急性心肌梗死患者院内心源性休克风险列线图预测模型的构建

目的:分析急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者术后院内心源性休克(CS)的风险因素,依此建立预测AMI患者院内CS发生风险的列线图模型。方法:通过胸痛中心数据库及医院信息系统回顾性分析我院心内科住院且接受急诊冠状动脉(冠脉)介入治疗的327例AMI患者的临床资料,依据患者住院期间CS的发生情况将受试对象分为CS组(52例)和非CS组(275例),利用LASSO回归模型和多因素Logistic回归分析AMI患者发生院内CS的风险因素,并建立个性化的CS预测模型。结果:LASSO回归结果提示,白细胞计数、肌酐、尿素氮、尿酸、氨基末端脑钠肽前体、左室射血分数及合并新发心房颤动为AMI患者发生院内CS的重要风险因素(P0.05)。利用上述7个预测指标构建了列线图模型。内部验证后,列线图预测AMI患者发生院内CS的AUC值为0.888(95%CI:0.840～0.922),灵敏度为0.832,特异度为0.782。校准曲线提示列线图模型的偏差校正曲线与理想曲线具有较好的一致性。临床决策曲线分析法提示列线图模型的预测概率阈值处于0～0.8时,患者的临床净收益水平最高。结论:本研究依据院内CS发生的重要风险因素构建了个性化的CS发生风险预测模型,经相关指标证实该预测模型具有较好的预测效率和临床适用性,能准确、有效地预测AMI患者院内CS的发生风险,从而协助临床医护人员筛选高CS风险患者,制定针对性的干预措施,降低AMI患者术后CS的发生率。     

老年高血压患者非心脏手术围术期主要不良心血管事件发生风险列线图模型构建与验证

背景临床上老年高血压患者非心脏手术围术期发生主要不良心血管事件(MACE)的风险较高,通过构建个体化预测非心脏手术围术期发生MACE的列线图模型极其重要。目的构建老年高血压患者非心脏手术围术期MACE发生风险列线图模型,并评估其区分度和一致性。方法选取2017年3月至2021年1月扬州大学附属医院收治的择期进行非心脏手术的老年高血压患者244例为研究对象。根据患者非心脏手术围术期MACE发生情况,将其分为MACE组(58例)和非MACE组(186例)。收集患者临床资料,采用单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析探讨老年高血压患者非心脏手术围术期发生MACE的影响因素;将确定的影响因素引入R 3.6.3软件及rms程序包,构建预测老年高血压患者非心脏手术围术期MACE发生风险的列线图模型;绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线以评估该列线图模型的区分度,采用校准曲线与Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验评估其一致性。结果多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,高血压分级[OR=4.432,95%CI(1.661,11.827)]、ST段压低≥0.05 mV[OR=2.894,95%CI(1.366,6.131)]、术中输入浓缩红细胞量[OR=1.014,95%CI(1.010,1.019)]、冠心病[OR=2.444,95%CI(1.172,5.099)]是老年高血压患者非心脏手术围术期发生MACE的影响因素(P<0.05)。基于多因素Logistic回归分析结果,构建预测老年高血压患者非心脏手术围术期MACE发生风险的列线图模型,该列线图模型预测老年高血压患者非心脏手术围术期发生MACE的曲线下面积为0.825[95%CI(0.766,0.884)]。列线图模型预测老年高血压患者非心脏手术围术期MACE发生风险的校准曲线与实际曲线基本吻合,且Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验结果显示,χ2=8.958、P=0.346。结论高血压分级、ST段压低≥0.05 mV情况、术中输入浓缩红细胞量、冠心病是老年高血压患者非心脏手术围术期发生MACE的影响因素,本研究基于以上4项影响因素构建的老年高血压患者非心脏手术围术期MACE发生风险列线图模型的区分度和一致性均较好。     

基于HALP评分的列线图模型对肝细胞癌患者肝切除术后预后的预测价值

目的 探讨HALP 评分在肝细胞癌(HCC)患者肝切除术后预后评估中的应用价值,分析基于HALP评分的列线图模型能否有效预测患者术后生存情况。方法 回顾性分析2013年7月—2020年3月在西南医科大学附属医院肝胆外科手术治疗的253例HCC患者临床资料。通过绘制ROC曲线,计算出 HALP 和其他有关指标的最佳截断值。采用χ²检验分析HALP与临床病理特征之间的关系。使用Kaplan-Meier方法绘制生存曲线,并采用Log-rank检验进行比较。进行单因素分析和多因素Cox回归模型,分析HALP及其他临床参数与患者预后的关系。通过 R 3.6 软件构建列线图,使用C指数及校准图评价列线图的预测能力,通过净重新分类指数(NRI)、综合判别改善指数(IDI)比较列线图模型和传统模型的预测能力。结果 Kaplan-Meier分析显示高HALP组患者OS、RFS优于低HALP组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001)。单因素Cox回归分析显示WBC、GGT、ALP、AFP、手术方式、微血管侵犯、TNM分期、分化程度、HALP、AST/ALT、NLR、MLR均与...     

急性心肌梗死患者院内死亡风险列线图预测模型的构建

目的:探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者院内死亡的影响因素,构建预测AMI患者院内死亡的列线图模型。方法:收集中国科学技术大学附属第一医院心内科2017-01-2018-12收治的331例行急诊冠脉介入治疗的AMI患者,按住院期间是否发生院内死亡分为院内死亡组(25例)和非院内死亡组(306例),利用最小绝对收缩选择算子(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator,LASSO)回归法和多因素Logistic回归分析AMI患者院内死亡的影响因素,并建立预测AMI患者院内死亡的列线图模型。结果:LASSO回归及Logistic回归分析结果均提示,NT-proBNP、心率、随机血糖、血肌酐、中性粒细胞绝对值为AMI患者发生院内死亡的独立影响因素(P0.05)。利用上述指标构建列线图模型,经内部验证(Bootstrap重抽样1 000次)后可知,该模型预测AMI患者院内死亡发生的曲线下面积(AUCROC)为0.927(95%CI:0.855～0.998),灵敏度为88.00%,特异度为94.10%。结论:本研究结果显示NT-proBNP、心率、随机血糖、血肌酐、中性粒细胞绝对值为AMI患者发生院内死亡的独立危险因素,依此绘制的列线图模型能直观、简洁地为AMI患者提供个体化的院内死亡风险预测。     

高原地区内镜微创保胆取石术后结石复发新型预测列线图的构建和验证

目的对内镜微创保胆取石术后结石复发相关因素进行分析,根据独立危险因素,建立预测术后结石复发风险的列线图模型。方法回顾性分析2012年1月—2018年1月在青海大学附属医院接受内镜微创保胆取石术的144例胆囊结石患者的临床资料。根据术后结石复发情况将患者分为无复发组(n=130)和复发组(n=14)。两组间计数资料比较采用χ2检验。通过LASSO和logistic回归分析评价患者术后结石复发的独立风险因素,根据回归系数绘制相应的列线图预测模型。通过绘制校准曲线评估预测列线图的可靠性;采用Harrell一致性指数以量化预测列线图的判别性能;通过受试者工作特征曲线来评估该预测模型的灵敏度、特异度,计算曲线下面积(AUC)。结果144例患者内镜微创保胆取石术手术均获得成功,其中14例(9.7%)术后复发结石。通过多因素分析确定了4个影响复发的独立危险因素,分别为家族史(OR=3.245,95%CI:0.752~13.567,P=0.104)、饮食的规律性(OR=3.752,95%CI:1.067~14.141,P=0.041)、结石的均一性(OR=5.871,95%CI:1.636~25.390,P=0.010)和药物依从性(OR=0.225,95%CI:0.057~0.799,P=0.024)。列线图模型在建模样本中的一致性系数(C-index)为0.835(95%CI:0.732~0.938),在验证样本中的C-index为0.7925,说明本研究列线图模型具有良好的精准度和区分度。预测列线图的AUC值为0.835,表明该列线图预测价值较高。结论家族史、饮食的规律性、胆结石的均一性和药物依从性是内镜微创保胆取石术后结石复发的独立危险因素,根据上述独立危险因素建立的列线图有助于预测术后结石复发的风险。     

基于seer数据库肺癌脑转移预测模型的构建

目的全球范围内,肺癌的发病率高居首位,肺癌的脑转移也越来越引起人们的重视,而预测脑转移的模型很少。本研究拟建立一个全新的模型和列线图来预测肺癌患者脑转移的发生概率,有助于临床决策并使得患者受益。方法本研究从SEER数据库中提取58 514例肺癌病例,并按照7∶3的比率将患者随机分为训练队列和验证队列,确定并整合风险因素以构建列线图,并使用SEER数据库对该模型进行内部验证。结果本研究纳入了14个独立的预后因素,校准曲线显示出良好的一致性,训练集中的C指数为0.826(95%CI:0.654～0.844),验证集中为0.829(95%CI:0.666～0.846)。结论本研究建立了实用的列线图来预测肺癌患者的脑转移,能较好指导临床决策。     

心力衰竭重症患者院内死亡率的预测模型：基于MIMIC-Ⅲ数据库的回顾性研究

[目的]基于重症监护医学数据库(MIMIC-Ⅲ)分析心力衰竭重症患者院内死亡率的预后因素并构建预测模型。[方法]从MIMIC-Ⅲ数据库中提取心力衰竭患者的相关数据。随机将研究对象(n=8 604)按7∶3分为训练组(n=6 022)和验证组(n=2 582),结局为院内死亡率。对训练组进行LASSO-Logistic回归分析,确定心力衰竭患者院内死亡率的预后因素,并据此构建列线图模型。受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估列线图模型的区分度,校准曲线评估列线图模型的校准能力,决策曲线分析(DCA)和临床影响曲线(CIC)评估列线图模型的临床疗效。[结果] LASSO-Logistic分析表明,红细胞分布宽度(RDW)、呼吸频率、血氧饱和度、急性生理评分Ⅲ(APSⅢ)评分和简化急性生理评分Ⅱ(SAPSⅡ)是心力衰竭重症患者院内死亡率的独立预测因素。在训练组和验证组中,ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.775(95%CI:0.757～0.792)和0.767(95%CI:0.742～0.793),校准曲线与对角线均高度重合,平均绝对误差为0.009和0.016,表明预测模型具有较好的区分度和校...     

严重冠状动脉钙化患者冠状动脉旋磨术后心力衰竭风险预测模型的建立与评估

目的:探讨冠状动脉(冠脉)旋磨术对严重冠脉钙化的冠心病患者的治疗效果，建立术后心力衰竭(心衰)风险预测的模型。方法:选取240例患有严重冠脉钙化的老年患者作为研究对象，并根据术后1年随访结果分为心衰组和非心衰组。调查患者接受冠脉旋磨术后1年的心衰风险指标，绘制列线图和临床决策分析(DCA)曲线；计算ROC曲线下面积(AUC)、绘制校准图对列线图进行内部验证。结果:冠脉旋磨术1年后，对所有患者进行随访，心衰组和非心衰组左室射血分数(LVEF)、N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、肌酐、血糖等10个生化指标存在显著性差异。多因素logistic回归模型具有较好的拟合优度(χ²=4.796,P=0.779),ln(NT-proBNP)、肌酐、血糖、胆固醇、LVEF、术后支架内狭窄及Syntax评分能够作为患者术后心衰发生的独立危险因素(均P<0.05)。DCA曲线反映列线图预测模型具有良好的临床实用性；预测模型可以准确预测患者预后，AUC为0.890(95%CI:0.840～0.934),校准曲线1年的预测生存概率与实际生存概率基本一致，平均绝对误差(MAE)...     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后主动脉内球囊反搏应用的危险因素分析及预测模型的构建

目的：探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术（coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG）后应用主动脉内球囊反搏（intra-aortic balloon pump,IABP）的危险因素,构建预测CABG术后应用IABP风险的列线图模型。方法：回顾性收集2020年3月至2022年9月,在河南省人民医院心脏中心行CABG手术的161例冠心病患者的临床资料,根据CABG术后是否应用IABP将患者分为IABP组（58例）和非IABP组（103例）。通过单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析筛选影响CABG术后应用IABP的危险因素,应用R软件建立预测IABP应用风险的列线图模型,利用ROC曲线下面积（AUC）、校准曲线和Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验评估列线图预测模型。结果：多因素Logistic回归分析显示：术前NT-proBNP(OR=1.288,95%CI:1.063～1.560,P=0.010)升高、术前肌钙蛋白T(TnT)(OR=2.460,95%CI:1.079～5.383,P=0.032)升高、术前LVEF(OR=0.873,95%CI:0.830～0...     

基于SEER数据库的胃癌预后列线图模型的构建与验证

目的 探讨胃癌患者的预后风险因素,构建一个列线图预后预测模型来预测胃癌患者的总生存期(overall survival, OS)。方法 基于SEER数据库,对2010年至2015年诊断为胃癌患者数据进行回顾性分析。对纳入变量进行单因素和多因素Cox回归分析,筛选出影响胃癌患者生存的独立危险因素,利用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线。根据临床经验及统计学结果纳入危险因素,用于构建胃癌患者的预后模型并绘制列线图。采用C-index、ROC曲线和校准曲线评价临床预测模型。结果 本研究共纳入3 052例胃癌患者。构建了胃癌患者的1年、3年和5年预后预测模型。使用C-index评估列线图模型的准确性,训练集中C-index的结果为0.780(95%CI:0.769～0.793),验证集中C-index的结果为0.763(95%CI:0.743～0.783)。通过ROC曲线评估列线图模型。训练集ROC曲线的1年、3年和5年生存率AUC分别为0.844、0.852和0.858。验证集中ROC曲线的1年、3年和5年生存率AUC分别为0.824、0.829和0.842。训练集及验证集中的校准图也表...     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

CagA-Hp抗体IgG与胃炎的组织学分析

研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与胃炎的关系。方法对204例慢性胃炎患者胃粘膜进行观察分析,并测定其中137例Hp阳性患者血清CagA-Hp抗体IgG水平,与组织学对照。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生患者血清CagA抗体IgG明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);其他类型胃炎患者血清CagA抗体IgG水平无明显增高(P＞0.05)。结论CagA-Hp可能是导致慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生的因素之一,对这类患者应密切随访观察。     

慢阻肺急性加重期患者预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者预后的相关危险因素。方法回顾性调查、收集58例AECOPD患者可能影响其预后的相关因素,并对其分别进行单因素分析。并进行Logistic多元逐步回归进行多因素分析,筛选影响AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素。结果单因素分析后将结果 P0.1的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归,分析发现是否合并呼吸衰竭、气促程度、白细胞计数、APACHEⅡ、应用抗氧化剂、慢阻肺治疗依从性为影响AECOPD患者预后不佳的独立因素(P0.05)。结论根据AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素,及早判断,选择合适的后续治疗方案,对提高其生存率及生存质量具有重要意义。     

Results of treatment of fistula-in-ano

To evaluate the application of Parks' classification in the management of patients with fistula-in-ano, a study was undertaken to assess the outcome of surgery, especially with respect to the recurrence rate and alteration of continence. A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive patients who were classified at the time of operation was conducted. The distribution of fistulas was as follows: intersphincteric, 41.9 percent, transsphincteric, 52.1 percent, suprasphincteric, 1.3 percent, extrasphincteric, 0. A horseshoe extension occurred in 8.8 percent of the fistulas and 3.8 percent did not exactly conform to the classification as they were either complex or combinations of more than one type of fistula. The sole immediate postoperative complication was bleeding, which occurred one week postoperatively and ceased spontaneously (0.7 percent). Alteration in continence occurred in 6 percent of patients with 2.6 percent experiencing temporary incontinence to flatus, 1.3 percent to liquid stool, and 0.7 percent to solid stool. Permanent loss of control for flatus occurred in one patient (0.7 percent) and for liquid stool in one patient (0.7 percent). No patients suffered loss of control for solid stool. Recurrence developed in 6.3 percent of patients, all between five and 25 months postoperatively. Classifcation was found to be a useful guide in the operative management of patients with fistula-in-ano. Read at the joint meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons with the Section of Colo-Proctology, Royal Society of Medicine, and the Section of Colonic and Rectal Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 6 to 11, 1984.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

Intake of energy drinks in association with alcoholic beverages in a cohort of students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks (ED) are a widely used group of beverages known for their stimulant effects on central nervous system (CNS). The main components of ED are caffeine, taurine, carbohydrates, glucuronolactone, inositol, niacin, pantenol, and beta-complex vitamins. The studies evaluating the effects of ED describe improvements in attention and/or reaction times and indices of alertness. It has been also shown that combination of caffeine and glucose, fundamental constituents of ED, can ameliorate deficits in cognitive performance and subjective fatigue during extended periods of cognitive demand. Moreover, the associated ingestion of alcohol and ED has recently been observed to be becoming more and more widespread. METHODS: With the aim to know the habits and uses of students, we administered a questionnaire containing questions regarding ED drinking alone or in association with alcoholic beverages. Five hundred students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina were interviewed, and 450 filled the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 56.9% of students declared using ED. A great part of users (48.4%) associate frequently ED and alcohol. In particular, 35.8% of ED + alcohol users have used ED + alcohol more than 3 times in the last month. Distinguishing the users into 2 groups (users of ED + alcohol and users of both ED and ED + alcohol), we observed in the second group a major use of cocktail containing a mix of ED and alcoholic beverages. This difference between the 2 groups is less represented about the ingestion of ED + alcohol in the night. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that association of ED + alcohol is very popular among students. This behavior can be dangerous. In fact, the combination of ED + alcoholic drinks can reduce adversive symptoms of alcohol intoxication including the depressant effects. As consequence, users of ED + alcoholic beverages might not feel the signs of alcohol intoxication, thus increasing the probability of accidents and/or favoring the possibility of development of alcohol dependence.