青少年抑郁、焦虑情绪与其相关因素

目的 探讨青少年抑郁、焦虑情绪与其相关影响因素之间的关系.方法 采用抑郁、焦虑自评量表、青少年生活事件量表、领悟社会支持量表、认知情绪调节量表对1180名中学生进行调查.结果 青少年抑郁和焦虑情绪的发生率分别是73.2％和36.7％,两种情绪有显著相关性(r=0.436,P＜0.001);抑郁和焦虑情绪与生活事件、领悟社会支持以及认知情绪调节量表中的部分因子均有相关性(r=-0.406～0.630,P＜0.01或P＜0.05);进一步回归分析发现积极重评、学习压力、人际关系、积极调整对抑郁具有一定的预测作用(t=5.189,3.710,3.423;P＜0.001;t=2.065,P＜0.05),灾难化、学习压力、人际关系、责难自己对焦虑情绪有一定的预测作用(t=7.397,8.032;P＜0.001;t=3.043,P＜0.01;t=2.399,P＜0.05).结论 生活事件、领悟社会支持、认知情绪调节方法中部分因素会导致青少年抑郁、焦虑情绪,并对其有一定的预测作用.     

亲子沟通与青少年吸烟行为:抑郁的中介作用及其性别差异

目的:探讨亲子沟通对青少年吸烟行为的影响机制。方法:采用亲子沟通量表、流调中心抑郁量表和青少年吸烟行为问卷对2837名初中学生进行了调查。结果:(1)亲子沟通对青少年吸烟行为有显著的负向预测作用,抑郁对青少年吸烟行为有显著的正向预测作用;(2)抑郁对亲子沟通与青少年吸烟行为的关系能起到部分中介作用;(3)性别调节了亲子沟通经由抑郁对青少年吸烟行为影响的中介过程,在同等亲子沟通水平下,女生相较于男生而言,在抑郁情绪升高时,其吸烟行为水平的提升幅度比男生更高。结论:亲子沟通对青少年吸烟行为的影响是有调节的中介过程。     

青少年早期气质问卷-修订版的修订与应用

目的:探讨上海市青少年的气质评价方法和气质特征.方法:修订青少年早期气质问卷(EATQ-R)为中文版,对1761名11～15岁青少年的横断面调查问卷进行分析.结果:(1)气质量表的重测信度为0.51～0.70,结构效度采用探索性因素分析,重建出5个气质因素(努力控制、亲和性、负性情感、激情和羞怯),内部一致性Cronbaeh α.为0.61～0.78.附加的行为因素攻击性和抑郁心境的重测信度r=0.62、0.72,Cronbaeh α=0.57、0.46.(2)女生的努力控制、亲和性、负性情感和害羞、抑郁得分均高于男生,而激情、攻击得分低于男生(如,努力控制得分为48.8±7.2/46.5±7.3;激情得分26.3±5.9/28.0±5.6,均P<0.001).(3)努力控制、亲和性、负性情感和羞怯的年龄差异有统计学意义(F=7.92～16.77,P<0.01).男、女生的变化虽然幅度不同但总趋势同步.随年龄增长,努力控制降低、负性情感提高;亲和性在13岁最低,以后逐年提高;羞怯的上升趋势在15岁达最高.(4)女生抑郁心境随年龄而提高(F=7.11,P<0.001),15岁最高.结论:修订后的中文版EATQ-R重测信度和内部一致性为中度,可应用于对青少年早期气质与行为的相关研究中;青春早期的气质特征有年龄和性别差异;需要关注青春早期的情感状态.了解和评价青少年气质可帮助理解他们的行为方式、心理问题的发生,给予恰当指导.     

初中生学习成绩对外化问题、抑郁症状的影响:意志控制的作用

目的:考察学习成绩对外化问题和抑郁症状的纵向预测效应,以及意志控制在其中可能的调节作用。方法:采用追踪设计,以1286名初一学生为被试,在初一(T1)和初三(T2)时进行追踪测量。分别以儿童行为核查表、儿童抑郁调查表和青少年早期气质问卷修订版测量外化问题、抑郁症状和意志控制,以期末考试成绩作为学习成绩的指标。结果:控制T1外化问题或抑郁症状后,(1)T1学习成绩负向预测T2外化问题,且学习成绩×意志控制×性别显著预测外化问题,低意志控制男生在低学习成绩时产生最多的外化问题;(2)T1学习成绩不预测T2抑郁症状,意志控制负向预测抑郁症状,与学习成绩的交互项不显著。结论:学习不良预测外化问题,且意志控制缓冲这种影响;学习成绩不预测青少年抑郁症状,意志控制负向预测抑郁症状。     

社会支持对老年人抑郁情绪的影响研究

目的：探讨补会支持对老年人抑郁情绪的作用机制。方法：对北京市238名60岁以上社区老年人进行CES-D、PSSS和SRHMS中的生理健康子量表的测量。结果：8．51％的老年人有程度不等的抑郁，男女之间无差异，无配偶的老人抑郁发生率比有配偶的高7.3％，身体健康差的老年人抑郁程度重。社会支持能解释抑郁变异的10％。家庭支持是抑郁的有效预测成分．家庭支持高的抑郁情绪少，β=-0.29。家庭支持与婚姻状况、身体健康存在交互作用。结论：社会支持对老年抑郁有普遍增益作用，家庭支持是其有效成分。对于无配偶、身体健康差的易感人群，家庭支持能有效缓解这部分老年人的抑郁情绪。     

情绪表达与留守儿童孤独感的关系:亲子沟通的中介作用及性别的调节作用

目的:探讨亲子沟通在留守儿童情绪表达与孤独感间的中介作用,以及性别的调节作用,为留守儿童的心理健康研究提供理论支持.方法:采用情绪表达性量表、孤独感量表、青少年亲子沟通问卷对481名留守儿童进行问卷调查.结果:①情绪表达(r=-0.248,P＜0.01)、亲子沟通(r=-0.276,P＜0.01)与孤独感呈负相关.②亲子沟通在情绪表达与孤独感间起部分中介作用,Bootstrap检验表明中介效应显著,95％置信区间为[-0.115,-0.031],中介效应为0.42,占总效应的39.34％.③性别调节该中介模型的前、后半段路径和直接路径.具体而言,相较于男生,情绪表达对亲子沟通的正向预测作用对女生更加显著;情绪表达对孤独感的负向预测作用对女生更加显著.相较于女生,亲子沟通对孤独感的负向预测作用对男生更加显著.结论:情绪表达通过亲子沟通间接影响留守儿童的孤独感,且受到性别的调节.     

青少年认知情绪调节策略与抑郁的关系

目的探讨青少年在应对负性生活事件时使用认知情绪调节策略的特点,以及与抑郁的关系。方法对全国10个城市的7110名青少年进行认知情绪调节策略问卷(CERQ)和流调中心抑郁用量表(CES-D)的评定。结果①青少年使用适应性策略多于使用非适应性策略;②男生的抑郁分数显著低于女生(t=-5.79,P<0.001),初中生的抑郁分数显著低于高中生(t=-13.89,P<0.001);③抑郁与非适应性策略的使用有中等强度的正相关,与适应性策略有弱的负相关;④灾难化、沉思、理性分析、重新关注计划、积极重新评价和责难他人对抑郁均有显著性的预测作用(F=373.62,P<0.001)。结论认知情绪调节策略可以预测青少年的抑郁症状。     

青春期发动时相对男生抑郁、焦虑及问题行为的影响

目的:探索不同青春发动时相对男生的抑郁、焦虑及问题行为的影响。方法:使用问卷调查法,随机抽取湖南地区431名11~17岁的男生,并对问卷结果进行数据分析。结果:1男生的青春期开始时间存在显著差异,较少部分的男生属于青春期开始时间提前(13.92%)和延迟(22.74%),大部分属于适时(63.33%);2抑郁得分在青春期开始时间提前、适时与延迟的3种类型上(F=1.61,P0.05)无显著性差异;3焦虑总得分(F=8.02,P0.001)及其状态(F=5.95,P0.01)和特质(F=9.27,P0.001)两维度上存在显著性差异,提前组的焦虑得分显著高于适时组和延迟组,适时组和延迟组的得分差异不显著;4学习适应不良(F=5.31,P0.01)、攻击行为(F=3.58,P0.05)、违纪行为(F=9.29,P0.001)等在青春期开始时间上差异显著,提前组的学习适应不良和攻击行为显著高于适时组和延迟组,适时组和延迟组的得分差异不显著。提前组的违纪行为显著高于适时组和延迟组,适时组显著高于延迟组。结论:青春期发动时相能够影响男生的焦虑、学习适应不良、攻击行为和违纪行为,而对抑郁、退缩、神经质和考试焦虑的影响不明显。     

青少年网络成瘾与抑郁之间的双向关系

目的:探讨青少年网络成瘾与抑郁之间的双向关系。方法:采用中国科学院心理研究所全国青少年心理健康数据库的追踪数据,对其中1174名10岁到19岁青少年的数据进行分析。被试两次完成了网络成瘾诊断问卷和流调中心抑郁量表简版的填写,中间平均间隔16个月。结果:交叉滞后分析发现,抑郁对网络成瘾有显著的预测作用,而网络成瘾对抑郁也具有显著的预测作用,这种双向预测关系没有性别差异。结论:对于青少年来说,网络成瘾和抑郁之间存在显著的双向而非单向预测关系。     

快速城市化地区青少年焦虑性情绪问题及影响因素

目的:本研究旨在了解快速城市化地区青少年的焦虑性情绪问题与依恋、社会支持、心理弹性之间的关系,探讨社会支持和心理弹性在依恋和焦虑性情绪之间的中介效应.方法:选取中山市高新技术产业开发区1080名初中生,采用青少年依恋问卷(AAQ)、儿童青少年社会支持评定量表(SSRS-CA)、心理弹性量表和儿童焦虑性情绪筛查量表(SCARED)进行调查.结果:①1070名被试中焦虑性情绪筛查阳性(SCARED总分≥25) 366名,检出率34.2％,性别差异显著(男33.1％,女35.4％,P＜0.001);②焦虑性情绪水平与依恋、社会支持和心理弹性呈显著相关(r=-0.260-0.246,P＜0.01);③依恋通过社会支持和心理弹性的完全中介作用影响青少年焦虑性情绪水平.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.