患儿脂质代谢紊乱的严重程度及可能并发心血管疾病的危险性.     

小儿艾滋病58例

获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)即艾滋病是由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)引起的严重危害人类健康的一种疾病。小儿患病自成人传播而来,1982年报道了首例儿童HIV感染后,此病在小儿的发生日益增多,治疗困难,预后极差。有关小儿AIDS报告尚少见,作者2005年2月至2007年2月在援赞比亚医疗队工     

新生儿阿托品中毒一例

患儿男,6 h,重度窒息复苏后呼吸急促6 h入院.患儿第1胎第1产,胎龄39周,顺产娩出,产前1 d发现孕母有严重高血压(BP 170/100 mm Hg),产时羊水、脐带、胎盘无异常,生时重度窒息,Apgar评分1 min 0分,5 min 5分,10 min 7分,15 min 8分,生后立即予以保暖,给氧,正压人工呼吸及药物纳洛酮、阿托品、ATP等措施,肤色好转后转当地镇卫生院继续治疗,因呼吸急促不缓解转入我院.     

肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻研究进展

肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)是肾积水的常见原因,多为先天发育异常、异位血管压迫、输尿管瓣膜、迂曲等.由于其发病隐匿,肾积水呈渐进性发展,难以在早期发现,患者多以间歇性或持续性腰部酸胀不适、腹部肿块,或体检发现肾积水而就诊,但常已有不同程度的肾功能损害.所以,如何早期预防及诊断,仍是当今重要的研究课题.     

哮喘、变应性鼻炎59例对尘螨变应原特异性免疫治疗的耐受性和不良反应

目的 了解哮喘和(或)变应性鼻炎患儿对尘螨变应原特异性免疫治疗(SIT)的耐受性和不良反应.方法 对2004年12月-2006年2月在育英儿童医院哮喘专科门诊就诊并诊断为哮喘和(或)变应性鼻炎的患儿59例,于治疗前测定其血清屋尘螨特异性lgE(sIgE)、粉尘螨sIgE,应用标准化屋尘螨提取液皮下注射进行特异性免疫治疗.观察每次免疫注射后不良反应的发生情况,同时在每次变应原注射前后30 min测定其呼气高峰流速(PEF).结果 尘螨sIT中59例患儿注射总次数为1 419例次,共发生全身不良反应20/1 419例次(1.41%),局部不良反应1 135/1 419例次(79.98%).患儿发生速发局部不良反应1 043/1 419例次(73.50%),11/59例(18.64%)共发生18/1 419例次(1.27%)速发全身不良反应,13/59例(22.03%)共发生92/1 419例次(6.48%)迟发局部不良反应,2/59例(3.39%)共发生2/1 419例次(0.14%)迟发全身不良反应.治疗中的PEF平均值总体呈上升趋势,剂量递增阶段PEF平均值上升较平缓,而注射第15次后PEF平均值上升迅速.注射第12次前,治疗前后30 min PEF平均值差距不大,而注射第12次后差距明显增大.48例无速发全身不良反应患儿与11例有速发全身不良反应患儿血清总IgE(TIgE)、屋尘螨aIgE、粉尘螨slgE比较.差异均有统计学意义,有速发全身不良反应患儿血清TIgE、屋尘螨sIrE、粉尘螨sIgE均明显高于无速发不良反应患儿(U=2.05,2.25,2.75 Pa<0.05).结论 哮喘和(或)变应性鼻炎患儿SIT是一种比较安全有效的办法.在起始治疗完成后,患儿平均PEF值增高明显,自觉症状开始改善.患儿治疗前血清TIgE、屋尘螨sIgE、粉尘螨sIgE值越高,在SIT治疗中发生速发全身不良反应的可能性越大.     

早产儿脑发育与脑损伤的影像学评价

毛健 博士Huppi教授在早产儿脑发育与脑损伤的MRI研究方面做了大量的工作，邹丽萍教授、姜玉武博士也对这一领域很感兴趣，此次以“上海国际儿科神经与精神论坛”的时机我们聚在一起，就早产儿脑发育与脑损伤的影像学评价，特别是MRI技术的应用进行讨论。     

早产儿视网膜病的危险因素分析及随访调查

研究早产儿视网膜病(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)的发生率、高危因素、治疗与随访情况。方法对2005年7月-2007年12月温州医学院附属第一医院NICU收治的符合ROP筛查标准的早产儿,于生后2周开始由资深眼科医师开始行间接眼底镜检查眼底,并进行随访。结果434例早产儿中ROP的发生率为5.5%(24/434例),24例ROP中Ⅰ期19例,Ⅱ期3例,Ⅲ期2例。Ⅲ期阈值病变者行激光光凝治疗,全部患儿均恢复正常。对434例早产儿行单因素分析得出,胎龄、出生体重、住院时间、吸氧、吸氧浓度、吸氧时间、呼吸暂停、新生儿肺透明膜病(RDS)、肺表面活性剂(PS)的应用、机械通气、输血、光疗时间、感染与ROP的发生有相关性(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示胎龄、出生体重、胎数、吸氧时间、光疗时间、代谢性酸中毒、母亲妊高症、颅内出血是影响ROP发生的主要因素。结论早产是ROP的根本原因,防治各种并发症、合理的氧疗是预防ROP的关键。建立完善有效的ROP筛查制度,早期发现、早期治疗ROP,可改善ROP的预后。     

术中判断肠活力三种方法的比较

术中准确地评价肠活力是外科医师面临的一个普遍问题。应用兔肠缺血模型，比较静脉荧光素、表面血氧测定和激光多普勒三种技术判断肠活力的精确性。结果：诊断效率静脉荧光素法为７８％，表面血氧测定为６８％，激光多普勒为９５％。后者精确度显著优于前二者，且操作简便、迅速，具有临床应用前景。     

Spectrum of clinical presentations of vein of Galen aneurysm

Aneurysm of the vein of Galen is a rare intracranial vascular malformation. It is known to have diverse manifestations and varying severity. Four cases with different modes of presentation and outcome are reported. A mortality of 50 per cent was encountered. Among the survivors, one had neurologic sequelae whereas the other had attained age-appropriate developmental milestones. The former was a rare case of spontaneous thrombosis of the aneurysm while the latter was a boy who underwent therapeutic embolization.     

Outcome of the Treatment of Inborn Errors of Metabolism

The use of specific dietary restrictions, cofactor administration, mobilisation of insoluble substances, environmental modifications, product replacement and selective enzyme inhibition are now established for the treatment of some inborn errors of metabolism. There is no generally accepted application for enzyme administration, cytopharmacology (manipulation of the cytoskeleton) or for cell transplantation except for bone marrow transplantation in disorders where the bone marrow is primarily at fault. The other uses of bone marrow transplantation which have been proposed require further evaluation. Results of recent research suggest that the scope of this approach is gradually being widened. There is also scope for development in the field of organ transplantation taking advantage of recent technical¹ and immunological progress. The treatment of inborn errors of metabolism by genetic modification is not yet on a practical clinical level; more laboratory and animal studies are needed before this can be attempted in man. Adenosine deaminase deficiency appears to be the disease in which this will be first attempted using a retroviral vector to insert the gene into the genome of pluripotential bone marrow cells.     

婴幼儿法乐四联症手术治疗近期疗效的影响因素

目的 探讨影响婴幼儿法乐四联症手术治疗近期疗效的各相关因素.方法 将2003年8月至2011年2月经作者一期手术纠治的117例年龄≤3岁的法乐四联症患儿分为疗效良好、疗效较差两组.分析手术时患儿年龄、体重、术前HCT值、McGoon指数、EDVI、主动脉阻断时间、转流时间、室间隔缺损大小、升主动脉与肺动脉干直径比、...     

主动脉缩窄的治疗研究进展

主动脉缩窄(coarctation of aorta,CoA)是主动脉的局限性狭窄,狭窄最常见于峡部,是一种常见的先天性心血管畸形,占所有先天性心脏病的5％ ～8％.缩窄导致上肢血压升高,下肢血压降低,并可引起心功能下降,未经治疗的CoA预后不佳.治疗方式包括外科治疗及经皮介入治疗,不同治疗方式的并发症发生率不同,术后长期监测其并发症、心功能是评估预后的重要指标.该文对主动脉缩窄的治疗方式及术后并发症、心功能情况的研究进展作一综述.     

早产儿脑病研究进展

早产儿脑病是复杂的原发性脑损伤和继发性脑发育异常疾病.过去几年对该病有了较为深刻的认识,该文就最新的有关早产儿脑病概念演变,脑损伤后的细胞分子机制和损伤后发育障碍,尤其是活化小胶质细胞介导的少突胶质细胞损伤机制、神经/髓鞘受损和丘脑、板层下神经元及大脑皮层的受损机制或发育成熟障碍进行综述,以便对该病有更深刻的认识.     

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??Inhaled corticosteroids??ICS?? are the most effective medicine for chronic airway inflammation nowdays. Atomization inhalation has been widely applied in clinics because of its efficacy??fewer side-effects and convenience. Here??we focused on some points which should be paid attention to??including how to choose appropriate patients??how to ensure the effectiveness of inhaled steroids and how to reduce possible side-effects.     

Treatment of retinopathy of prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity is a potentially blinding disorder of premature infants. Retinal ablation of the avascular retina originally described using cryotherapy but now most commonly undertaken with laser photocoagulation, reduces the unfavourable structural outcomes and improves the functional visual acuity outcome. The CRYO-ROP study showed the long-term benefit of treatment of threshold disease compared with no treatment, however even with cryoablation 44.4% of treated eyes had a visual acuity of 6/60 or worse at 10 year follow-up. The ETROP study of earlier treatment for high-risk pre-threshold disease, rather than treatment at threshold, has shown that pre-threshold treatment of type 1 disease produces a significantly improved outcome. Despite treatment some infants develop retinal detachment for which various surgical treatments have been described, although not always with a good functional outcome. Future treatment modalities may include the use of anti-VEGF therapies.     

Epidemiology of respiratory distress of newborns

The present prospective study was conducted to find out the incidence, etiology and outcome of respiratory distress (RD) in newborns. All newborns (n=4505), delivered at this hospital over a period of 13 months, were observed for respiratory problems. Relevant antenatal, intranatal and neonatal information was noted. Cases were investigated for the cause of respiratory distress and followed up for the outcome. The overall incidence of RD was 6.7% Preterm babies had the highest incidence (30.0%) followed by post-term (20.9%) and term babies (4.2%). Transient tachypnea of newborn (TTN) was found to be the commonest (42.7%) cause of RD followed by infection (17.0%), meconium aspiration syndrome (10.7%), hyaline membrane disease (9.3%) and birth asphyxia (3.3%). TTN was found to be common among both term and preterm babies. While Hyaline membrane disease (HMD) was seen mostly among preterms, and Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) among term and post-term babies. Overall case fatality ration for RD was found to be 19%, being highest for HMD (57.1%), followed by MAS (21.8%) and infection (15.6%). Our results indicate that RD is a common neonatal problem. TTN accounts for a large proportion of thhese cases. MAS and infection also contribute significantly and are largely preventable. Without adequate ventilatory support HMD and MAS carry high mortality.