骨形成骨白质成骨基质明胶复合修复骨缺损实验研究

根据诱导成骨理论，由动物群骨提取无排斥反应、诱导成骨作用强的骨形成蛋白质，与骨基质明胶复合修复２６只家兔桡骨缺损。通过Ｘ线和组织学方法检查结果表明，术后第４周，植骨区的纤维性骨痂中有成骨细胞形成；第８周，植骨区大片新骨形成；１２周植骨区基本为新生骨填充；１６周骨缺损修复过程基本完成。     

骨基质明胶复合自体外周血干细胞修复骨缺损的安全性评价

背景：动物实验证实骨基质明胶移植后免疫排斥反应小,可在早期促进软骨及骨形成。 目的：观察骨基质明胶吸附自体外周血干细胞修复骨缺损的可行性。 方法：将节段性骨缺损病例患者按照自愿原则分2组治疗,一组将自体外周血干细胞/骨基质明胶充分嵌合于骨断端,另一组仅将骨基质明胶嵌合于骨断端,并行牢固内外固定。术后拍摄骨缺损部位正、侧位X射线片。 结果与结论：自体外周血干细胞/骨基质明胶组骨折端可见大量新生不规则骨纤维组织、软骨及纤维骨痂填充,可见骨细胞、骨组织和骨小梁,已形成骨髓腔。骨基质明胶组骨折端可见大量纤维组织、少量新生不规则骨纤维组织及骨骼肌组织,伴有多核巨细胞和少量炎性细胞,缺损区边缘带有骨痂组织。自体外周血干细胞/骨基质明胶组术后愈合时间较骨基质明胶组缩短(P < 0.05);治疗期间患者未见明显不良反应。说明自体外周血干细胞/骨基质明胶具有良好的生物相容性和可吸收性,在骨缺损愈合过程中起骨引导和骨诱导作用,效果优于单纯骨基质明胶移植。     

同种异体干燥骨移植的实验研究

用家兔股骨做成30.0×5.0mm左右的骨缺损动物模型,植入同种经处理的干燥骨片,术后 4、6、8、10、12周进行X线摄片和组织学观察.结果证实:植入同种异体干燥骨动物无免疫排斥反应,具有良好的诱导成骨作用.如能探索出成熟的异体干燥骨制备方法,将为尸体骨的临床应用打下基础.     

微孔对同种异体表面脱钙骨基质明胶诱导成骨能力的影响

目的　观察微孔制备对表面脱钙骨基质明胶诱导成骨能力的影响。方法　用有微孔和无微孔表面脱钙骨基质明胶修复大鼠颅骨上直径为 8mm的环形骨缺损 ,术后不同时间行组织学和X线检查。结果　有微孔制备的表面脱钙骨基质明胶诱导成骨能力优于无微孔的表面脱钙骨基质明胶。结论　微孔制备能提高表面脱钙骨基质明胶诱导成骨的能力。     

骨髓基质干细胞与骨基质明胶复合培养体内异位成骨的实验研究

目的：探讨骨髓基质干细胞(MSC)与骨基质明胶复合培养体内异位成骨的可行性。方法：将SD大鼠来源的MSC与同种异体的骨基质明胶复合培养后植入SD大鼠背部竖脊肌肌膜内，分别于术后不同的时间点处死大鼠，标本进行碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性测定及组织形态学观察：结果：实验组标本自术后第3周ALP活性起就表现出阳性，第4周MSC与骨基质明胶复合体内大量成骨。结论：MSC与骨基质明胶复合培养体内异位成骨完全可行的。     

振动应力刺激骨髓间充质干细胞修复兔骨缺损

背景：研究证实,力学因素可调控、诱导骨髓间充质干细胞定向分化为骨细胞,提高分化效率。 目的：观察振动应力刺激对兔骨缺损微环境中骨髓间充质干细胞移植修复肱骨骨缺损成骨分化能力的影响。 方法：24只兔按随机数字表法分为非振动单纯骨基质明胶组、非振动骨基质明胶+骨髓间充质干细胞复合植入组、振动骨基质明胶+骨髓间充质干细胞复合植入组,每组8只,建立兔肱骨骨缺损模型。振动组兔置于振动平台,以0.3 G的加速度,25 Hz,正弦波型,1次/d,30 min/次,持续4周施加振动刺激。 结果与结论：造模4周后,大体观察结果显示,振动组骨痂生长良好,组织学切片显示其新生骨量较多,可见大量成骨细胞,骨缺损与断端形成骨性连接;振动组Ⅰ型胶原蛋白、RUNX2 mRNA表达水平明显高于非振动组。提示振动应力刺激可促进骨缺损微环境中骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化能力,提高Ⅰ型胶原蛋白、RUNX2 mRNA表达水平,从而加速骨缺损修复的进程。     

兔骨髓成骨细胞同种异体移植免疫反应的初步观察

以观察新生兔骨髓诱导分化为成骨细胞的能力 ,探讨同种异体成骨细胞移植的可行性 ,为进一步的研究奠定基础。取新生新西兰大白兔胫骨骨髓 ,分离后加入条件培养液体外培养。传 5代后对细胞进行形态学、碱性磷酸酶 (ALP )染色及体外矿化能力的检测。将冻存复苏的细胞以明胶海绵吸附 ,植入异体成年兔皮下、肌肉内 ,第 2、 4、 8、 12周时取材观察 ,分析其成骨能力及免疫排斥反应情况。结果显示体外诱导培养的骨髓成骨细胞是一较纯的细胞系 ,以带突起的梭形细胞为主 ,ALP染色阳性 ,连续培养 4 0d可见矿化结节形成。异体植入的成骨细胞大部分存活 ,4周后开始有类骨基质形成 ,并可见不规则的矿化骨组织 ,植入细胞周围仅见少量的淋巴细胞和嗜酸粒细胞浸润。骨髓基质细胞具有多向分化的潜力 ,异体植入的细胞仍保持基本的生物学功能 ,免疫排斥反应比较轻微 ,提示细胞异体移植是可行的     

SD大鼠骨基质明胶吸附骨髓间充质干细胞修复骨缺损的实验研究

目的:探讨大鼠骨基质明胶吸附骨髓间充质干细胞修复骨缺损的可行性。方法:采用第5代(P5)SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs),经Hoeschst 33344(sigma)荧光杂料标记后,调配制成的1×106个／ml细胞浓度后与骨基质明胶(BMG)共同培养6 h,然后植入SD大鼠双侧胫骨的实验性骨缺损中(A组),同时作胫骨骨缺损单纯BMG植入(B组),无植入物(C组)两组对照。术后8周处死,取骨缺损区组织进行组织学观察,其中A组行荧光染料标记测定以确认骨缺损区的骨痂是否来源于MSCS。结果:①A组:胫骨骨缺损区可见大量新生不规则骨纤维组织、软骨及纤维骨痂填充,可见骨细胞、骨组织和骨小梁,已形成骨髓腔。②B组:胫骨骨缺损区可见大量纤维组织、少量新生不规则骨纤维组织及骨骼肌组织,伴有多核巨细胞和少量炎性细胞,缺损区边缘带有骨痂组织。③C组:胫骨骨缺损区可见大量纤维组织及骨骼肌组织填充生长,伴有多核巨细胞和少量炎性细胞,缺损区边缘带有少量骨痂组织。荧光染色鉴定确认胫骨骨缺损区的骨痂来源于MSCs。结论:大鼠骨基质明胶吸附骨髓间充质干细胞修复骨缺损具有安全性、可行性及有效性。     

骨基质明胶/煅烧骨基质重组人工骨对骨髓间充质干细胞成骨潜能的影响

背景：前期实验发现单纯骨基质明胶材料与骨髓间充质干细胞复合后具有较好的成骨能力,修复骨缺损效果较好,但单纯骨基质明胶降解速度快,硬度差,不能用来修复承重区域的骨缺损。 目的：观察骨基质明胶/煅烧骨基质重组人工骨与骨髓间充质干细胞复合培养后细胞成骨潜能的变化。 方法：利用骨基质明胶和煅烧骨基质制备重组人工骨,并与大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞复合培养48 h,用茜素红染色检测复合培养后细胞的成骨潜能。 结果与结论：细胞在复合材料上能够很好的黏附、生长以及增殖,与重组人工骨复合培养后,细胞的成骨潜能和细胞表型无明显变化。表明重组人工骨易于与骨髓间充质干细胞结合,对细胞成骨潜能无影响,生物相容性良好。     

不同来源骨髓间充质干细胞的体内成软骨

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞经体外诱导后可修复软骨缺损,但目前采用的种子细胞多来源于自体或同种异体。 目的：观察同种异体及异种来源的骨髓间充质干细胞诱导成软骨后修复喉软骨缺损的效果。 方法：分别取人胚胎骨髓间充质干细胞和刚出生兔骨髓间充质干细胞的第3代细胞种植于聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物生物支架上,并加入转化生长因子β1和软骨形态发生蛋白诱导成软骨细胞。将两种细胞体系植入新西兰白兔体内,并于植入后4,8周取材行大体、组织学观察。 结果与结论：植入后4,8周人胚胎骨髓间充质干细胞和兔骨髓间充质干细胞均有新生组织填充,经组织学观察大部分为软骨细胞,分泌软骨细胞基质糖胺聚糖和Ⅱ型胶原,且两种细胞支架复合物所生成的软骨细胞数大致相同,并无明显的免疫排斥反应。提示异种来源的骨髓间充质干细胞复合聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物在转化生长因子β1和软骨形态发生蛋白联合诱导下所得的组织工程化软骨,与同种来源的骨髓间充质干细胞所获得的组织工程化软骨修复喉软骨缺损具有可比性。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.