下颌角周围相关动脉走行的CTA定位研究

目的:应用CTA影像测量下颌角周围动脉与下颌角手术的解剖关系,为避免手术中损伤下颌角周围动脉提供指导。方法:选择30名正常成人下颌角及周围血管CTA扫描图像,应用ADW4.2图像处理软件测量面动脉距下颌角点;颈外动脉距下颌角点、颈外动脉距下颌骨升支后缘各点的三维解剖位置。结果:面动脉距下颌角点的距离为(28.26±8.34)mm;颈外动脉据下颌角点的距离为(18.66±6.34)mm;颈外动脉在下颌角点上10mm处距下颌骨升支后缘的距离为(12.28±5.12)mm;在下颌角点上20mm处距下颌骨升支后缘的距离为(9.58±5.42)mm;在下颌角点上30mm处距下颌骨升支后缘的距离为(6.38±4.12)mm,在下颌角点上40mm处距下颌骨升支后缘的距离为(3.46±2.56)mm,左右侧无显著差异。结论:在下颌角截骨或磨削手术时应注意面动脉和颈外动脉的损伤,位置越高颈外动脉距下颌升支边缘越近。手术安全范围应控制在距下颌角点上30mm以内的位置。     

下颌角整形术安全平面的解剖学研究

目的 通过对下颌角区域主要血管和下颌管走行特点的解剖观察,探讨下颌角整形术的安全平面.方法 选取10例(20侧)成人头颅标本.在下颌骨各特定截面上测量下颌管后缘与下颌骨升支后缘以及下颌管下缘与下颌骨下缘的距离.各数据计算进行t检验分析.结果 下颌后静脉距下颌骨升支后缘的距离为(3.00±0.56)mm,距下颌角的距离为(12.20±1.09)mm.面动脉、面静脉在下颌骨下缘水平距下颌角的距离分别为(30.06±4.25)mm、(27.55 4±4.02)mm.第三磨牙外缘下颌管下缘距下颌角、颏孔处距下颌骨下缘分别为(16.64±0.88)mm、(15.22±1.29)mm.结论 下颌角区域血管和下颌管解剖结构关系复杂,但又有一定规律;综合以上因素确定安全平面,可提高手术的安全性.     

下颌角区域主要血管、神经解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：研究下颌角区域主要血管、神经的解剖学特点。方法：选取10例成人头颅标本,对下颌角区域主要血管、神经进行解剖观察和测量。观察内容包括：主要血管、神经的走行及其与下颌角的位置关系。结果：面动、静脉在下颌骨下缘水平距下颌角（30．06±4．25）mm、（27．55±4．02）mm;下颌后静脉距下颌骨升支后缘（3．00±0．56）mm,距下颌角（12．20±1．09）mm;面神经下颌缘支出腮腺位置距离下颌角（10．36±0．41）mm。结论：对下颌角区域主要血管、神经解剖学特点研究,总结一般规律,为下颌角区域手术提供解剖学依据。     

下颌角肥大截骨手术相关下颌管解剖标志的多层CT测量研究

目的 应用多层CT影像测量下颌骨与下颌角切除手术相关下颌管骨性解剖标志,为避免手术中损伤下齿槽神经血管提供指导.方法 选择60例正常成人下颌骨多层CT扫描图像,应用efilm 1.94图像处理软件分别在第2磨牙远中的垂直线,第2磨牙远中至下颌角连线及下颌孔下5.00 mm取下颌骨断面测量下颌管的解剖位置.结果 下颌管在下颌第2磨牙远中断面距颊侧骨面的距离为(6.26±4.34) mm;在第2磨牙远中至下颌角连线断面距颊侧骨面的距离为(5.18±2.12) mm;在下颌孔下5.00 mm断面距颊侧骨面的距离为(4.44±2.38) mm.下颌管在下颌第2磨牙远中垂面距下颌骨下缘的距离为(11.76±4.62) mm,在第2磨牙远中至下颌角连线断面距下颌角缘的距离为(19.86±5.40) mm,在下颌孔下5.00 mm断面距下颌骨后缘的距离为(16.12±6.46) mm.结论 参照测量获得的解剖数据在下颌角截骨术中能降低下齿槽神经血管损伤的发生率.     

计算机辅助下颌骨截骨的三维显微结构模型建立

目的 探索计算机重建下颌骨三维显微结构模型及下颌角截骨手术的三维仿真操作方法 ,以减少手术操作中的组织损伤. 方法 利用螺旋CTA数据重建包含血管神经束的下颌骨三维模型并进行测量分析,使用Freeform雕刻刀及其布尔运算的切割方法 对模型进行保护血管的手术模拟.结果 利用计算机辅助技术可以精确的重建包含下牙槽动脉的下颌骨三维模型:血管从下颌孔进入下颌支.依照下颌支外缘弧度走行,下颌孔距下颌支前缘距离为(19.13±0.66)mm,孔距下颌支后缘距离为(18.96±0.64)mm,下颌角的角度为(109.70±4.67)°,下颌支的安全截骨范围和角度是平行下颌支外缘(12.62±0.28)mm宽、与下颌底成角(22.30±4.67)°;根据模型与数据,Fredorm可以模拟安全的下颌角截骨的手术操作. 结论 下颌骨显微结构的三维模型重建和测量分析技术,是增加手术安全性的一条新途径.     

影响下颌骨轮廓解剖分区的三维重建研究

目的:通过三维重建测量影响下颌骨轮廓的解剖分区,探讨下颌骨轮廓的影响因素。方法:60例汉族成年女性头颅螺旋CT数据进行三维重建,测量影响下颌骨轮廓解剖分区的下颌骨及外板厚度。结果:下颌骨厚度:下颌骨升支后缘(6.96±0.63)mm,下颌角区(7.10±0.50)mm,下颌骨下缘(10.74±0.87)mm;下颌骨外板厚度:下颌骨升支后缘(3.12±0.34)mm,下颌骨下缘(3.97±0.34)mm,斜线区(5.33±0.42)mm。结论:通过对影响下颌骨轮廓的解剖分区的三维重建测量研究,将为下颌角整形手术术前设计、术后效果评价等方面提供理论基础和解剖依据。     

下颌矢状劈开截骨术相关颌内动脉的CTA研究

目的:通过CTA影像测量颌内动脉及其分支下牙槽动脉的位置,避免在双侧下颌骨矢状劈开截骨术(bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy,BSSRO)时损伤颌内动脉及下牙槽动脉。方法:随机选择60例(男38例,女22例)正常成年人(平均年龄31岁)的颌面部CTA扫描图像,应用ADW4.2图像处理软件测量颌内动脉、下牙槽动脉及下颌小舌的三维位置关系。结果:通过测量显示下牙槽动脉起始处距下颌小舌的距离为颌内动脉距下颌小舌的最近距离,该空间距离的平均值为14.83mm。颌内动脉在正中矢状面的投影离下颌平面的最小距离为11.91mm,下颌小舌在正中矢状面的投影离下颌平面的平均距离为2.62mm。结论:①在距下颌小舌12～14mm内剥离下颌骨内侧面软组织,可以降低损伤颌内动脉的可能;②行水平骨劈开时,器械距颌平面的高度至少控制在11mm内,避免直接损伤颌内动脉。     

下颌矢状劈开截骨术相关颌内动脉的CTA研究

目的:通过CTA影像测量颌内动脉及其分支下牙槽动脉的位置,避免在双侧下颌骨矢状劈开截骨术(bilateral sagittal split ramus ost eotomy,BSSRO)时损伤颌内动脉及下牙槽动脉。方法:随机选择60例(男38例,女22例)正常成年人(平均年龄31岁)的颌面部CTA扫描图像,应用ADW4.2图像处理软件测量颌内动脉、下牙槽动脉及下颌小舌的三维位置关系。结果:通过测量显示下牙槽动脉起始处距下颌小舌的距离为颌内动脉距下颌小舌的最近距离,该空间距离的平均值为14.83mm。颌内动脉在正中矢状面的投影离下颌平面的最小距离为11.91mm,下颌小舌在正中矢状面的投影离下颌平面的平均距离为2.62mm。结论:①在距下颌小舌12～14mm内剥离下颌骨内侧面软组织,可以降低损伤颌内动脉的可能;②行水平骨劈开时,器械距颌平面的高度至少控制在11mm内,避免直接损伤颌内动脉。     

锥束CT在下颌角肥大整形术中的应用

目的 探讨锥束CT在下颌角肥大整形术中的作用.方法 随机选取20例青年女性行锥束CT扫描,获得DICOM格式的三维重建数据,将数据导入Invivo 5 软件,显示下颌神经管走行,并测量下颌神经管距下颌升支后缘及下颌骨体下缘的距离.选择临床11例下颌角肥大的患者,术前进行锥束CT扫描,定位下颌神经管,并进行弧形截骨线设计,指导临床操作.结果 下颌神经管与下颌后缘及下缘的距离呈先减小后增大的趋势:下颌升支前缘水平至第一磨牙水平所对应的距离逐渐减小,至第一磨牙后缘水平所对应的距离最小,左侧为(8.93±1.78)mm,右侧为(8.16±1.51)mm,之后距离逐渐增加.下颌神经管距下颌角最短距离,左侧为(19.25±3.79)mm,右侧为(19.15±3.17)mm.临床应用CBCT可术前准确定位下颌神经管,并辅助截骨设计,手术效果良好.结论 锥束CT可为下颌角肥大整形提供准确的下颌神经管解剖影像,提高了手术的准确性和安全性.     

下颌角毗邻解剖结构的定位测量

目的 对下颌角毗邻的解剖结构进行定位测量,为下颌角整形术提供可靠的参考数据.方法 解剖成人头面部尸体标本,从下颌角整形术的角度,对口内、口外入路所涉及的下颌角毗邻解剖结构进行观察并定位测量,得出平均数据.结果 面横动脉距颧点(72.0±3.0)mm,距下颌角(60.0±2.0)mm;腮腺导管距颧点(62.0±2.0)mm,距下颌角(45.0±5.0)mm;面神经上颊支距颧点(54.0±2.0)mm,距下颌角(19.0±2.0)mm;面神经下颊支距颧点(16.0±2.0)mm,距下颌角(13.0±4.0)mm;面动脉距下颌角(28.0±3.0)mm,距口角(45.0±3.0)mm;翼内肌与咬肌交叉附着于下颌支前、后缘及下颌角咬肌粗隆长(66.0±2.0)mm.结论 下颌角毗邻解剖结构的定位测量,可为下颌角整形手术提供形态学及解剖学基础.     

Popliteal vein thrombosis after radiofrequency ablation of greater saphenous vein for varicose vein

Percutaneous endovenous techniques, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), have become the preferred method for treatment for varicose veins associated with great saphenous vein (GSV) insufficiency. Reports have shown safety and efficacy of these techniques with relatively few complications. Deep venous thrombosis after RFA is rare and usually involves extension of thrombus from great saphenous vein to common femoral vein, hence the requirement for postoperative ultrasound. We report a case of symptomatic popliteal vein thrombosis after RFA of GSV requiring anti-coagulation.     

Long-term results of vein sparing varicose vein surgery

The aim of this study was to assess the long-term functional outcome of vein sparing varicose vein surgery using handheld Doppler ultrasound (HHD). The series consisted of 171 consecutive day-case surgery patients operated on for uncomplicated lower limb varicose veins. Venous segments considered competent were spared based on clinical examination and HHD, which was performed preoperatively only when deemed necessary by the surgeon. After a mean follow-up of 8 years all patients were examined, a systematic HHD evaluation was performed, and the findings were classified according to the CEAP (Clinical, Etiological, Anatomical, Pathophysiological) classification, and disability scoring was performed. During the follow-up period 17% of the legs were reoperated or scheduled for reoperation. At follow-up 79% of all patients were asymptomatic without reoperation. In 24%, recurrent varicosities were present and venous reflux was demonstrated by HHD. Recurrence was two times more common when the saphenofemoral junction had originally been left intact. Of all recurrent cases, reflux was demonstrated in the long saphenous vein (LSV) above the knee in 62%, in the LSV below the knee in 7%, in the short saphenous vein (SSV) in 16%, in the posterior arch vein in 38%, and in a thigh perforator in 8%. Of the legs reoperated during the follow-up period 41% presented with venous reflux at the follow-up visit. We conclude that HHD efficiently reveals sites of reflux that have been missed during previous surgery and that a thorough preoperative HHD examination and marking of reflux routes is required.     

Iliac vein bypass with autogenous saphenous vein for iliac vein compression syndrome

A case of chronic obstruction of the left iliac vein is presented. The patient had failed conservative management. Surgical reconstruction was performed using autogenous saphenous vein. The patient has done well; results of a venogram at six months postoperatively indicate the graft is still patent.     

Incidence of deep vein thrombosis after varicose vein surgery

BACKGROUND: Varicose vein surgery is generally considered to have little risk of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT). This prospective study examined the incidence of DVT in patients undergoing varicose vein surgery. METHODS: Lower leg veins were assessed before operation by duplex ultrasonography in 377 patients, and reassessed 2-4 weeks after surgery, and again at 6 and 12 months. Patients were instructed to contact a physician if symptoms consistent with DVT occurred before the scheduled follow-up appointment. Preoperative prophylaxis (a single dose of subcutaneous heparin) was left to the discretion of the vascular surgeon. RESULTS: DVT was detected in 20 (5.3 per cent) of the 377 patients. Of these, only eight were symptomatic and no patient developed symptoms consistent with pulmonary embolus. Eighteen of the 20 DVTs were confined to the calf veins. Subcutaneous heparin did not alter the outcome. No propagation of thrombus was observed and half of the DVTs had resolved without deep venous reflux at 1 year. CONCLUSION: The incidence of DVT following varicose vein surgery was higher than previously thought, but these DVTs had minimal short- or long-term clinical significance.     

股／腘静脉损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨股／腘静脉损伤的手术治疗方法。方法1998年4月至2007年5月治疗股／胭静脉损伤26例。单纯静脉伤12例，合并股／腘动脉损伤14例，分别采用血管修补术、血管补片修复、端端吻合术、大隐静脉移植及“并管法”大隐静脉移植修复动、静脉。结果23例肢体术后血运恢复。合并股／腘动脉损伤14例中，1例并发肾功能衰竭，3例肢体坏死截肢，4例肢体肌肉部分坏死清创后残留部分功能障碍，单纯股／胭静脉损伤者血管修复后肢体无显著肿胀，血运良好。随访3个月～7年，23例肢体血运良好。结论股／腘静脉损伤修复有助肢体恢复正常血供，优先处理合并动脉损伤，“并管法”大隐静脉移植修复股／腘静脉损伤有一定临床使用价值。     

Reconstruction of portal vein with an autograft of splenic vein

To re-establish the portal circulation following extensive resection of the portal vein, we interposed an autograft of the splenic vein between the portal and superior mesenteric veins during total pancreatectomy in three patients with cancer of the pancreas. The postoperative course in two patients was uneventful, and patency of the graft was demonstrated angiographically on the 41st and 78th postoperative days, respectively. In the remaining patient an episode of postoperative peritonitis occurred with leakage of the gastrointestinal anastomosis. The patient died on the 78th postoperative day from a massive metastasis to the liver. Autopsy revealed a narrowing of the graft due to technical failure and inflammatory changes, but there was no evidence of cancer invasion. Thus, the autograft of the splenic vein proved useful to bridge the portal vein system.