本刊可直接使用的常用缩略语

2008年起,本刊将对以下大家比较熟悉的医学常用词汇,允许直接使用其缩略语,即第一次出现时,可不必标注中英文全称。肠内营养(EN)全肠内营养(TEN)早期肠内营养(EEN)肠外营养(PN)全肠外营养(TPN)一氧化氮(NO)一氧化氮合酶(NOS)三磷酸腺苷(ATP)二磷酸腺苷(ADP)脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)核糖核酸(RNA)葡萄糖注射液(GS)生理盐水(NS)白细胞(WBC)血小板(PLT)血红蛋白(Hb)清蛋白(ALB)总胆固醇(TC)三酰甘油(TG)白细胞介素(IL)谷氨酰胺(Gln)前清蛋白(PA)转铁蛋白(TF)G免疫球蛋白(IgG)A免疫球蛋白(IgA)M免疫球蛋白(IgM)C反应蛋白(CRP)自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)干扰素(INF)经皮内镜下胃造口术(PEG)经皮内镜下胃空肠造口术(PEJ)生长激素(GH)苏木素-伊红(HE)高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)一氧化碳(CO)二氧化碳(CO2)过氧化氢(H2O2)数字减影血管造影(DSA)磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)变异系数(CV)磁共振成像(MRI)核因子-κB(NF-κB)逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)酶联免疫吸附...     

本刊可直接使用缩写形式的常用专业词汇

本刊对于以下环境卫生、环境医学、环境科学以及相关学科的常用专业词汇,将允许在论文中直接使用其缩写而不必标注对应的中文。按汉语拼音排序如下:白细胞介素(IL)白细胞(WBC)丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)磁共振成像(MRI)。蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)电子计算机断层扫描(CT)碘化丙啶(PI)二甲基亚砜(DMS0)反转录一聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)高效液相色谱(HPLC)。红细胞(RBC)焦碳酸二乙酯(DEPC)聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)聚合酶链反应(PCR)链霉亲和素一生物素复合物(SAi3C)磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)酶联免疫吸附试验(EusA)四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法(MTT)苏木精一伊红染色(HE)胎牛血清(FBS).体质指数(BMI)天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)相对标准偏差(RSD)血红蛋白(Hb)血小板(PLT)一氧化氮(NO)。     

反相高效液相色谱法快速测定食品中18种水溶性合成着色剂

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法测定柠檬黄(E 102)、苋菜红(E 123)、靛蓝(E 132)、胭脂红(E 124)、亮黑(E 151)、日落黄(E 110)、诱惑红(E 129)、红2G(E 128)、偶氮玉红(E 122)、绿S(E 142)、亮蓝(E 133)、专利蓝V(E 131)、赤藓红(E 127)、酸性橙...     

肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶表型及β-内酰胺酶基因型检测

目的 了解临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌(KPN)产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBIs)及β-内酰胺酶(BLA)基因型存在状况.方法 在2005年9月-2006年4月从住院患者中分离25株KPN,采用美国CLSI推荐的表型确证试验方法检测ESBLs,用PCR及序列分析的方法分析21种(群、簇)BLA基因bla_(TEM)、bla_(SHV)、bla_(LEN)、bla_(OKP)、bla_(CTX-M-1)群、bla_(CTX-M-2)群、bla(CTX_M_9)群、bla_(OXA-1)群、bla_(OXA-2)群、bla_(CARB)、bla_(PER)、bla_(VEB)、bla_(GES)、bla_(LAP)、bla_(DHA)、bla_(ACT/MIR)、bla_(CMY/MOX)、bla_(FOX)、bla_(CMY/LAT)、bla_(ACC).结果 25株KPN中,ESBLs阳性14株(56.0%)、阴性5株(20.0%)、"不确定"6株(24.0%);bla_(TEM)、bla_(SHV)、bla_(CTX-M-1)群、bla_(OXA-10)群、bla_(LAP)和bla_(DHA)基因阳性株数(%)分别为20株(80.0%)、1株(4.0%)、1株(4.0%)、20株(80.0%)、1株(4.0%)、8株(32.0%),而其余15种(群、簇)基因均阴性;21种(群、簇)BLA基因总阳性率为92.0%;其中HZ12593号菌株bla_(LAP-2)基因序列已登录GenBank,注册号为EU529981.结论 临床分离的KPN产ESBIs比例较高,至少存在6种BLA基因,BLA基因型以bla_(TEM)和bla_(OXA-10)群为主,KPN携带bla_(DHA)基因可以影响ESBLs表型确证试验结果.     

慢性重型肝炎患者血清生化指标与预后的相关性研究

目的研究慢性重型肝炎(CSH)患者血清生化指标水平与预后的相关性。方法 88例慢性重型肝炎患者根据预后情况分为死亡组和存活组两组,分析患者血清中总胆红素(TBIL)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、清蛋白(A)、尿素氮(UN)、肌酐(Cr)和胆碱酯酶(CHE)水平与预后的关系。结果死亡组患者血清中总胆红素(TBIL)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)高于存活组。清蛋白(A)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、胆碱酯酶(CHE)水平死亡组低于存活组。结论慢性重型肝炎患者血清生化指标中总胆红素(TBIL)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)越高,清蛋白(A)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、胆碱酯酶(CHE)越低,并合并胆酶分离者,患者预后越差。     

福州铁路客运服务从业人员HBV与HEV协同感染幽门螺杆菌研究

[目的]探讨HBV(乙型肝炎病毒)与HEV(戊型肝炎病毒)对幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染的影响。[方法]利用双抗原酶斑点ELISA检测福州铁路客运服务从业人员HBV和HEV感染的阳性和阴性血清的Hp抗体。[结果]HBsAg( ) HBcAb( ),且HEVIgG( )者血清中,Hp抗体阳性率最高(69.0%),其余依次为HEVIgG( )65.9%、HBsAg( ) HBcAb( )62.9%、HBsAg( ) HBcAb( ) HEVIgG(-)61.5%、HEVIgG(-)60.4%、HBsAg(-) HBcAb(-) HEVIgG(-)57.1%、HBsAg(-) HBcAb(-)56.5%、HBsAg(-) HBcAb(-) HEVIgG( )52.9%。各项比较类似(总2=5.432,P总>0.5)。[结论]福州铁路客运服务从业人员HBV与HEV感染对Hp感染无明显影响,有各自的流行特征。     

本刊可直接使用缩写形式的常用专业词汇北大核心

本刊对于以下环境卫生、环境医学、环境科学以及相关学科的常用专业词汇,将允许在论文中直接使用其缩写而不必标注对应的中文。按汉语拼音排序如下:白细胞介素(IL)白细胞(WBC)丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)磁共振成像(MRI)蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)电子计算机断层扫描(CT)碘化丙啶(PI)二甲基亚砜(DMSO)反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)高效液相色谱(HPLC)红细胞(RBC)焦碳酸二乙酯(DEPC)聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE).     

稀土微肥在土壤中残留问题的研究

稀土肥料在土壤中残留量的研究表明 ,施用稀肥后 ,稀土元素在土壤中富集现象明显 ,并且镧 (La)、铈(Ce)、钕 (Nd)、钐 (Sm)、铕 (Eu)、铽 (Tb)、镱 (Yb)、镥 (Lu)在土壤富集幅度差异较大 ,镧 (La)、铈 (Ce)、钕(Nd)增长幅度最明显     

西门子Atellica CH930全自动生化分析仪常规生化检测项目性能验证

目的:对西门子Atellica CH930全自动生化分析仪常规生化检测项目:总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、谷氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、尿素(UN)、肌酐(CREA)、尿酸(UA)、血糖(GLU)、胆固醇(Cho)、甘油三酯(TG)的分析性能进行验证.方法:参考《...     

邻苯二甲酸酯暴露与血脂异常的关系研究

目的了解人群体内血液中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的暴露水平,探究其暴露水平与脂代谢异常的关系。方法采用以横断面研究为基础的方法对哈尔滨市区随机选取的321名调查对象进行问卷调查、体格检查、血脂相关指标及15种PAEs的检测。结果调查对象血液中15种PAEs检出情况:邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-甲氧基)乙酯(DMEP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙氧基)乙酯(DEEP)、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯(DCHP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二(4-甲基-2-戊基)酯(BMPP)、邻苯二甲酸(2-丁氧基)乙酯(DBEP)、邻苯二甲酸二戊酯(DPP)、邻苯二甲酸二己酯(DHXP)、邻苯二甲酸苄基丁基酯(BBP)的检出率均高于95%;邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二壬酯(DNP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DNOP)的检出率低于50%。Spearman相关分析显示,DIBP与甘油三酯(TG)呈正相关(P0.05),DEHP与总胆固醇(TC)、TG、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)之间呈正相关(P0.05)。多因素Logistics回归结果显示,DEHP与血脂异常关联强度的OR值为3.741(1.475~9.488)。结论体内DEHP暴露可能会导致人体脂代谢异常。     

Influence of dietary carbohydrates upon the metabolism of lipids and minerals in rabbits

Rabbits were fed purified diets containing either corn starch, sucrose, glucose or fructose as 39.5% of the caloric content, or were fed a commercial diet. At the end of the 12-week trial period, glucose tolerance tests did not reveal a difference by treatment, and males had a lower tolerance than females. The serum cholesterol concentrations of the various density lipoproteins varied by treatment as determined weekly; often the HDL cholesterol was higher in the rabbits fed corn starch, and the VLDL cholesterol was higher in the rabbits fed corn fructose. Cholelithiasis at the end of the trial was prevalent in rabbits fed sucrose, glucose or fructose, was infrequent in the rabbits fed corn starch, and was absent in the rabbits fed the commercial diet. Lipid and cholesterol concentrations in the liver were greater in the rabbits fed the purified diets than in those fed the commercial diet. Cholesterol concentration in the thoracic aorta was greater in the rabbits fed the commercial diet than in those fed the purified diet. Analyses of liver and kidneys for Cr, Mn, Cu and Zn revealed treatment differences only in the case of the kidneys where Cr concentration was greater in the kidneys when the commercial diet was fed.     

Polluants environnementaux et troubles de la reproduction masculine : les phtalates au cœur du débat

Two major functions are assumed by the testis: the production of male gametes (i.e. spermatozoa), and the production of steroid hormones. Those two functions are established during fetal life and are essentials for the adult fertility and the masculinization of the internal tract and genitalia. For many years, our laboratory has been interested in the ontogeny of those two functions in rodents and since 2003, in collaboration with Gynecology and Obstetrics service of Professor R. Frydman in A. Béclère hospital, we have studied them in human. The first aim of this work was to improve the global knowledge of the human fetal testis development by using both our experimental data and the literature. Then we focused on the different defects that can occur during the fetal testis development. Indeed, male reproductive abnormalities have been steadily increasing since the last decades and are thought to be related to the concomitant increase of the concentration of contaminants and particularly of endocrine disruptors in the environment. Thus, we decided to study the effect of endocrine disruptors on human fetal testis, and more particularly the effect of phthalates, by using an organ culture system developed for human. In contrast to the data obtained in rat, mono (ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP), an active metabolite of the most widespread phthalate in the environment, does not disturb the steroidogenic function. On the other hand, it has a negative effect on the male germ cells number. This study is the first experimental demonstration of a negative effect of phthalates directly on human reproductive functions. Using a molecular approach, our aim is now to understand the mechanisms of phthalate's action.     

Occupational health guidelines for the management of low back pain at work: evidence review

There is increasing demand for evidence-based health care. Back pain is one of the most common and difficult occupational health problems, but there has been no readily available evidence base or guidance on management. There are well-established clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain, but these provide limited guidance on the occupational aspects. Occupational Health Guidelines for the Management of Low Back Pain at Work were launched by the Faculty of Occupational Medicine in March 2000. These are the first national occupational health guidelines in the UK and, as far as we are aware, the first truly evidence-linked occupational health guidelines for back pain in the world. They were based on an extensive, systematic review of the scientific literature predominantly from occupational settings or concerning occupational outcomes. The full evidence review is on the Faculty web site (www.facoccmed.ac.uk), but an abridged version is presented here to aid its dissemination.     

Breath and blood levels of benzene,toluene, cumene and styrene in non-occupational exposure

Summary Benzene, toluene, cumene and styrene were measured in the breath and blood of two groups of individuals. The first group included individuals belonging to a hospital staff, the second group included chemical workers who were not exposed to the abovementioned chemicals. The chemical workers were examined in plant infirmaries on the morning before the start of the workshift, and the hospital staff in the hospital infirmaries. One environmental air sample was taken in the infirmaries for each individual at the moment of the biological samplings. The environmental concentrations of benzene and styrene were significantly higher in the infirmaries of the chemical plant than in the infirmaries of the hospital. On the other hand, the environmental concentrations of toluene and cumene were not significantly different in the plant infirmaries and in the hospital infirmaries. In the hospital staff the alveolar concentrations of benzene, toluene and styrene were significantly lower than those in the chemical workers. In the hospital staff the blood concentrations of benzene, toluene and styrene were not significantly different from those in the chemical workers. Only the blood cumene concentration was significantly higher in the chemical workers. In hospital staff, smokers showed alveolar and blood concentrations of benzene and toluene that were significantly higher than those measured in the non smoker hospital staff. With reference to chemical workers, only alveolar benzene concentration was significantly higher in smokers than in non smokers. A significant blood benzene difference was found between the non smoker hospital staff and the non smoker chemical workers. A correlation between alveolar and environmental concentrations was found for benzene, toluene and cumene, but not for styrene. In the two groups of individuals, correlations between blood and alveolar concentrations of the four compounds were also studied.     

Intérêts et limites du Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS) en faveur de l’éducation nutritionnelle: Enquête d’opinion auprès de patients diabétiques de type 2 et de type 1

A survey among 104 type 2 and 81 type 1 diabetic patients has explored their opinions on two major national educationnal programs on nutrition launched by the french health authorities: the “Program National Nutrition Santé” (PNNS1) (2001-2005) and the PNNS2 (2006-2010). The majority of the patients has acquired knowledge on the PNNS through the media and at the care setting level. The messages they have the best recorded concern the daily consumption of fruits and vegetables and the obesity. On the other hand, they know nothing on the printed educationnal guides distributed by the PNNS, nor on the local PNNS initiatives. If the half of the type 2 diabetic patients considers that the PNNS helps them to carry out food choices, a little number of patients estimates that PNNS plays an important role in preventing nutritionnal problems among the young people. Few patients considers also that the food industries may have a possible “perverse” influence on the food consumption and eating behaviors. The half of the type 2 diabetics is in favor of alternatives ways to the hospital-based therapeutic patient education programs, for example programs organized by the Health Social Insurance or by Mutual insurance companies, while respecting criteria of quality. Lastly, the majority of the patients estimates that, due to their own experience, they have a role to play in the nutritional education.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Prevalence, management and impact of urinary incontinence in the workplace

BACKGROUND: The few prior studies of urinary symptoms in the workplace have been small investigations of women in specific occupations (e.g. nursing) or industries (e.g. pottery manufacture). In this study, the aims were to describe the prevalence, management and impact of urinary incontinence for a large cross-section of employed women in the USA. METHODS: Five-page questionnaires were mailed to 5130 American households selected from the National Family Opinion survey panel during the spring of 2004. Usable questionnaires were returned by 3364 women in the target age range of 18-60 years. RESULTS: About 37% of the 2326 employed respondents reported urine loss during the last 30 days. The most common strategies for managing incontinence at work included frequent bathroom breaks and wearing pads. The use of urine control methods increased with the severity of urine loss. The effect of incontinence on workplace activities also increased with the severity of urine loss: 88% of employed women with the most severe symptoms reported at least some negative impact on concentration, performance of physical activities, self-confidence or the ability to complete tasks without interruption. CONCLUSION: Urinary incontinence is prevalent among employed women. Those who experience severe symptoms report that it has a negative effect on aspects of work. Programs on the prevalence and impact of urinary incontinence would help educate both employers and employees, and may lead to the development of better management techniques in the workplace.     

An Outbreak of Pruritic Skin Lesions in a Group of Laboratory Workers A Case Report

In May 1993, an outbreak of pruritic skin lesions occurred amonga group of employees located in tour laboratories in the basementof an office building. Medical interviews with the affectedworkers were performed and an industrial hygiene survey of thesite was conducted. Workers commonly reported a prickling sensationon exposed skin. Four of the workers had small (<5mm) erythematouspapules on their forearms. Just prior to the outbreak, the installationof fibrous glass insulation had commenced in the mechanicalrooms which provided air to the basement of the building. Becauseof the nature of the symptoms and the temporal relationshipwith the nearby insulation work, direct skin contact with fibrousglass fibres was thought to be the cause of the outbreak. Thepoorly maintained air handling unit supplying air to the laboratoriesprobably contributed to this outbreak by inefficient filteringof the circulating air.     

Les cellules endothéliales du tissu adipeux

The adipose tissue plays a major role in energy homeostasis through the storage and release of fatty acids as well as adipokine production. The endothelial cells of the adipose tissue vascular network constitute a barrier between the blood and the adipocyte compartments. They are key players in the metabolic status of the fat mass controlling the exchanges of nutrients, hormones, oxygen and immune-inflammatory cells. Recent data highlight the process of lipid handling at the endothelial cell surface and of the transendothelial transit of fatty acids. The extension of the vascular network and its functionality are necessary for the adipose tissue integrity. Insufficient oxygen supply generates hypoxic area within the tissue that favors metabolic abnormalities and the recruitment of immuno-inflammatory cells. The present review relates to the role of adipose tissue endothelial cells in the adipose tissue physiology. Their involvement and more particularly the role of accelerated ageing, in the link between obesity and associated metabolic and cardiovascular pathologies are described.