平阳霉素加曲安奈德瘤体内注射治疗婴幼儿体表血管瘤

目的：探讨平阳霉素加曲安奈德瘤体局部注射治疗婴幼儿体表血管瘤的疗效。方法：以平阳霉素加曲安奈德瘤体内注射治疗婴幼儿体表血管瘤,皮损最大6cm×6cm,最小1cm×1cm,15天注射1次,3～5次为1个疗程。对2004年3月～2009年3月治疗的150例患儿进行了1～6年的随访观察,将临床资料进行分析。结果：经过1～6年随访,治愈121例,显效29例,无效0例,治愈率80.66%,有效率100%。结论：平阳霉素加曲安奈德局部注射治疗婴幼儿体表血管瘤具有疗效高、疗程短,副作用少等优点,是一种简便、安全有效的方法。     

曲安奈德联合平阳霉素治疗颌面部大面积淋巴管畸形的临床观察

目的 评价曲安奈德联合平阳霉素治疗颌面部大面积淋巴管畸形的疗效.方法 29例颌面部大面积淋巴管畸形患者,随机分为两组,即曲安奈德联合平阳霉素治疗组以及单纯注射平阳霉素治疗组,比较两组患者治疗后面部外观,以及病变区消退情况.结果 实验组患者注药治疗2年后,大囊和微囊型淋巴管瘤瘤体体积分别为原有体积的(3.7±0.3)%和(4.2±0.4)%,对照组则为(15.4±1.3)%和(24.1±3.1)%.实验组淋巴管畸形消退速度明显快于对照组,面部不对称畸形情况明显好于对照组.结论 曲安奈德联合平阳霉素治疗颌面部大面积淋巴管畸形有利于病变的消退和面部形态的恢复,可以作为一种临床治疗选择.     

安全剂量下平阳霉素瘤内注射治疗体表血管瘤和血管畸形

目的探讨平阳霉素瘤内注射治疗体表血管瘤和血管畸形的疗效。方法回顾分析2005年5月～2008年3月应用平阳霉素瘤内注射治疗体表血管瘤和血管畸形42例临床资料,其中男17例,女25例。年龄3个月～51岁。血管瘤18例,静脉血管畸形20例,血管瘤合并血管畸形4例。注射液按照平阳霉素8mg＋2%利多卡因2ml＋生理盐水2ml＋地塞米松2.5mg配制。术前测算瘤体面积,按照平阳霉素0.5mg/cm2多点注射,浅表皮肤及口腔黏膜可酌情减量至0.3mg/cm^2。一次注射未完全消失者可10天～3周或更长时间后重复注射。每次平阳霉素注射量不超过8mg,分次注射总量一般不超过70mg。结果治疗后1年,55个病灶治愈和显效率为85.5%（47/55）,好转12.7%（7/55）,总有效率为98.2%（54/55）。结论平阳霉素瘤内注射治疗血管瘤和小面积、低血流量静脉血管畸形疗效高,疗程短,患者痛苦小,是一种简便、安全的方法。平阳霉素瘤内注射时,0.5mg/cm^2是治疗血管瘤和小面积血管畸形的安全剂量。     

平阳霉素局部注射治疗血管瘤的临床分析

目的：探讨平阳霉素局部注射治疗血管瘤的疗效。方法：2002年8月～2012年8月,笔者科室采用平阳霉（平阳霉素6mg＋1％盐酸利多卡因3m1）局部注射治疗血管瘤患者66例,从血管瘤中央皮肤穿刺,深达血管腔,并缓慢注射,见血管瘤肿胀、皮肤苍白为宜,同时观察20～30min,注射最多3次,最少1次。结果：66例患者,随访4个月～10年,治愈48例,基本治愈8例,好转5例,无效5例,有效率92.4％,好转及无效各5例,最后经手术治疗后治愈。结论：平阳霉素局部注射治疗血管瘤,操作简单,损伤小,安全可靠,疗效满意。     

平阳霉素局部注射并手术切除治疗血管瘤和血管畸形

目的：总结用平阳霉素局部注射并手术切除治疗血管瘤和血管畸形的经验。方法：本组287例患者,其中血管瘤134例,血管畸形153例。先用平阳霉素混合液进行瘤体腔内注射,每一进针部注入2-3ml混合药物。对血管瘤患者行多点注射,至瘤体稍发白为宜。一般经3～5次注射后进行手术治疗。对部分未能完全切除或完全切除后有可能导致严重继发畸形的患者,则于术中和术后继续应用平阳霉素治疗。结果：205例经平阳霉素注射后直接切除治愈（71．43％）,72例经术后3～5次注射治愈（25．09％）,有效8例（2．79％）,无效2例（0．70％）,总治愈率为96．52％。注射平阳霉素后发热21例,局部溃疡形成8例,术区血肿7例,伤口边缘局部愈合不良5例,经换药、血肿清除、对症处理等未影响最终治疗效果。结论：用平阳霉素局部注射并手术切除能有效减少术中出血,降低手术难度和风险,提高血管瘤和血管畸形的治愈率。     

无水乙醇栓塞及平阳霉素注射治疗复发性海绵状血管瘤

目的对曾应用铜针留置或平阳霉素局部注射治愈后而复发的海绵状血管瘤患者，探讨一种有效、安全、微创的治疗方法。方法儿童或不能配合者，在氯氨酮麻醉下，先用无水乙醇4～8ml行血管瘤血管内栓塞，继之应用配制的平阳霉素混合液5～10ml缓慢注入瘤体，间隔7～10d进行第2次平阳霉素混合液局部注射，3～5次为1疗程。结果本组6例，均于治疗后半年内血管瘤逐渐萎缩、消退，随访1～5年，无1例再复发，无皮肤坏死、瘢痕或畸形等并发症。结论无水乙醇栓塞加平阳霉素混合液局部注射治疗复发性海绵状血管瘤，操作简便、安全，创伤小，疗效确切。     

平阳霉素加地塞米松局部注射治疗婴幼儿血管瘤

目的探讨平阳霉素+地塞米松局部注射治疗婴幼儿血管瘤的疗效。方法将平阳霉素8 mg+地塞米松5 mg+2%利多卡因1~2 ml+生理盐水3~8 ml稀释后,行血管瘤内注射至肿胀发白为限,1次平阳霉素用量不超过8 mg。观察2周,视瘤体颜色及硬度决定是否继续用药,直至瘤体开始变硬萎缩为止,平阳霉素注射总量不超过40 mg。近两年来,用该方法治疗1~8个月龄婴幼儿体表增生期血管瘤36例,其中颜面部24例,胸部3例,背部2例,上肢5例,足2例;草莓状血管瘤30例,混合型血管瘤6例。血管瘤最小面积0.6 cm×1.2 cm,最大面积23.0 cm×12.0 cm。结果1次注射治愈2例,2~3次注射治愈25例,4~5次治愈9例,其中局部坏死1例(为足背足底大面积草莓状血管瘤),经换药及手术愈合。随访6~19个月,未见复发,除1例遗留瘢痕外,其余全部无瘢痕愈合。有效率达100%。结论平阳霉素+地塞米松局部注射治疗婴幼儿血管瘤,具有疗效显著、简便易行、安全可靠等优点,是治疗增生期血管瘤首选方法之一,值得推广。     

平阳霉素局部注射治疗婴儿颜面部血管瘤32例

为寻求简单有效的治疗方法，采用平阳霉素局部注射治疗婴儿颜面部血管瘤。具体方法是：将平阳霉素８ｍｇ＋生理盐水３～５ｍｌ＋２％利多卡因０．５ｍｌ稀释待用。取平阳霉素稀释液行血管瘤内注射至肿胀苍白为度，可见用药３天内血管肿胀变黑褐色，以后逐渐变白、变平、消失。若血管瘤较大，一次用药未愈者，可每隔１～２周重复用药一次，直至治愈为止，一般总用药量不超过４０ｍｇ。１９９２年１月～１９９５年１２月，用该法治疗２～６个月龄婴儿颜面部血管瘤３２例，其中草莓状血管瘤２０例，海绵状血管瘤８例，混合型血管瘤４例。血管瘤最小面积１．０ｃｍ×１．５ｃｍ，最大面积４．０ｃｍ×５．０ｃｍ，经１次注射治愈８例，２～３次注射治愈２１例，面积最大的１例经４次注射而愈。经２个月～３年的随访，总有效率达１００％。认为该法具有简单，疗效显著，并发症少等优点，只要正确掌握治疗方法，可以不遗留畸形，特别适于婴儿颜面部中小面积草莓状血管瘤，海绵状血管瘤，混合型血管瘤的治疗。     

平阳霉素局部注射治疗婴儿颜面部血管部32例

为寻求简单有效的治疗方法，采用平阳霉素局部注射治疗婴儿颜面部血管瘤，具全方法是：将平阳霉素８ｍｇ＋生理盐水３－５ｍｌ＋２％利多卡因０．５ｍｌ稀释待用。取平阳霉素释液行血管瘤内注射至肿胀苍白为度，可见用药３天内血管肿胀变黑褐色，以后逐渐变白、变平，消为。     

手术联合平阳霉素和曲安奈德治疗胸部瘢痕疙瘩

目的:探讨能否通过手术切除联合使用平阳霉素和曲安奈德局部注射的方法达到增加手术治疗胸部瘢痕疙瘩的有效率以及显著降低胸部瘢痕疙瘩手术后复发率的目的。方法:37例患者,共计52个胸部瘢痕疙瘩,其中35个瘢痕疙瘩位于胸骨柄处,17个瘢痕疙瘩位于胸骨柄上下方及左右。病史0.5～10年。34例患者有明确胸部抓挠史。术前先于手术切口注射0.25mg/ml的平阳霉素与20mg曲安奈德混合液,然后手术切除胸部瘢痕疙瘩,恢复胸部皮肤平整的外观。手术后3～4周开始于手术切口愈合处再次注射0.25mg/ml的平阳霉素与20mg曲安奈德混合液,每4周复查及必要时注射一次,如果瘢痕稳定无复发,可以每2月复查及必要时注射一次。如果不需药物治疗半年以上无复发视为治愈,如果上次注射半年内需要再次注射者为有效。结果:2009年5月～2012年5月,采用上述手术方法共治疗胸部瘢痕疙瘩患者37例,手术后注射治疗时间为2～5个月(平均3个月),不需药物治疗随访期3～24个月(平均10个月)。治愈32例(86.5%),有效5例(13.5%),总有效率100%。结论:手术切除联合局部注射平阳霉素和曲安奈德混合液是治疗胸部瘢痕疙瘩的有效方法。     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.