胃壁胆碱能神经分布与溃疡病的关系

目的：为溃疡病的发病机理及临床防治提供形态学根据。方法：采用Ｋａｒｎｏｖｓｋｙ－Ｒｏｏｔｓ法，观察了１０例溃疡病人及４例正常人胃壁胆碱能神经纤维分布特点，并做统计学处理，结果：胃壁各层均有红棕色的乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）阳性纤维，但粘膜上皮和固有层上部未见ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维。检测胃壁ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维分布密度，病人（２．６８±０．１０）高于正常人（１．１４±０．０１），Ｐ＜０．０１。结论：溃疡病发病与胆碱能神经密切相关。     

移植放射性物质辐射处理异种神经后去神经...

将＾６０Ｃｏ辐照先期处理后的兔胫神经移植于大白鼠的坐骨神经。术后４，８，１２，１６周分别取术侧的腓肠肌，用乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡｃｈＥ）组织化学方法显示神经终末及运动终板。术后４周出现较弱的ＡｃｈＥ阳性反应；术后８，１２，１６周的ＡｃｈＥ阳性反应是棕红色或棕灰色沉淀，分布较规则，结合镀银的切片上还见神经纤维与ＡｃｈＥ阳性部位相连，呈典型的“爪状分枝”。结果提示：异种神经经＾６０Ｃｏ辐照先期处理后再移植，     

人胚胎视网膜内神经丝蛋白的出现和分布

用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法研究了２５０例４－３８周人胚胎视网膜中神经丝蛋白（ＮＦ）的出现和分布。发现第３２周胎儿视网膜神经纤维层出现ＮＦ阳性纤维。至出生时，神经纤维层卫性纤维增多、增粗，但仍未达成人的水平。人胎视网膜ＮＦ主要分布于节细胞轴突，成人除节细胞胞体和轴突外，内网层也有少数ＮＦ阳性纤维。     

以单胺荧光和胆碱酯酶组织化学技术观察家兔、大鼠胃壁神经和5-羟色胺细胞分布及其相互关系

以单胺类荧光和胆碱酯酶组织化学技术,观察了家兔和大白鼠胃壁神经和5-羟色胺细胞分布。并以同一切片做荧光和胆碱酯酶连续显示方法,观察它们之间的形态学相互关系。在胃底腺分布着5-羟色胺细胞,它们不仅与交感肾上腺素能膨体末梢直接接触,还与迷走副交感胆碱能末梢接触,说明胃壁5-羟色胺细胞可直接受到神经活动的影响。在胃底腺腺细胞有交感和副交感神经末梢分布,这可提供神经控制胃液分泌的根据。有部分支配胃底腺细胞的两种神经末梢,分布位置和形态一致;在肌层平滑肌间和胃壁各层中细小动脉壁也存在可相重合的神经末梢分布。胃壁肾上腺素能和胆碱能神经末梢,在显微镜下所观察到的相互重合,支持药理学上提出的这两种神经末梢具有交互作用。在含非特异胆碱酯酶反应,可见胃粘膜上皮下固有膜内,存在分支的神经末梢交互联成网状,可能是传入性质,对其功能意义做了讨论。     

老年性学习记忆减退大鼠新皮质和海马结构胆碱能纤维的定量研究

用Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ水迷宫行为检测方法以青年组平均逃避潜伏期９５％和９９％正常值范围上限值为界将老年大鼠分为学习记忆正常组（老年正常组）和学习记忆减退组（老年减退组）,以Ｈｅｄｒｅｅｎ等推荐的ＡＣｈＥ组织化学染色方法结合形态计量方法对各组大鼠的额、枕、内嗅皮质、海马ＣＡ１区多形层、腔隙分子层和齿状回分子层外带的胆碱能纤维密度进行分析,结果显示老年减退组较老年正常组、青年组各层（除枕叶外）ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维数量均明显减少（Ｐ０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）。老年正常组与青年组相比各层阳性纤维数量有所减少,但除海马ＣＡ１区腔隙分子层差异显著外,其余差异均无显著性。相关分析结果表明大鼠各层ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维数量与其平均逃避潜伏期呈负相关关系,与原平台象限游泳距离占总距离百分比呈正相关关系。本研究提示老年性学习记忆能力减退与新皮质、海马结构胆碱能纤维溃变密切相关。     

猕猴海马结构和皮质内AChE阳性纤维的分布及年龄变化

用组织化学方法，结合体视学测量研究ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维在猕海马结构，内嗅区皮质和前额区皮质的分布和年龄变化。结果显示海马结构和皮质内ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维呈不同的板层样分布，前者纤维密度明显高于内嗅区皮质和前额区皮质，被检各区的密度随年龄增加呈降低－升高－降低的动态变化趋势（２－６岁纤维密度降低，６－１４岁升高，１４－２４岁再降低）。表明ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维在猕猴海马结构，内嗅区皮质和前额区质的分布具有年龄相关     

应激性溃疡胃壁胆碱能神经超微结构变化

目的：探讨脑血管病发生时应激性溃疡的发病机理及防治。方法：采用透射电镜和组化电镜技术，观察了１０例应激性胃溃疡病人及４例正常人胃壁的胆碱能神经的超微结构，用多功能医学图像分析系统检测了神经终末的囊泡数目和大小，进行统计学处理。结果：组化电镜下乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）阳性反应物以散在颗粒形式出现在神经纤维内，其大小不等，直径约６０ｎｍ。神经终末有３种囊泡：无颗粒、有颗粒和大暗颗粒囊泡。检测无颗粒囊泡数目，病人的（９９％）高于正常人的（７６％），Ｐ＜０．０１。结论：应激性溃疡发病与胆碱能神经密切相关     

蒙古种沙土鼠痛海马胆碱能神经局部分布

目的：对蒙古种沙土鼠背海马乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性纤维和末梢的局部分布作分区分层的研究。方法：应用乙酰胆碱酯酶纤维染色及计算机图像扫描和统计学分析等方法。结果;背海马局部乙酰胆碱酯酶纤维和末梢的分布按密度从大到小排列为：ＣＡ２,ＣＡ３区辐射层〉ＣＡ４区（齿状回门区）〉齿状回多形层〉齿状回下支分子层〉齿状回上支分子层,背海马分子层〉ＣＡ１,ＣＡ２,ＣＡ３区多形层。     

I─B4阳性纤维和终末及P物质受体在大鼠腰骶髓内的分布

为了探讨传递伤害性刺激信息的Ｃ纤维终末与ＳＰ受体（ＳＰＲ）阳性结构间的关系，用Ｉ－Ｂ４组织化学法和ＳＰＲ免疫组织化学法，光镜下观察了大鼠腰骶髓内Ｉ－Ｂ４阳性纤维及其终末和ＳＰＲ阳性胞体及其树突的分布。结果显示：被Ｉ－Ｂ４特异标记的阳性纤维及其终末主要分布于腰骶髓后角Ｉ、ＩＩ层以及内、外侧束。另外，在腰骶髓的后连合核区（ＤＣＮ）也有相当数量的Ｉ－Ｂ４阳性纤维及其终末分布。说明了伤害性刺激信息主要传递至腰骶髓内的后角Ｉ、ＩＩ层，同时也有相当一部分伤害性刺激信息传递至腰骶髓的ＤＣＮ区。传递至ＤＣＮ区的Ｉ－Ｂ４阳性纤维主要通过沿后角内侧缘走行的内侧束，从而为ＤＣＮ区参与内脏伤害性刺激信息传递及其调制机制提供了进一步的证据。ＳＰＲ阳性胞体和树突主要分布于腰骶髓的后角Ｉ层、Ｉ～Ⅳ层，后角侧缘的内、外侧束也有少量分布。此外，ＤＣＮ区也有大量的ＳＰＲ阳性树突和散在的阳性胞体。双重反应的结果显示两者在Ｉ、ＩＩ层及ＤＣＮ区的分布相互匹配，从而推测被Ｉ－Ｂ４标记的初级传入Ｃ纤维及其终末可能含有Ｐ物质     

足底伤害性刺激条件下大鼠腰骶髓SP、CGRP、L－ENK样神经成分的变化

将１０％福尔马林１５０～２００μｌ注入大鼠一侧后肢足底，用注入等量０．９％生理盐水作为对照，分别于刺激后５、１５、３０、６０、９０、１２０ｍｉｎ和１２、２４、４８ｈ取材，进行免疫组化反应（ＡＢＣ法），观察脊髓腰骶段后角浅层及后连合核区的ＳＰ、ＣＧＲＰ、Ｌ－ＥＮＫ样纤维和终末的分布，并随机抽样进行图像分析．结果显示：在福尔马林刺激后，脊髓后角浅层和后连合核区的ＳＰ、ＣＧＲＰ样阳性纤维和终末在５～６０ｍｉｎ明显减少，而到１．５～１２ｈ却呈增加趋势，１２ｈ后逐渐恢复正常．而Ｌ－ＥＮＫ样纤维和终末始终无明显变化．本文结合文献讨论了上述变化与痛与镇痛机制的关系。     

Dual innervation of the mammalian urinary bladder A histochemical study of the distribution of cholinergic and adrenergic nerves

The pattern of autonomic innervation of the urinary bladder was studied in the cat, dog, rabbit and rat, using specific histochemical technics for acetylcholinesterase and norepinephrine. Cholinergic and adrenergic ganglion cells exist in all layers throughout the bladder wall. Large cholinergic and adrenergic nerve trunks coursing in the adventitial coat and deep lamina propria branch into the muscularis. The terminal cholinergic ramifications form a neuroterminal plexus which surrounds every smooth muscle cell in the bladder wall. The terminal adrenergic fibers are less abundant, do not form a plexus, and show regional variations in number at different levels and depths of the muscularis. These variations suggest that two regions of the bladder, namely the base and body, may be distinguished on the basis of differences in muscular innervation. In the lamina propria cholinergic and adrenergic nerves are grouped as deep and superficial subepithelial nerves. The latter form networks of variable complexity and supply fibers to the epithelium. Throughout the bladder wall, the blood vessels have a dual cholinergic and adrenergic perivascular plexus from which fibers extend into the media. Although the basic pattern of innervation is similar in the species studied, certain variations exist in the relative abundance and arrangement of epithelial and subepithelial nerves. The muscularis has a uniform cholinergic and a variable adrenergic innervation in different species.     

Acetylcholinesterase-activity in rectal mucosa of children with obstipation

Summary The results are presented of a clinical-enzyme histochemical evaluation of the activity of acetylcholinesterase in the rectal mucosa of 46 children with obstipation. In four cases abundant and coarse acetylcholinesterase positive nerve fibres were present in the lamina propria of the mucosa. Only in these 4 cases was the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease supported by the clinical course.Local accumulations of fine acetylcholinesterase positive nerve fibres or accumulations of acetylcholinesterase positive foamy or structureless material were not correlated with Hirschsprung's disease.     

Cholinergic innervation of the simian oxyntic gastric mucosa

The innervation of the oxyntic gastric mucosa was studied by light and electron microscopy in the rhesus monkey. An abundant net of acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves was seen in the lamina propria, with many slender fibers noted close to the basal lamina of the glands. Electron microscopic observation disclosed the presence of nerve fibers containing axons and varicosities in the lamina propria, often in very close proximity to the epithelial glandular cells. Nerve endings partly enveloped by a Schwann cell were occasionally seen in direct contact with a parietal cell.     

Photoperiodic influence on the innervation of the ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens of Phodopus sungorus--light microscopic studies

The influence of long (LD 16:8) and short (LD 8:16) photoperiods on the autonomic innervation of the ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens of Phodopus sungorus was studied using the glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) histochemical methods. ACHE-positive nerve fibres could be demonstrated in the smooth muscle layer along the whole sperm transporting duct, in the lamina propria and within the epithelium of the ductus deferens. The extent and intensity of enzymatic reaction did not change between LD 16:8 and LD 8:16 conditions. An adrenergic nerve plexus was found in the smooth muscle layer of the sperm transporting duct. Especially in the ductus deferens, the intensity of fluorescence and the number of adrenergic nerves decreased in animals kept at short photoperiods. The influence of androgens on the sympathetic innervation of the ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens was discussed.     

Innervation of the Epithelium and Lamina Propria of the Urethra of the Female Rat

The aim of this study was to characterize the number, type and distribution of immunochemically identified nerves in epithelium and lamina propria of the female rat urethra. Urethras from female Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 12) were fixed, frozen and sectioned (8 μm). Standard immunohistochemical techniques were used to identify putative nerves using the following antibodies: calcitonin gene related peptide (cgrp), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNos), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (vacht). The number, distribution and characteristics of all immunoreactive (IR) structures adjacent to the urethral epithelium and in the lamina propria was assessed. In the bladder, few cgrp-IR and vacht-IR fibers were associated with the urothelium or suburothelium of the lateral wall. In contrast, large numbers of vacht-IR, nNos-IR and cgrp-IR fibers were found close to the epithelium and subepithelium of the bladder neck and throughout the urethra. The number of cgrp-IR fibers was significantly higher in the urethra in comparison with the bladder neck. A population of undescribed cgrp-IR cells associated with the bladder neck and proximal urethra has been characterized. Each of these cells appears to be associated with a nerve fiber. In the distal urethra, the number of peptidergic fibers penetrating the epithelium was significantly higher than the rest of the urethra. Clearly, this study has revealed a highly complex and heterogeneous network of putative afferent nerves fibers along the length of the urethra. These structural specializations need to be taken into account when probing the different functions of the urethra. Anat Rec, 302:201–214, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Histochemical localization of NADPH-diaphorase in neurons of the pheasant ileum

Localization patterns of NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons in the pheasant ileum were investigated using an enzyme histochemical method. NADPH-diaphorase activity in the pheasant ileum was demonstrated in neuronal cells bodies and nerve fibres. The NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve cells showed a polygonal shape and were present solitary or arranged in groups in the submucosal and muscular layers. Nerve fibres penetrated the wall of the ileum at its serosal surface, frequently in the vicinity of ileal arterial branches. They were abundantly present in muscular and submucosal layers of the ileum forming thicker nerves. Some nerve fibres traversed the submucosa into the lamina propria mucosae to form dense nerve plexuses. Fine nerve fibres were found to penetrate into intestinal villi encompassing the crypts underneath the epithelium. We conclude that the pheasant ileum is characterized by abundance of NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve structures which may play a significant functional role in the small intestine of the pheasant.     

Comparative anatomical and neurohistological observations on the tongue of Japanese pika (Ochotona hyperborea yezoensis,kishida)

The tongue of the Japanese pika was investigated using the silver impregnation method. On the dorsum, three vallate papillae, arranged in a row transversely, and foliate papillae with 12–13 clefts were observed. The papillae are both covered with an upper thickened epithelium. The abundant nerve fibers are widely distributed in the subpapillary layer of the lamina propria to form the subpapillary nerve plexus, which is composed of non-myelinated and thick myelinated fibers, and ganglion cells. The taste buds, of an embryonic type with an indefinite border, are located as a mass in both walls of the papillae symmetrically, closely associated with a small number of the fine fibers from the subpapillary plexus. They are large in size and penetrate into the subgemmal connective tissue. Their aspect suggests a peculiar receptive apparatus surrounding the orifice of the serous gland-ducts. In the papilla regions the serous glands are plentiful deep in the muscles and their ducts open into the bottom of the trench and furrow. The dorsum is densely packed only with the filiform papillae which are covered with highly cornified, thickened stratified squamous epithelium and poor in nerve supply, but the smooth inferior surface is well supplied with sensory nerves ending free and is furnished with many taste buds. No apical glands are present. The tongue contains many ganglion cells alongside the nerve fiber bundles running toward the apex.     

Sensor cells and nerve terminals in some gut-derived organs: a review

The intestinal mucosa is supplied with intraepithelial sensor paraneurons and with nerve fibers restricted in the lamina propria. The present study compares some gut-derived and -related organs in regard to their neuroparaneuronal elements deviated in structure and function from those in the gut. At the light microscopic level the urethra contains intraepithelial sensor paraneurons with ramified cell base containing serotonin and sensory nerves penetrating the epithelium to reach the lumen. The trachea and bronchi contain, besides sensor paraneurons, numerous sensory nerves within the basal layer of the epithelium. These nerves are proposed to form a sensory complex, being associated with the epithelial cells. The respiratory portion of the nasal mucosa lacks intraepithelial paraneurons, while revealing numerous sensory nerves passing through the epithelium to directly detect stimulants in the air.     

Close contacts between mast cells and nerve fibres in the human oxyntic mucosa.

The study of mast cells and nerve fibres in routine biopsies of human oxyntic mucosa was performed with the use of microscopic and ultrastructural methods. Simultaneous visualization of mast cells with Alcian blue and nerves with anti S-100 antibody allowed to study contacts between these two elements of lamina propria. Approximately 17% of mast cells appose nerves in gastric mucosa, which is less than the number of such contacts in the gut reported by other authors. We have found no differences between histologically normal mucosa and gastritis in the aspect of the total number of mast cells per 1 mm2 of lamina propria, number of their contacts with nerves and the ratio of mast cells apposing nerves to the total amount of mast cells. The ultrastructural study revealed significant polymorphism of mast cell-neuron contacts as well as the absence of any specialized structures at the site of adhesion between these two types of cells. The mode of degranulation of mast cells suggests that they are actively engaged in the reaction to noxious stimuli challenging the oxyntic mucosa.