上腔静脉引流入左心房手术矫正成功一例

本文报道1例上腔静脉引流入左心房的手术矫正方法。先切开上腔静脉和右房上部,再切开房间隔,显露左房内的上腔静脉开口。补片上缘和腔静脉开口后缘相缝合,其他边缘和房间隔的切口缘相缝合,这样就将上腔静脉开口隔入右房。用猪心包补片加宽上腔静脉和右心房,以防上腔静脉开口堵塞。术后恢复满意。文中还讨论该病的诊断问题。     

Electrical connection between the right atrium and the superior vena cava,and the extent of myocardial sleeve in a patient with atrial fibrillation originating from the superior vena cava

We describe a case in which the superior vena cava (SVC) was electrically isolated by an application of radiofrequency energy to a point with electrical connection between the right atrium and the SVC in a patient with atrial fibrillation (AF) originating from the SVC. The connection was located in the posteroseptal region between the right atrium and the myocardial sleeve extending into the SVC. Local AF occurred after radiofrequency ablation and rapid activities were recorded all around the SVC, whereas the atrium was still in sinus rhythm. It is suggested that focal AF in the SVC contributes not only to the initiation but also to the maintenance of AF, and the myocardial sleeve extends into the SVC through a connection point to cover the entire internal lumen.     

Sinus node injury as a complication of superior vena cava isolation

We report a case with SVC ectopy initiating AF; the origin and breakout point of the sinus node was inside the SVC, and the SVC ectopy was conducted through the same path as the sinus node activation to depolarize the right atrium. Injury to the sinus node happened after successful isolation of SVC.     

Bilateral superior vena cava with right superior vena cava draining into left atrium

Anomalies of systemic venous return are extremely heterogeneous congenital malformations with variable ranges from completely normal physiology to severe forms of right to left shunting requiring surgical treatment. Anomalous drainage of a right-sided superior vena cava (SVC) to the left atrium (LA) is one of the rarest variants of systemic venous return anomalies, characterized by right-to-left shunt physiology and cyanosis. Here we report a 2 years old girl presented with cyanosis which was observed shortly after birth by her parents but not further investigated. She is otherwise active girl and with normal growth and development. Her clinical examination was unremarkable apart from mild clubbing of the fingers and low oxygen saturation of 88–90% in room air. Her ECG and chest X-ray were unremarkable. Echocardiography showed bilateral SVC connected by a small innominate vein. The right SVC drains directly into the LA while the left SVC drains into the right atrium (RA) via a dilated coronary sinus. There is a small superior sinus venosus type atrial septum defect (ASD) with left to right shunt. Also, there is partial anomalous pulmonary venous return with right upper and right middle pulmonary veins draining directly into the right SVC, which is connected to LA. The right lower pulmonary vein and left pulmonary veins drain directly to LA. The rest of her echocardiography demonstrated normal heart structures and function. This patient was referred for surgical correction, including baffling of the right SVC to the RA and closure of the ASD. We describe this case to highlight the importance of recognizing this rare anomalous systemic venous connection as one of the very rare causes of cyanosis in the pediatric age group as well as at older age.     

Transvenous defibrillator implantation in patients with persistent left superior vena cava and right superior vena cava atresia

In this report a transvenous cardioverter defibrillator implantationis described in two patients with a persistent left-sided superiorvena cava and right SVC atresia. In the first case, manoeuvringof the guide wire inserted through the left subclavian veininto the SVC proved impossible, revealing a left SVC originatingfrom the left brachiocephalic vein with an acute corner. Changingthe side of implantation and inserting a CPI Endotak catheterthrough the right subclavian vein, the lead was easily advancedthrough the left SVC into the coronary sinus and then into theright atrium with the tip abutting the lateral atrial wall.Subsequent manoeuvres allowed passage of the tip of the catheterinto the right ventricular apex with the proximal defibrillationcoil of the Endotak lead in the low left SVC, with its distallimit at the junction with the coronary sinus. A biphasic waveformsingle pathway RVleft SVC successfully defibrillated with astored energy of 5 J. In the second patient, implantation of a transvenous Medtronicsystem was possible from a left infraclavicular approach. Atripolar R V coil was inserted into the right ventricle viathe persistent left SVC and contiguous coronary sinus. Becauseof the acute angle required to enter the R V in this secondcase, the R V lead was looped in the right atrium in order toenter the RV in a satisfactory, albeit atypical RV location.This patient was successfully defibrillated with a 5 J monophasicwaveform delivered between the RV coil, a CSIleft SVC coil,and a subcutaneous patch. In conclusion, both of these patients illustrate the abilityto use transvenous ICDs successfully in patients with persistentleft superior vena cava although the implantation techniquedeviates substantially from traditional methods.     

A case of mediastinal abscess due to Enterococcus faecalis accompanied with superior vena cava syndrome

Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome caused by benign diseases is rare. We reported a case of mediastinal abscess due to Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) accompanied with SVC syndrome and reviewed the literature on this particular condition. A 38-year-old female with swelling of the neck and dilatation of cervical vein was admitted to our hospital, being diagnosed as having a SVC syndrome. Chest roentgenogram revealed an enlargement of the right upper mediastinum and a massive infiltration in the right upper lung field. CT scan demonstrated a mass with central necrosis occupying the right upper mediastinum and stenosis of superior vena cava. Further conformation of the stenosis of vena cava was made by means of venography. E. faecalis was recovered from the pus aspirated from the mediastinal abscess, and a definitive diagnosis of SVC syndrome caused by mediastinal abscess due to E. faecalis was made. There has been no report, to our knowledge, on mediastinal abscess evolving SVC syndrome in which E. faecalis was identified as a causative organism. The present case indicates that a benign disease such as lung abscess should be considered to be a possible cause of SVC syndrome in addition to other frequent malignant diseases.     

Influence of power setting on superior vena cava potential during right pulmonary vein isolation

Purpose

High-power short-duration (HP-SD) ablation could reduce collateral tissue damage by shortening the conductive heating phase. However, it is difficult to evaluate the transmural effect of ablation lesions during pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) procedures. The present study aimed to evaluate the change in superior vena cava (SVC) potential delay as a surrogate marker of collateral tissue damage during right PVI, which is adjacent to SVC.

Methods

Out of 250 consecutive patients who underwent PVI, 86 patients in whom SVC potential during sinus rhythm was recorded both before and after right PVI were analyzed. In 46 of the patients, an HP-SD setting of 45–50 W was used (HP-SD group). In the remaining 40 patients, a conventional power setting of 20–30 W was used (conventional group). We compared the change in SVC potential delay after right PVI, radiofrequency energy, and mean contact force in the anterior–superior right PVI line, which was close to the posterior aspect of SVC, between the two groups.

Results

Although the total delivered radiofrequency energy (2,924 J vs. 2,604 J) and the mean contact force (18.5 g vs. 16.0 g) in the SVC overlapping area did not differ, the change in SVC potential delay after right PVI was significantly longer in the conventional group compared to the HP-SD group (5.0 ms vs. 0.0 ms, p?<?0.001).

Conclusions

The changes in SVC potential delay after right PVI might be a surrogate marker of collateral tissue damage according to the used energy settings.

     

Adenosine can also improve the conduction between the superior vena cava and right atrium after isolation

A 64-year-old man with atrial tachycardia (AT) 3 years after a superior vena cava (SVC) isolation for atrial fibrillation underwent electrophysiologic testing. SVC mapping with a basket catheter revealed a more frequent activation in the SVC than in either of the atria during the AT and consequently the recovered conduction between the SVC and right atrium. The conduction improved from 3 or 4–1 conduction to 2–1 conduction after adenosine was administered. Ectopic firing in the SVC persisted even after restoration of sinus rhythm by the successful SVC isolation, which was confirmed by adenosine.     

Superior vena cava rupture caused during balloon dilation for treatment of SVC syndrome due to repetitive catheter ablation--a case report

A 29-year-old woman with an implanted AAI mode permanent pacemaker, who had undergone catheter ablation for inappropriate sinus tachycardia 4 times, experienced complications of superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome. Severe stenosis of the SVC wall was observed in computed tomograms. During balloon dilation for the treatment of SVC syndrome, the SVC was ruptured, resulting in cardiac tamponade. An emergency operation was performed using percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS). A longitudinal tear 1 cm in length was identified at the junction of the right atrium and the SVC, requiring a patch plasty using an autologous pericardium 2.5 cm x 3 cm in size. SVC rupture is a complication to be completely avoided when we perform balloon dilation for the treatment of SVC syndrome. Therefore, the indication of balloon dilation for the treatment of SVC syndrome requires critical examination and attention.     

Congenital aortocaval fistula between right aortic sinus of Valsalva and superior vena cava: A rare case report

Thoracic aortocaval fistula is a very rare cause of left to right shunt. Drainage of fistula into the superior vena cava (SVC) is very uncommon. Clinical symptoms depend on the size of the shunt. We report a rare case of an asymptomatic 27‐year‐old woman with congenital aortocaval fistula to the SVC with a small amount of left to right shunt that was considered for serial medical follow‐up.     

单一靶静脉电隔离治疗阵发性心房颤动的疗效评价

探讨阵发性心房颤动 (PAF)靶静脉的标测方法 ,评价电隔离单一靶静脉的临床效果。选择 2 0 0 1年 8月～2 0 0 3年 5月 90例连续住院PAF病人中进行单一静脉电隔离的 14例病人。男 10例、女 4例。年龄 5 1± 10 (39～6 4 )岁。均有频发的PAF。常规放置冠状静脉窦电极导管、右室尖部电极导管。进行两次房间隔穿刺。放置环形标测电极导管 (LASSO电极 )以及大头消融电极导管。进行肺静脉 (PV)和 /或上腔静脉 (SVC)标测。以心律失常的始发激动最早 ,并且明显比体表心电图的心房电位提前、电活动频率最快的PV或SVC为靶静脉 ,进行电隔离。结果 :全部病例即刻电隔离均获成功。 10例病人电隔离靶静脉后 ,静脉肌袖内无自发的电活动。 4例病人靶静脉电隔离后 ,静脉肌袖内仍存在电活动。 5例PV电隔离术后PAF再发病例中 3例再次进行经验性其它PV电隔离。随访 10 .5± 9.2月。停用任何抗心律失常药物 ,11例无临床症状及PAF证据。进行单一静脉电隔离的成功率为6 4 .3% (9/ 14 ) ,其中进行单一PV电离的成功率为 4 4 .4 % (4/ 9)。 5例SVC电隔离术后无复发。结论 :PV相关的PAF在不同时段内可能由不同的PV肌袖触发或驱动PAF发生。单一静脉电隔离可能仅适用于较肯定判断为SVC起源的PAF。     

Dynamic changes in superior vena caval configuration based on posture]

To noninvasively study positional effects on superior vena caval configuration in humans, endoscopic ultrasonography was performed in 34 subjects including 20 with lung cancer, 5 with esophageal cancer and 9 with other diseases. None of the these subjects had cardiovascular involvement or respiratory dysfunction. A fiberoptic esophagoscope equipped with a 7.5 MHz linear array ultrasonic transducer at its tip (EPE-703, Toshiba-Machida) was used for the study. The actual movement of the superior vena cava (SVC) was clearly observed at the hilar level in all cases. During the cardiac cycle the anteroposterior diameter of the SVC was observed to reach a maximum at the atrial systole and reached a minimum at the late ventricular systole. With respiration, the SVC increased in diameter during inspiration and decreased during expiration. Moreover M and B mode figures of the SVC wall were recorded in left (LLD) and right decubitus (RLD) and supine position (SUP) in 34 subjects. On quiet ventilation of FRC level the diameter of the SVC was unchanged. Both the maximal and minimal diameters of the SVC, which were corrected for body surface area (BSA), were 11.3 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SEM) mm/m2 and 9.8 +/- 0.3 mm/m2 in right lateral decubitus position, 9.4 +/- 0.3 and 7.9 +/- 0.3 in the supine position, 8.5 +/- 0.3 and 7.1 +/- 0.3 in the left lateral decubitus position, respectively. The size of the SVC was the greatest in the right lateral decubitus position and was the smallest in left lateral decubitus position (p less than 0.01, multiple comparison). It was suggested that the geometry of the SVC is influenced by thoracic pressure and gravity and that it behaves very similarly to pulmonary vascular vessels as a collapsible tube.     

Optimization of transvenous coil position for active can defibrillation thresholds

INTRODUCTION: Lead systems that include an active pectoral pulse generator are now standard for initial defibrillator implantations. However, the optimal transvenous lead system and coil location for such active can configurations are unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefit and optimal position of a superior vena cava (SVC) coil on defibrillation thresholds with an active left pectoral pulse generator and right ventricular coil. METHODS AND RESULTS: This prospective, randomized study was performed on 27 patients. Each subject was evaluated with three lead configurations, with the order of testing randomized. Biphasic shocks were delivered between the right ventricular coil and an active can alone (unipolar), or an active can in common with the proximal coil positioned either at the right atrial/SVC junction (low SVC) or in the left subclavian vein (high SVC). Stored energies at defibrillation threshold were higher for the single-coil, unipolar configuration (11.2 +/- 6.6 J) than for the high (8.9 +/- 4.2 J) or low (8.5 +/- 4.2 J) SVC configurations (P < 0.01). Moreover, 96% of subjects had low (< or = 15 J) thresholds with the SVC coil in either position compared with 81% for the single-coil configuration. Shock impedance (P < 0.001) was increased with the unipolar configuration, whereas peak current was reduced (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The addition of a proximal transvenous coil to an active can unipolar lead configuration reduces defibrillation energy requirements. The position of this coil has no significant effect on defibrillation thresholds.     

Upper cavo‐pulmonary anastomosis by transcatheter technique

Objectives: The aim of this animal study was to establish a shunt connection between superior vena cava (SVC) and right pulmonary artery (RPA) by transvascular intervention solely. Background: After initial shunt creation, the establishment of the upper cavo‐pulmonary anastomosis (UCPA) is the second out of three open chest operations young infants with univentricular anatomy are subjected to. To avoid the risks of reoperation with cardiovascular bypass, we sought to replace this surgical step by an interventional technique. Methods: After cannulation of jugular and femoral veins in four piglets (mean body weight of 12.5 kg) an UCPA was created by radiofrequency perforation from the SVC across the right atrium into the RPA and subsequent implantation of covered stents. The perforation was guided by biplane fluoroscopy and the perforation wire premounted with a coaxial catheter was advanced into the distal pulmonary artery and exchanged for a stiffer wire. A long sheath was brought into the RPA and an 80 mm long expanded poly‐tetra‐fluoro‐ethylene (ePTFE)‐covered Cheatham Platinum stent was then implanted connecting the SVC with the RPA. Results: Immediate angiography showed antegrade flow from SVC to RPA. Angiographic re‐evaluation after a median period of 4 weeks showed partial in‐stent stenosis but patent lumina. Additionally, veno‐venous collaterals from the SVC to the right atrium had developed. Histology of the explanted stents revealed parietal thrombi and mild to moderate pseudo intima proliferation inside the lumina. Conclusions: The transvascular creation of an upper unidirectional cavo‐pulmonary anastomosis in piglets is technically feasible using standard catheterization equipment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Exit block of focal repetitive activity in the superior vena cava masquerading as a high right atrial tachycardia

An unusual case of atrial tachycardia (AT) originating from the superior vena cava (SVC) is reported. A 34-year-old man without structural heart disease underwent catheter ablation for drug-resistant AT. During the tachycardia, low-amplitude spiky electrograms with a cycle length of 120 to 175 msec were recorded in the SVC and exhibited 2:1 exit block to the atria, masquerading as the atrial activation observed with high right AT. These spiky electrograms also were observed during sinus rhythm, but they appeared immediately after the local atrial electrograms. The spikes were traced to a point 3 cm above the junction of the right atrium. Radiofrequency ablation at the site of the earliest appearance of the spike in the SVC successfully eliminated the tachycardia. During the following 15 months, no clinically significant atrial arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, occurred. This report indicates that careful mapping, including inside the SVC, will be a requisite in patients with high right atrial tachyarrhythmias.     

Isolated persistent left-sided superior vena cava,giant coronary sinus,atrial tachycardia and heart failure in a child

Persistence of a left-sided superior vena cava (PLSVC) with absent right superior vena cava (isolated PLSVC) is a very rare venous malformation and commonly associated with congenital heart disease or alterations of the cardiac situs. We describe an unusual case of a young boy presenting with persistent atrial tachycardia and congestive heart failure. He was detected to have unexplained grossly dilated right atrium, right ventricle with systolic dysfunction and a giant coronary sinus (CS). The dilated CS closely mimicked a pseudo cor-triatriatum on echocardiography. Contrast echocardiography from both arms revealed opacification of the CS before the right atrium. Bilateral upper limb venography confirmed the presence of absent right SVC and isolated persistent left SVC draining into the giant coronary sinus.     

心房颤动上腔静脉节段性电隔离方法及安全性评估

目的:分析心房颤动(房颤)上腔静脉节段性电隔离的具体手术方法,并评估其安全性。方法:入选2017年11月至2018年9月期间我院阵发性房颤患者50例,患者常规进行肺静脉隔离后,继续行上腔静脉隔离。消融前进行上腔静脉造影,显示上腔静脉与右心房解剖关系,并在CARTO系统运用PentaRay电极导管进行上腔静脉及右心房三维解剖重建,将消融大头送至上腔静脉与右心房交界上方约1~2 cm处,沿上腔静脉壁环行起搏消融大头远端,并确定膈神经反应部位,并在上腔静脉及右心房三维解剖模型进行标记,在相同水平部位行上腔静脉线性消融,消融中避开模型中所标记的侧膈神经反应部位。结果:入选患者均进行肺静脉电隔离+上腔静脉电隔离,在上腔静脉消融中49例患者均在未消融到引起膈肌刺激部位时已成功隔离上墙静脉电位,仅一例患者需消融术中标记到的膈肌刺激部位而放弃上腔静脉电隔离,术中及围术期无一例出现膈神经麻痹及窦房结损伤。术后随访12个月,未发现患者出现膈神经损伤及窦房结损伤相关症状。结论:根据本中心方法行上腔静脉隔离方法安全有效。     

Case of lung cancer with chylothorax]

A 42-year-old man had swelling in the right side of the neck, cough and chest pain. On admission, an abnormal shadow was detected in the right upper lung field and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome was diagnosed. Concurrent radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin and vinorelbine induced a partial response. At 15 months after diagnosis, he was re-admitted because of bilateral pleural effusion and facial edema due to relapse of SVC syndrome. Examination of the milky right pleural effusion revealed chylothorax (959mg/dl of beta-lipoprotein and 675mg/dl of triglyceride). The right effusion was finally controlled by pleurodesis with OK-432. Non-traumatic chylothorax is a rare complication of lung cancer.     

Giant saccular superior vena cava aneurysm—a rare and difficult clinical case

A superior vena cava (SVC) aneurysm is an extremely rare case of vascular malformation in the chest cavity. This is a report of a case of a 57-year-old woman with a saccular SVC aneurysm which was 8 cm wide. The chest computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed a giant 75 mm × 79 mm × 81 mm mass containing the contrast medium from SVC, constricting the right lung parenchyma, narrowing the right innominate vein, in contact with the anterolateral chest cavity wall, and adjoining the superior mediastinum. Under general anesthesia and employing the median sternotomy approach, using a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the venous aneurysm was successfully resected. The postoperative period was uneventful. Radical surgical resection using a sternotomy and a CPB is recommended.     

A case of adenosquamous carcinoma with unknown origin and with superior vena cava syndrome as the first symptom]

This report is concerning a case of adenosquamous carcinoma having unknown origin and showing SVC syndrome as the first symptom. A 44 year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of facial edema at the beginning of April 1990. He was diagnosed as having a mediastinal tumor of the SVC syndrome type. Resection of the SVC tumor and part of the pericardium was performed on June 20, 1990. The operation had extraordinary findings. Lymph nodes adhering to tumor invaded the adjacent right side of the trachea and were situated in a rosette-like form. Furthermore, a part of the tumor stemmed into the lumen of the superior vena cava causing complete obstruction. The pathological diagnosis of the SVC tumor was adenosquamous carcinoma, however, no clinical examinations could identify its original matrix. Mediastinal tumors of unknown origin are reported as about 1% of all mediastinal tumors, and are responsible for 0.68% of all carcinomas in the mediastinum. This was one experience of a rare case of mediastinal tumor having unknown origin and showing SVC syndrome as the first symptom.