网络成瘾青少年的家庭亲密度和适应性

目的:探讨家庭亲密度和适应性与青少年网络成瘾(IA)之间的关系。方法:采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究设计,190例IA青少年患者和386例性别与年龄频数匹配的医院对照,完成一般社会人口学问卷和家庭亲密度和适应性量表中文版(FACES II-CV)评定;使用单因素和多因素Logistic回归筛选IA的相关因素。结果:单因素分析显示,IA青少年家庭的实际亲密度[(60.27±s 11.44)vs.(69.34±s 9.84)]、理想亲密度[(69.25±s11.82)vs.(72.57±s 10.34)]、实际适应性[(42.09±s 10.20)vs.(49.79±s 8.24)]和理想适应性[(52.02±s10.59)vs.(54.02±s 9.13)]得分均显著低于对照组(P均<0.05);亲密度不满程度[中位数,全距:(5,52)vs.(4,54)]和适应性不满程度[中位数,全距:(9,51)vs.(4,38)]得分均显著高于对照组(P均<0.001);多因素分析表明,父母婚姻状况为在婚(OR=0.55)、抚养人为父母(OR=0.50)和实际亲密度高(OR=0.88)为IA的保护因素;家人关系差(OR=4.15)、家人有烟酒嗜好(OR=1.62)、亲密度不满度高(OR=1.11)和适应性不满度高(OR=1.06)为IA的危险因素。结论:青少年IA的发生与父母因素和低家庭亲密度和适应性有关;需要注重发挥父母作用和改善家庭功能以防治青少年IA。     

家庭因素对住院网瘾青少年应对方式的影响研究

目的:探讨父母教养方式和家庭环境对住院网瘾青少年应对方式的影响,为网瘾的治疗工作提供参考。方法:108例符合网络成瘾临床诊断标准的住院男性网络成瘾青少年参与了问卷调查。调查问卷包括应付方式问卷、父母养育方式评定量表、家庭环境量表(中文版)。结果:(1)父、母情感温暖与理解,家庭环境中的成功性、知识文化性、娱乐性与其解决问题呈正相关(r=0.228~0.262,P<0.05);父情感温暖与理解,亲密度,娱乐性与自责具有正相关(r=0.194~0.215,P<0.05);父惩罚严厉与自责具有负相关(r=-0.225,P<0.05);父、母情感温暖与理解、父过分干涉,父过度保护,母拒绝否认,母惩罚严厉,家庭环境因素中的知识性、娱乐性、组织性与求助呈正相关(r=0.193~0.379,P<0.05);父情感温暖与理解,父拒绝与否认、父过度保护、母拒绝与否认与幻想呈正相关(r=0.211~0.267,P<0.05);成功性、控制性与幻想呈负相关(r=-0.208~0.213,P<0.05);父过度保护与退避呈正相关(r=0.218,P<0.05);独立性与合理化呈负相关(r=-0.240,P<0.05);(2)母情感温暖与理解、母拒绝否认、父惩罚严厉、父情感温暖与理解、父过度保护及家庭环境中和成功性、娱乐性、独立性、控制性对住院网瘾青少年的应对方式具有预测作用。结论:不良的家庭环境与不恰当的父母教养方式可能是导致住院网瘾青少年在遇到挫折和困难时形成沉溺网络虚拟世界等消极应对方式的重要原因。     

男性网络成瘾患者人格特点及其与家庭因素的关系

目的:考察男性网络成瘾(以下简称网瘾)青少年的人格特点,探究家庭因素对男性网瘾青少年人格的影响。方法:采用网络成瘾临床诊断标准、卡特尔16项人格因素测验对所有被试(男性网瘾患者118例和在校中学生142例)进行测试,同时采用家庭环境量表及父母教养方式问卷对网瘾被试进行测验。结果:男性网瘾组16项人格因素中乐群性、稳定性、有恒性、敢为性、自律性、紧张性因子极端值的百分比与非网瘾在校生组相比,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);除聪慧性、敏感性和实验性外,其余13项因子与家庭教养方式中父、母情感温暖、父亲惩罚、父亲过分干涉、母亲惩罚以及家庭环境因素中亲密度、矛盾性、知识文化性、组织性存在显著性相关|r|=0.184-0.377)。回归分析发现,父、母亲的情感温暖及亲密度和知识文化性进入回归方程(R2=0.090-0.142)。结论:男性网瘾青少年人格极端化明显,其人格与家庭教养方式和家庭环境有关,但也受其他因素如青春期和网瘾的影响。     

青少年网络成瘾与父母教养方式及应对方式的相关研究

目的探讨青少年网络成瘾与父母教养方式及应对方式之间的关系。方法将120例网络成瘾的青少年分为独生子女组和非独生子女组,均行网络成瘾诊断量表(YDQ)、父母教养方式评价量表、应对方式量表测评。结果两组在父情感温暖、父惩罚严厉、父过分干涉、母过度干涉保护、逃避、幻想的得分均存在统计学意义。结论过度干涉或保护、拒绝与否认的父母教养方式和消极的应对方式与独生子女青少年网络成瘾有关。     

病理性网络使用青少年的家庭环境特征:一项以医院为基础的病例对照研究

目的:探索家庭环境特征与青少年病理性网络使用(PIU)之间的关系。方法:采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究设计,对190例PIU青少年和386例频数(性别、年龄)匹配的医院对照进行一般情况和家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)评定;使用Logistic回归筛选PIU的相关因素。结果:单因素分析显示,PIU青少年家庭的亲密度(5.64±s2.66vs.7.38±s1.95)、情感表达(4.72±s1.89vs.5.49±s1.62)、知识性(3.82±s2.03vs.4.73±s2.02)、娱乐性(3.45±s2.34vs.4.37±s2.09)和组织性(5.79±s2.02vs.6.28±s1.86)得分显著低于对照组(P均≤0.005),矛盾性(4.14±s2.32vs.2.78±s1.90)和控制性(4.09±s2.06vs.3.52±s1.95)得分显著高于对照组(P均≤0.001);Logistic回归分析表明,父母婚姻状态为在婚(OR=0.62)、抚养人为父母(OR=0.58)、亲密度高(OR=0.81)、知识性高(OR=0.79)和组织性高(OR=0.84)为PIU的保护因素;家长关系差(OR=2.30)、家长有烟酒嗜好(OR=2.11)、母亲受教育年限高(OR=1.12)、父亲受教育年限高(OR=1.18)、矛盾性高(OR=1.14)和控制性高(OR=1.11)为PIU的危险因素。结论:PIU的发生与父母因素、家庭环境有关;预防青少年PIU,需要改善不良的父母因素和家庭因素。     

品行障碍青少年父母教养方式及家庭环境的研究

目的:探讨品行障碍(conduct disorder,CD)患者父母养育方式及家庭环境的特点。方法:采用父母养育方式评定量表(EMBU)对35例住院品行障碍青少年及194例中学生进行评定;并对该35例品行障碍青少年及其父母进行访谈。结果:(1)CD组在父亲过度干涉、父亲拒绝及否认、父亲过度保护、母亲过度干涉和保护、母亲情感温暖与理解5因子上分值高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。(2)访谈发现,亲子之间彼此接纳程度低,家庭气氛不和谐。结论:CD患者父母不恰当的养育方式及不和谐的家庭环境可能是导致CD疾患的重要因素之一。     

青少年海洛因依赖者人格特征与家庭环境的相关性

目的：探讨青少年海洛因依赖者的人格特点、家庭环境模式，及其家庭环境因素对青少年的影响。方法：以16—19岁初次吸毒海洛因依赖者60例为研究组，同年龄段在校就读学生60例为正常对照组；以艾森克人格（成人）问卷（EPQ），家庭环境量表中文版SPSS11.0统计进行均数、χ^2t检验及相关性检验。结果：青少年海洛因依赖者多为内向不稳定型（21例）、高精神质（7．13±3．21）、高神精质（14．29±5．91）；其家庭环境亲密度（5.49±2．29）、成功性（5.18±2.19）、知识性（4．07±1．83）、娱乐性（4．36±2．18）、组织性（5.14±2．22）、道德性（5．24±1．81）得分显著低于对照组，而家庭环境亲密度和组织性与人格有高度相关性（P〈0．01）。结论：家庭环境对青少年的人格有重要的影响，特别是家庭环境中的亲密度和组织性。     

青少年精神分裂症患者生活质量的相关性研究

目的探讨家庭环境及父母养育方式与青少年发生精神分裂症的关系,为预防青少年发生精神分裂症提供科学依据。方法选择住院青少年精神分裂症患者101例（病例组）,另选择无精神病史的患者101例为对照组,采用家庭环境量表、父母养育方式评价量表对两组患者生活质量进行评价,应用非条件Logistic回归分析对相关因素进行分析。结果亲密度、情感表达、娱乐性及父亲情感温暖理解（F1）为保护因素（OR=0．643,95％CI=0．235～0．863,P=0．01;OR=0．582,95％CI=0．168—0．906,P=0．01;OR=0．478,95％CI=0．174～0．834,P=0．01）,而矛盾性、父亲惩罚严厉（F2）、父亲拒绝否认（F5）及母亲过分干涉（M2）为危险因素（OR=1．535,95％CI=1．096～2．187,P=0．01;OR=1．516,95％CI=1．097～2．096,P〈0．01;OR=1．375,95％CI=1．034—1．989,P：0．01;OR=1．347,95％CI=1．272～1．915,P〈0．01）。结论良好的家庭环境以及父母教养方式可以减少精神分裂症的发生。     

重度网络游戏成瘾男性青少年的自杀态度与家庭影响因素

目的:考察重度网络游戏成瘾男性青少年对自杀的态度以及父母教养方式和家庭环境对其自杀态度的影响。方法:采用临床访谈法结合问卷调查法对132例网络游戏成瘾男性青少年进行研究,研究工具包括网络成瘾临床诊断标准、自杀态度问卷、父母养育方式评定量表、家庭环境量表。结果:在重度网络游戏成瘾组中,不同学历(初中组、高中组、大学组)的自杀态度得分均在2.5-3.5之间。三组之间自杀态度比较,差异不具有统计学意义。多元逐步回归分析结果发现:教养方式中母亲情感温暖、理解,母亲惩罚、严厉,母亲拒绝、否认,父亲拒绝、否认以及家庭环境中道德宗教观进入回归方程,其联合解释总变异量为(R2=0.067-0.364)。结论:重度网络游戏成瘾男性青少年对自杀总体上持矛盾或中立的态度,父母教养方式对青少年自杀态度有着重要影响,其中母亲的影响更多于父亲。家庭有道德宗教观有利于使男性青少年对自杀行为持否定排斥态度。     

某师范院校大学生孤独感现状及相关因素研究

目的探讨大学生孤独感现况及其影响因素。方法对安徽某师范学院在读大学生的一般情况、家庭和人口统计学特征进行调查,同时采用UCLA孤独量表和家庭环境量表(FES-CV)进行心理学测试。结果该学校大学生的孤独感评分较高,大学生孤独感评分在性别、是否独生子女、家庭收入、文理科组、母亲文化程度组间差异有统计学意义,相关分析显示孤独感得分与家庭环境各维度之间均存在相关性(P0.01)。大学生孤独感与相关因素多类别Logistic回归分析示,性别、母亲文化程度和家庭环境量表FES-CV中亲密度、控制性维度、情感表达、矛盾性、娱乐性和组织性维度具有统计学意义。结论学校和家庭都应关注大学生孤独感现象,并实施心理疏导。     

Predictors of Tobacco and Alcohol Refusal Efficacy for Urban and Rural African-American Adolescents

This study sought to determine the relative contributions of individual, family, peer, and community risk and promotive factors in explaining alcohol and tobacco refusal attitudes among 227 African-American adolescents (ages 12 to 17) from urban and rural areas. Hierarchical linear regression (HLR) results revealed differences in the predictive value of risk and promotive factors with respect to tobacco and alcohol refusal attitudes. Specifically, individual and peer risk factors were predictive of tobacco refusal attitudes among youths. Individual, peer, and family risk and promotive factors were predictive of adolescents' alcohol refusal attitudes. Community factors were not significant predictors of youths' ability to refuse tobacco and alcohol, after controlling for more proximal influences. Future research should consider other psychosocial influences within an ecological framework that may account for additional variance in substance use attitudes among African-American adolescents.     

The Role of Individual and Contextual Factors in Differentiating Substance Use Profiles among Adolescents

Background: Adolescent substance use is a significant public health concern due to its prevalence and associated negative consequences. Although many adolescents use substances, there is substantial heterogeneity in their use patterns. Identifying risk and protective factors that differentiate adolescents with different substance use profiles is important for preventing negative consequences for those at risk. Objective: This study identified distinct latent profiles of substance use by considering adolescents' involvement in multiple common and illicit substances as well as related problems and examined the extent to which individual and contextual factors in the family, peer, school, and neighborhood environments were related to adolescents' membership of substance use profiles. Method: Data came from 9,155 high school students (51% female; 74% European American) who completed electronic surveys in the 2009 Dane County Youth Assessment (DCYA). Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to identify profiles of adolescent substance involvement and related problems. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to examine associations between individual and contextual factors and latent class membership. Results: LCA identified four distinct profiles of adolescent substance use characterized by both licit and illicit substance use and related problems: Abstainers (56.3%), Alcohol-only users (25.6%), Alcohol-cigarette-marijuana users (13.8%), and Problem polysubstance users (4.3%). Controlling for demographics, individual and contextual factors were associated with adolescents' likelihoods of membership in substance use profiles; notably, the associations varied to some extent across substance use profiles. Conclusions: Substance use is heterogeneous among adolescents. Effects of risk and protective factors on substance use vary depending on adolescents' substance use patterns.     

Adolescent Social Networks and Alcohol Use: Variability by Gender and Type

Background: Scientists have established that social networks influence adolescents' substance use behavior, an influence that varies by gender. However, the role of gender in this mechanism of influence remains poorly understood. Particularly, the role an adolescent's gender, alongside the gender composition of his/her network, plays in facilitating or constraining alcohol use is still unclear. Objectives: This study examined the associations among the gender composition of adolescents' networks, select network characteristics, intrapersonal and interpersonal factors, and alcohol use among a sample of adolescents in the United States. Methods: We assessed cross-sectional data from a 2010 study of 1,523 high school students from a school district in Los Angeles. Analyses of adolescents' network characteristics were conducted using UCINET 6; and logistic regression analyses testing the associations between gender composition of the network and alcohol use were conducted using SPSS 20. Results: Our results indicate that the gender composition of adolescents' networks in our sample is associated with alcohol use. Adolescents in predominantly female or predominantly male friendship networks were less likely to report alcohol use compared to adolescents in an equal/balanced network. In addition, depending upon the context/type of network, intrapersonal and interpersonal factors varied in their association with alcohol use. Conclusions/Importance: Based on these findings, we make several recommendations for the future research. We call for researchers to further examine gender as a risk factor for alcohol abuse, particularly within the complex interplay between gender and network contexts.     

Exploring the Positive Impact of Peers on Adolescent Substance Misuse

ABSTRACT

Background: Previous research has consistently shown the negative impact that peers can have on adolescent substance use patterns. Few studies have examined the positive influence adolescents can have on their peers. This study aimed to examine the relationship of positive peer influence with indices of substance use and also to compare abstinent adolescents and substance-using adolescents on positive peer influence. Method: One hundred fifty-four adolescents (age range 12–20 years) completed a questionnaire on positive peer influence and other correlates of adolescent substance use including mental health, family functioning, and social support. Results: Positive peer influence was a significant predictor of lower substance use behaviors in adolescents, with positive influence from close friends being the strongest predictor. Substance-using adolescents' scores were significantly different from abstinent adolescents' scores for positive peer support, mental health functioning, impulsivity, and social support. Conclusions: These results indicate that positive influence from adolescents' peers may act as a protective factor in substance use. This influence should be utilized to aid the design of prevention and intervention initiatives in adolescent substance use.     

Cultural Traditions as “Protective Factors” Among Latino Children of Illicit Drug Users

Family bonding was examined among Hispanic adolescents whose fathers are illicit drug users to ascertain whether such adolescents maintain close affective family ties or alienate themselves from their families given their father's use of illicit drugs and referral to a drug screening and treatment program. It was hypothesized that high levels of paternal drug use would be associated with the youth's alienation from the family. In addition, it was postulated that the adolescent's endorsement of traditional cultural values and social responsibility would protect her or him against this effect in relation to family bonding. These hypotheses are based on prior research that suggests that youth bonding to prosocial institutions, such as family, school, church, and community organizations, can be “protective” against drug use. More specifically, our analyses examined the role of level of acculturation in middle school, family traditionalism, American orientation, Latino orientation, and social responsibility in predicting adolescents' family bonding. Results indicated that the father's level of marijuana and/or methamphetamine use was unrelated to youth family bonding. Additionally, Latino and American cultural orientations and level of acculturation in middle school were not associated with family bonding. By contrast, social responsibility (the youth's citizenship and responsibility to the community) and family traditionalism (endorsing conservative cultural values regarding the maintenance of family traditions and respect for elders and family) were significantly associated with family bonding. In other words, among children of Latino illicit drug users, the youth's conservative family values and a responsible attitude toward community traditions were dual factors related to family bonding, perhaps operating also as sources of “protection” against youth problem behaviors.     

Gender-Specific Effects of Social Influences and Competence on Lifetime Poly-Drug Use Among Inner-City Adolescents

This study examined the relationship of social influences to use drugs and competence variables with lifetime poly-drug use for adolescents residing in inner-city regions. The same model was tested separately for boys and girls. Sixth- and seventh-graders (N = 2400) in inner-city schools self-reported substance use, social influences to use drugs (e.g., friends' substance use), and competence skills (i.e., refusal assertiveness, decision-making). Logistic regressions indicated that friends' smoking and drinking habits, and permissive/ambivalent parental attitudes toward respondents' drinking, were associated with poly-drug use. High self-efficacy and more frequent refusal assertiveness were related to less poly-drug use for the overall sample. Ambivalent/permissive attitudes of friends toward the respondents' smoking were related to greater poly-drug use for girls, but not boys. Perceptions of higher prevalence norms for peer smoking and less frequent refusal assertiveness each were associated with more poly-drug use for boys, but not girls.     

肺癌化疗患者心理弹性特点及与疲乏程度的相关性研究

目的 探讨肺癌化疗患者心理弹性水平与癌因性疲乏程度的危险因素及相关性分析。方法 选择我院2018年1月—2019年4月收治的167例肺癌化疗患者为研究对象,采用CD-RISC量表评价患者的心理弹性水平、PFS量表评价癌因性疲乏程度,并分析CD-RISC评分、PFS评分与患者临床资料的关系,Logistic回归分析其独立危险因素,Pearson法分析心理弹性水平与癌因性疲乏程度的相关性。结果 年龄、居住地、婚姻状况、文化程度及付费方式为肺癌化疗患者心理弹性水平的独立危险因素（P<0.05）;年龄、居住地、婚姻状况、化疗次数为肺癌化疗患者癌因性疲乏程度的独立危险因素（P<0.05）;乐观、坚韧、自强、生活满意度等心理弹性特点及CD-RISC总评分与PFS评分均呈负相关（r分别为-0.557、-0.612、-0.548、-0.604、-0.587,P<0.05）。结论 肺癌化疗患者心理弹性水平与癌因性疲乏程度显著相关,临床治疗和护理过程中应关注患者的心理弹性水平及癌因性疲乏,及时给予指导,以改善其不良心理状况,减轻癌因性疲乏程度,从而提高其生活质量,改善预后。     

American Youths' Access to Substance Abuse Treatment: Does Type of Treatment Facility Matter?

Using data from the 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, this study examines whether several social exclusion and psychological factors affect adolescents' receipt of substance abuse treatment. Multinomial logistic regression techniques were used to analyze data. The study asked how the specified factors provide pathways to receipt of specialty and non-specialty substance abuse treatment, as compared to receiving no treatment. The results suggest that, for adolescents, there are racial/ethnic, gender, and socioeconomic differences in receiving substance abuse treatment; there is also a role played by race/ethnicity in income's effect on treatment receipt. Policy implications are briefly discussed.     

Is the Legalization of Marijuana Associated With Its Use by Adolescents?

Background: Growing moves in the U.S. toward relaxed laws surrounding adult use of marijuana raise concerns about concurrent increases in adolescent use of marijuana. Objectives: This study collected and analyzed primary data on the relationship between marijuana legalization status in U.S. states and adolescents' marijuana use. Methods: Recruited through social networking sites and youth-services community agencies, a sample of 1,310 adolescents from 48 U.S. states and the District of Columbia reported their use of marijuana. Youths' use rates were compared with the marijuana legalization status of youths' states of residence. Results: Study findings failed to show a relationship between adolescents' use of marijuana and state laws regarding marijuana use. Relationships were found for increased marijuana use by older youths, females, and non-Hispanic youths. Youths whose parents completed 2 or more years of college were less likely to report marijuana use than those whose parents completed fewer than 2 years of college. Conclusions: Albeit study findings do not support predictions of growing marijuana use by adolescents in states with liberalized adult use laws, further monitoring of adolescents' use with larger and more representative samples is needed.     

学龄前1型糖尿病儿童家庭功能的现状及影响因素分析

目的探讨学龄前1型糖尿病儿童家庭功能的现状及影响因素。方法选取郑州大学附属儿童医院内分泌遗传代谢科于2017年2月至2020年2月收治的124例学龄前(3～6岁, 男66例, 女58例)1型糖尿病患儿及其主要照顾者, 按家庭功能程度差异分为家庭功能较佳组和家庭功能较差组, 收集两组患儿家属人口学资料、临床指标及相关量表评分, 分析1型糖尿病儿童家庭功能现状, 行单因素、多因素logistic回归分析家庭功能影响因素。统计学方法采用t检验、χ2检验。结果 124例学龄前1型糖尿病儿童整体家庭功能评定量表(FAD)评分为(108.24±10.23)分, 其中, ≤120分84例, >120分40例, 家庭功能较佳占比达67.74%(84/124);除性别、年龄、居住地址、家族遗传史外, 两组文化程度、婚姻状况、家庭月收入、医保情况、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PBG)及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、家庭亲密度和适应性量表(FACSⅡ-CV)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)比较, 差异均有统计学意义(χ2=5.560、9.804、2.698、6.483, ...