髓内钉内固定或单臂外固定支架外固定加植骨治疗肱骨干骨折骨不愈合

目的 探讨髓内钉内固定加植骨与单臂外固定支架外固定加植骨两种方式治疗肱骨干骨折骨不愈合的疗效。方法将35例肱骨干骨折骨不愈合患者分为两组,19例行髓内钉内固定加植骨术（A组）,16例行单臂外固定支架外固定加植骨术（B组）。比较两组患者的影像学愈合时间、并发症、肱骨短缩和DASH评分。结果患者均获随访,时间13～28（16±4）个月。影像学愈合时间：A组（6．2±0．8）个月,B组（5．5±0．9）个月。DASH评分：A组（22．9±3．6）分,B组（24．1±3．2）分。两组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论髓内钉内固定或单臂外固定支架外固定加植骨治疗肱骨干骨折骨不愈合均可获得满意疗效。     

胫骨骨折术后骨不连治疗方法的疗效比较

[目的]探讨带锁髓内钉固定后胫骨骨折骨不连治疗方法的选择和疗效。[方法]348例带锁髓内钉固定胫骨骨折中发生骨不连36例。采用冲击波治疗lO例；髓内钉动力化8例；髓内钉动力化加自体植骨6例；单纯自体植骨5例；改钢板固定加自体植骨3例；肥大型骨不连更换髓内钉4例。[结果]所有病例平均随访28个月。6个月内再手术者较6个月后再手术者愈合时间明显缩短（P〈0.05）。冲击波治疗10例中1例不愈合，经2次冲击波治疗后愈合。髓内钉动力化8例中2例不愈合，经冲击波治疗后愈合，其中2例发生骨缩短；髓内钉动力化加自体植骨6例均愈合；单纯自体植骨5例中2例8个月未愈合，更换髓内钉加自体植骨后愈合；改钢板固定加自体植骨3例均愈合；肥大型骨不连更换髓内钉4例均愈合。【结论】早期治疗带锁髓内钉固定后胫骨骨折骨不连效果肯定。髓内钉动力化可促进骨愈合，但有引起骨缩短的可能；更换髓内钉或钢板加自体植骨治疗骨不连效果满意；冲击波有促进骨不连愈合的作用。     

累及距下关节跟骨骨折6例的手术治疗体会

目的探讨植骨加钛板内固定治疗累及距下关节跟骨骨折的优点及手术方法。方法采用植骨加钛板内固定治疗累及距下关节跟骨骨折6例。结果本组6例，疗效均优。结论植骨加钛板内固定治疗累及距下关节跟骨骨折，最大限度恢复了跟骨的形态、关节面平整及Bohler角，减少并发症。     

跟骨钢板联合克氏针轴向固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的评价开放复位跟骨钢板联合克氏针轴向固定治疗跟骨骨折的治疗效果。方法对23例(26侧)跟骨骨折病例行开放复位加跟骨钢板联合克氏针轴向固定治疗。结果经12~41个月随访,根据Maryland足部评分标准,优14侧、良7侧、中4侧、差1侧,优良率占80.77%。结论跟骨钢板联合克氏针轴向固定治疗跟骨骨折是一种有效的治疗方法。     

锁定加压钢板加植骨治疗肱骨干骨折术后骨不愈合

目的探讨锁定加压钢板内固定加植骨治疗肱骨干骨折术后骨不愈合的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析应用锁定加压钢板内固定加植骨治疗的肱骨干骨折术后骨不愈合8例的临床资料,并对其进行随访。结果 8例获随访12~24个月,无感染、内固定松动断裂等并发症,至末次随访骨折均愈合,肩、肘关节功能良好。结论锁定加压钢板内固定加植骨是治疗肱骨干骨折术后骨不愈合的有效办法,值得推广应用。     

跟骨牵引加延期内固定治疗Pilon骨折治疗体会

目的 跟骨牵引加延期内固定治疗对Pilon骨折临床疗效的影响。方法 对24例Pilon骨折采用跟骨牵引加延期内固定手术处理的临床资料进行分析、总结。结果 根据胫骨远端骨折治疗效果的评定标准综合评定疗效，优20例，良3例，差1例。结论 采用跟骨牵引加延期内固定治疗Pilon骨折，可使踝关节功能得到最大限度地恢复。     

组合式外固定器结合内固定加植骨治疗桡骨远端粉碎骨折

目的探讨应用组合式外固定器结合内固定加植骨治疗桡骨远端关节内粉碎骨折的疗效。方法1999年9月-2005年4月,应用组合式外固定器结合克氏针内固定加植骨术治疗桡骨远端严重关节内粉碎骨折15例。结果术后15例X线片显示：关节面分离和错位＜1．0mm 9例,＜2．0mm 6例；掌倾角为0°～10°,尺倾角20°～30°,15例均无骨短缩。骨折均全部愈合,临床愈合时间为6～10周。13例获得8～18个月随访,2例失访,按Dienst功能评定标准评定：优6例,良8例,可1例。结论组合式外固定器结合内固定加植骨是治疗桡骨远端严重关节内粉碎骨折的有效方法。     

闭合撬拨加手法复位骨圆针内固定治疗跟骨骨折

跟骨骨折并不少见,治疗方法及疗效各家报道不一。我院2002年1月至2005年1月采用闭合撬拨加手法复位骨圆针内固定治疗跟骨骨折30例32足,疗效满意。     

AF系统内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

2003年7月～2007年11月,我科采用AF系统内固定后路减压加植骨融合术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并脊髓损伤患者36例,疗效满意。2003年7月～2007年11月,我科采用AF系统内固定后路减压加植骨融合术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并脊髓损伤患者36例,疗效满意。     

硫酸钙人工替代骨加解剖钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台塌陷骨折

目的：探讨可注射硫酸钙人工骨加解剖钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台塌陷骨折的临床效果。方法：采用切开复位、可注射硫酸钙人工骨加解剖型钢板内固定的方法治疗胫骨平台骨折23例。结果：随访6～15个月,治疗效果参照Rasmussen的评分标准,优13例,良7例,可2例,差1例,优良率87%。结论：可注射流酸钙人工骨加解剖钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台塌陷骨折效果良好。     

辅助性肝移植研究进展

辅助性肝移植足指住保留受体自身全部或部分肝脏的情况下,将供肝植入受体体内.根据供肝植入部位不同,可分为异位辅助性肝移植和原位辅助性肝移植;根据植入肝体积的多少,可分为全肝辅助性肝移植和部分肝辅助性肝移植;供肝可来源于脑死亡供体也可以来源于活体供体.山于原位辅助性肝移植只能移植部分肝脏,故通常称为原位辅助性部分肝移植.辅助性肝移植伴随着肝移植的发展而不断发展,虽然还存在许多尚待解决的问题,但辅助性肝移植独特的优势再次引起肝移植界的广泛关注.     

Pre-emptive renal transplantation from living donors in Australia: Effect on allograft and patient survival

Aim: Pre-emptive renal transplantation has become the preferred first-line therapy for patients with end-stage kidney failure. This study examines the outcome of allograft and patient survival in pre-emptive transplantation compared with non-pre-emptive transplantation from living donors in Australia and New Zealand. Methods: We have performed a retrospective study using the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplantation Registry. Allograft and patient survival were compared at 1, 5 and 10 years in pre-emptive transplantation and non-pre-emptive transplantation following a living donor transplant. Results: Allograft survival at 1, 5 and 10 years post pre-emptive transplantation was better than post non-pre-emptive transplantation (multivariate hazard ratio (HR) 0.80 [95% confidence interval 0.64–0.99], P = 0.036). Pre-emptive transplantation was associated with a significant patient survival advantage over non-pre-emptive transplantation when analysed from the time of transplantation and adjusted for age and gender (multivariate HR 0.46 [0.27–0.80], P = 0.006). Patient survival for pre-emptive transplantation and non-pre-emptive transplantation was 97% [0.95–0.98] and 93% [0.91–0.94] at 5 years and 93% [0.88–0.96] and 84% [0.82–0.87] at 10 years post transplant respectively. There was no difference in the overall rejection rate between pre-emptive transplantation and non-pre-emptive transplantation. Vascular rejection was less common in pre-emptive transplantation (HR 0.70 [0.50–0.98], P = 0.04). Conclusion: Pre-emptive transplantation from a living donor is associated with both better allograft and patient survival compared with transplantation after a period of dialysis. Pre-emptive transplantation should be the preferred modality of renal replacement therapy in patients who have a living donor.     

肝细胞移植的新进展

肝细胞移植是继肝移植之后的针对肝功能衰竭的又一有效治疗手段,同时也可以作为急性肝功能衰竭患者等待行肝移植之前的一种桥接治疗手段.与肝移植相比,肝细胞移植具有创伤小、排异反应低等优点,但肝细胞移植同样受到供体短缺的制约.肝细胞移植能否作为一种临床广泛应用的治疗手段主要取决于肝细胞的数量和质量以及合适的移植部位,这方面研究在我国尚未受到充分的重视,因此,本文对肝细胞移植的基础研究与临床应用的新进展作一综述.     

Pulmonary hypertension before first and second lung transplantation

Tonelli AR, Timofte I, Minai OA, Baz M, Akindipe O. Pulmonary hypertension before first and second lung transplantation. Abstract: Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is frequently encountered in patients with advanced lung disease before the first and second lung transplantation. We sought to determine whether there is any relationship between pulmonary hemodynamics obtained before first and second lung transplantation. We also assessed whether PH has prognostic implications in lung transplant patients going for second transplantation. Methods: We included consecutive adult (16‐yr‐old or older) patients who underwent lung re‐transplantation, between 1997 and 2009, and had right heart catheterization before their first and second lung transplantation. Results: Eighteen patients were included in the study. Age at first transplantation was 50.4 (SD 10.4) yr, and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) in the transplanted lung was the only indication for re‐transplantation. PH was observed in 39% of the patients before the first lung transplant and in 56% of the subjects before re‐transplantation (p = 0.91). Pre‐capillary PH was present in 28% (n = 5) and 33% (n = 6) of the patients before first and second lung transplantation, respectively. None of the hemodynamic variables obtained before the first transplant predicted the development of PH before re‐transplantation. PH before re‐transplantation did not predict survival or development of BOS after re‐transplantation. Conclusions: PH before initial lung transplantation did not predict the development of PH before the second transplantation. In our cohort, PH before second lung transplantation did not predict outcomes after re‐transplantation.     

儿童肝移植

Pediatric liver transplantation has long been developed in the western world.Currently,favorable outcomes after liver transplantation have been achieved in pediatric recipients and the postoperative 5-...     

组织工程角膜上皮移植抑制角膜碱烧伤新生血管形成的临床观察

目的：观察组织工程角膜上皮移植对角膜碱烧伤新生血管的抑制作用.方法：我院2005-2010年期间收治严重角膜碱烧伤（角膜缘干细胞缺陷）17例24眼,其中组织工程角膜上皮移植9例11眼,羊膜移植8例13眼.所有患者在手术前及手术后均行裂隙灯检查,观察角膜上皮、组织浸润、新生血管情况,对两组患者角膜新生血管情况进行评分和比较.结果：术后两组角膜新生血管评分均较手术前明显减少（P〈0.05）.在术后第21天,组织工程角膜上皮移植和羊膜移植组角膜新生血管评分分别为（1.410±0.765）分和（2.500±0.961）分,术后第60天分别为（1.770±0.832）分和（2.820±0.947）分.在术后两个评价时间点,组织工程角膜上皮移植组均较羊膜移植组角膜新生血管显著减少,两组间差异有显著性（P〈0.05）.组织工程角膜上皮移植组和羊膜移植组术后第60天新生血管评分均较术后第21天稍高,但差异均无显著性（P〉0.05）,表明两组角膜新生血管在移植3周后基本保持稳定.结论：组织工程角膜上皮移植对严重的角膜碱烧伤新生血管的抑制作用明显好于羊膜移植.     

The cost effectiveness of lung transplantation compared with that of heart and liver transplantation in the Netherlands

This study was performed to assess the main reasons for the unfavorable cost effectiveness of lung transplantation compared with that of heart and liver transplantation. Costs, effects, and cost-effectiveness ratios of Dutch lung, heart, and liver transplantation programs were compared. The data are based on three Dutch technology assessments of transplantation, with minor adjustments for time and methods. In result, mainly follow-up costs of lung transplantation are higher than costs of heart and liver transplantation-- 50,300 US dollars, 121,500 US dollars, and 95,300 US dollars, respectively--in the first 3 years after transplantation. The survival gain realized by lung transplantation is small (4.4 years) compared with heart (8.8 years) and liver (14.7 years) transplantation. Costs per life-year gained were 77,000 US dollars, 38,000 US dollars, and 26,000 US dollars for lung, heart, and liver transplantation, respectively. The unfavorable cost effectiveness of lung transplantation is largely related to a relatively small survival gain and high follow-up costs.     

Sequential liver-kidney transplantation

The indications for sequential liver and kidney transplantation have not been well defined. Two categories of patients may benefit from this procedure: patients with primary renal disease associated with hepatic disorders (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, metabolic diseases, and structural diseases) and patients who develop renal failure after liver transplantation. Chronic renal failure is a frequent long-term complication after liver transplantation. End-stage renal disease develops in 2% to 10% of cases by 10 years after transplantation. Kidney transplantation appears to be a better option than dialysis for the treatment of end-stage renal disease after liver transplantation. In contrast, survival rates, after kidney transplantation are significantly lower among liver transplant patients than primary-only kidney transplant recipients. Considering the donor shortage, kidney transplantation should be cautiously considered in liver transplantation patients. New immunosuppressive drugs and protocols are needed to reduce chronic renal failure after liver transplantation.     

选择性第二足趾关节移植的临床应用

目的　对手部关节缺损采用第二足趾选择性关节移植治疗,探讨不同术式的优缺点,提出康复训练及移植关节综合评定方法。　方法　自１９８７ 年开始临床应用吻合血管的跖趾全关节移植１０ 例、带关节囊近节趾骨基底部移植４ 例、趾间关节移植５ 例和趾间关节复合组织移植４ 例。术后早期系统康复训练。平均随访２５ 年,进行功能评定。　结果　优１０ 例,良７ 例,中４ 例,差２ 例。带关节囊近节趾骨基底部移植效果最佳;趾间关节移植效果次之;而跖趾全关节移植、趾间关节复合组织移植疗效较差。　结论　选择性第二足趾关节移植是治疗手部关节缺损的较好方法     

Advances in pediatric liver and intestinal transplantation

BACKGROUND: Significant progress has been made with liver and intestinal transplantation in pediatric patients. Shortage of whole-organ cadaveric grafts has resulted in a high mortality rate for children awaiting transplantation. New surgical procedures such as split-liver transplantation and living-related liver transplantation have evolved over the last decade to maximize donor utilization in pediatric patients. METHODS: In this article we review the current indications and contraindications for liver and intestinal transplantation in children, the surgical innovations to expand an exceedingly small cadaveric liver pool, postoperative management, and the impact on patient and graft survival. RESULTS: Reduced-size liver transplantation provides children with much needed small grafts; however, split-liver transplantation may eliminate the need for reduced-size and living-related liver transplantation except in urgent situations. CONCLUSION: Liver transplantation is a durable procedure that provides excellent long-term survival. The use of living-related and split-liver transplantation has dramatically reduced the waiting periods for children and improved survival. In the past decade significant progress has been made with intestinal transplantation owing to improvements in surgical technique, immunosuppressive agents, and early identification and treatment of postoperative complications.