参麦注射液联合氢化可的松治疗儿童脓毒症的临床研究

目的探讨参麦注射液联合氢化可的松注射液治疗儿童脓毒症的临床疗效。方法选取2015年6月—2017年6月内蒙古医科大学附属医院收治的脓毒症患儿96例作为研究对象,根据入院顺序将患儿随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各48例。对照组患儿静脉滴注氢化可的松注射液,50 mg氢化可的松注射液与0.5 g维生素C加入5%葡萄糖注射液250 mL中,1次/d。治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上静脉滴注参麦注射液,50 mL加入5%葡萄糖注射液200 mL,1次/d。两组患儿均连续治疗7 d。观察两组患儿临床疗效,同时比较两组治疗前后的体温、心率、急性生理学与慢性健康状况(APACHEⅡ)评分、血乳酸水平、24h乳酸清除率、急诊重症监护室(ICU)入住时长、7d死亡率、血清学指标和免疫细胞比例。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为81.25%、93.75%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组体温、心率、APACHEⅡ评分、血乳酸水平均显著降低(P0.05);而治疗后治疗组上述指标水平明显均低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,治疗组的24 h乳酸清除率显著高于对照组,ICU入住时间、7 d死亡率均显著低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、血清降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、TOLL样受体4(TLR4)、Toll/IL-1受体衔接蛋白(TIRAP)水平均显著降低(P0.05);且治疗后治疗组血清学指标水平均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,两组CD4+T细胞、NK细胞比例均显著升高,CD8+T细胞比例显著降低,同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),且治疗后治疗组患者免疫细胞水平显著优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论参麦注射液联合氢化可的松注射液治疗儿童脓毒症疗效显著,可显著降低患儿机体炎症反应并改善患儿免疫功能,具有较好的临床推广应用价值。     

红细胞分布宽度在脓毒性休克患者中的变化研究

目的 观察红细胞分布宽度(RDW)在脓毒性休克患者中的变化情况及其临床应用价值。 方法 将研究对象分为脓毒性休克组(脓毒性休克组又分为死亡组和存活组)、脓毒症组和健康对照组,观察各组患者的RDW水平,同时与C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、动脉血乳酸(Lac)、急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ)和序贯器官衰竭估计评分(SOFA)等进行相关性分析。 结果 脓毒性休克组、脓毒症组患者RDW明显高于健康对照组(P＜0.05)。与存活组相比,死亡组入院后1、3、5、7、10 d的RDW升高(P＜0.05)。入院第1个24 h脓毒性休克组RDW与CRP、PCT、APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分成正相关性(r=0.836,0.683,0.589,0.727,0.311,P＜0.05)。RDW与APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分联合可以提高脓毒性休克患者的死亡预测能力。 结论 RDW水平升高对脓毒症具有预示作用,同时对脓毒性休克患者不良预后具有判断作用。     

参附注射液联合血必净对脓毒性休克患者血清细胞因子的影响

目的探讨参附注射液联合血必净治疗脓毒性休克患者的临床疗效,观察其对血清细胞因子的影响。方法将126例脓毒性休克患者随机分入对照组(n=62)与观察组(n=64),对照组接受常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗的基础上给予参附注射液联合血必净治疗。比较两组治疗前后APACHEⅡ、Mashall评分、血流动力学及血清细胞因子的改变。结果治疗后3 d,观察组患者收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)及中心静脉压(CVP)显著优于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后1周,观察组APACHEⅡ、Mashall评分显著低于对照组(P<0.05),血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论参附注射液联合血必净治疗脓毒性休克可显著改善血流动力学,降低血清细胞因子水平。     

胸腺肽α1联合氢化可的松治疗脓毒症休克的临床研究

目的探讨胸腺肽α1联合氢化可的松注射液治疗脓毒症休克的临床疗效。方法收集2014年3月—2017年3月在承德市中医院治疗的脓毒症休克患者72例,根据用药差别分为对照组(36例)和治疗组(36例)。对照组静脉滴注氢化可的松注射液,50 mg加入生理盐水100 m L,1次/6 h。治疗组在对照组基础上皮下注射注射用胸腺肽α1,10 mg加入生理盐水1 m L,1次/d。两组均经过10 d治疗。评价两组患者临床疗效,同时比较治疗前后两组患者血清学指标和APACHEII评分改善情况。结果治疗后,治疗组总有效率和病死率分别为83.33%、8.82%,均分别显著优于对照组的61.11%、32.14%;两组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组血清降钙素原(PCT)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、TOLL样受体4(TLR4)和Toll/IL-1受体衔接蛋白(TIRAP)水平均明显降低,同组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组比对照组降低更显著,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组APACHEII评分均显著降低,同组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组APACHEII评分显著低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论胸腺肽α1联合氢化可的松注射液治疗脓毒症休克可有效降低机体炎症反应和APACHEII评分,临床疗效较好,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

血必净注射液治疗脓毒性休克的疗效观察

目的观察血必净注射液辅助治疗脓毒性休克的疗效。方法将同期收治的41例脓毒性休克患者随机分为治疗组(21例)和对照组(20例)。两组均予常规治疗,在此基础上观察组加用血必净注射液。分别观察两组患者治疗前后心率、凝血酶原时间、白细胞计数及病死率。结果血必净注射液治疗后,治疗组的心率、凝血酶原时间、白细胞计数与对照组比较有显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);病死率较对照组显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论血必净注射液能对脓毒性休克发病的多环节起阻断作用,明显降低其病死率,改善预后。     

脓毒性休克患者应用乌司他丁联合胸腺肽α1治疗对其APACHEⅡ评分及乳酸清除率的影响观察

目的探讨给予脓毒性休克患者乌司他丁联合胸腺肽α1联合治疗对其急性生理学与既往健康状况Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分及乳酸清除率的影响作用。方法选取2016年5月～2019年6月本院收治的50例脓毒性休克患者,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各25例。对照组患者给予常规治疗,观察组在此基础上联合乌司他丁、胸腺肽α1治疗,观察比较两组临床疗效、APACHEⅡ评分及乳酸清除率。结果观察组患者临床治疗总有效率(88.0%)明显高于对照组(64.0%);观察组患者治疗后乳酸清除率、APACHEⅡ评分明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论治疗脓毒性休克患者采用乌司他丁联合胸腺肽α1治疗临床效果明显,可有效提高乳酸清除率,促进患者预后。     

1-磷酸鞘氨醇在脓毒性休克患者表达及其与预后关系的研究

目的分析1-磷酸鞘氨醇(Sphingosine-1-phosphate,S1P)在脓毒性休克患者表达及其与预后的关系。方法选择136例脓毒症患者作为研究对象,分为单纯脓毒症、重度脓毒症和脓毒性休克3个亚组;比较各组血清S1P、降钙素原(Procalcitonin,PCT)表达水平、急性生理和慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(Acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ,APACHEⅡ)、死亡率;根据脓毒性休克患者的APACHEⅡ,分为<15分、15~20分、>20分3个分段,比较不同分段的血清S1P、PCT表达水平、死亡率;根据脓毒性休克患者的预后情况,分为死亡组和存活组,比较两组患者的血清S1P、PCT表达水平、APACHEⅡ评分;采用Spearman相关分析脓毒性休克患者血清S1P表达水平与PCT、APACHEⅡ评分、死亡率的相关性。结果脓毒性休克组血清S1P、PCT表达水平、APACHEⅡ评分、死亡率均高于单纯脓毒症组、重度脓毒症组(P<0.05);而单纯脓毒症组与重度脓毒症组的血清S1P、PCT表达水平、APACHEⅡ评分、死亡率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);APACHEⅡ<15分、15~20分、>20分脓毒性休克患者的血清S1P、PCT表达水平、死亡率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);脓毒性休克患者血清S1P、PCT表达水平、死亡率随着APACHEⅡ评分提高而提高,各APACHEⅡ分段间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);死亡组血清S1P、PCT表达水平、APACHEⅡ评分均高于存活组(P<0.05);经Spearman相关分析,脓毒性休克患者血清S1P与PCT表达水平、APACHEⅡ评分、死亡率均呈明显正相关(r=0.381、0.358、0.463,P<0.01)。结论 S1P在脓毒性休克患者血清中表达水平显著提高,且与患者预后呈负相关,通过监测血清S1P表达水平,可评估病情严重程度和预后。     

参麦注射液辅助治疗感染性休克患者疗效分析及对细胞免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨感染性休克患者应用参麦注射液辅助治疗的效果,且观察对患者细胞免疫功能的影响.方法 本组感染性休克患者82例随机分为试验组和对照组,每组患者41例.对照组给予常规西医治疗,试验组在常规西医基础上结合参麦注射液辅助治疗.两组均以7d为疗程.对比分析两组疗效,治疗前与治疗7d后血乳酸、降钙素原(PCT)及细胞免疫功能变化.结果 试验组好转率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(70.73％比46.34％,P＜0.05).两组治疗后血乳酸浓度和PCT较治疗前下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),试验组治疗后血乳酸浓度和PCT低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).对照组治疗后CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),试验组治疗后CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+较治疗前增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),试验组治疗后CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 感染性休克患者应用参麦注射液辅助治疗效果明显,且能够改善患者细胞免疫功能.     

30例血必净注射液治疗脓毒性休克患者心肌损伤的临床分析

目的 探究30例血必净注射液治疗脓毒性休克患者心肌损伤的临床分析.方法 对照组给予常规治疗,观察组在此基础之上给予血必净注射液治疗,观察对比两组APACHEⅡ评分及心肌损伤标志物水平.结果 两组经治疗后,APACHEⅡ评分及cTn Ⅰ、BNP、CK-MB、LDH指标均较治疗前明显下降（P＜0.05）,且观察组的各项观察指标均明显低于对照组,组间比较差异具有统计学意义,P＜ 0.05.结论 对脓毒性休克患者早期应用血必净注射液治疗,可有效改善心肌功能,减少心肌损伤,进而改善临床预后,提高抢救成功率.     

不同方法补充小剂量糖皮质激素对ICU顽固性脓毒性休克患者血流动力学 血糖波动及预后的影响

目的探讨重症监护室(ICU)顽固性脓毒性休克患者采取不同给药方式的小剂量糖皮质激素治疗对其血流动力学、血糖波动及预后的影响。方法 2组患者入住ICU后均根据脓毒性休克指南所提及的方法进行常规治疗,对照组患者给予氢化可的松200mg/d静脉滴注2h,连续治疗5d;观察组患者给予持续静脉微量泵入氢化可的松8.33mg/h,连续治疗5d。对比2组血流动力学、氧代谢、动态血糖及预后情况。结果观察组患者ICU后6h的平均动脉压(MAP)值和对照组比较明显较低(P<0.05);2组其他时间点的心率(HR)、MAP、中心静脉压(CVP)、乳酸清除率(LCR)及去甲肾上腺素(NE)使用率差异比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组患者平均血糖(MBG)检测值与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组患者最大血糖波动辐度(LAGE)、血糖波动系数(GV)、高血糖时间窗检测值和对照组比较明显较低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者的休克持续时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间以及28d病死率和对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论持续微量注射泵补充小剂量氢化可的松,能更好稳定顽固性脓毒性休克患者的血糖波动幅度,对机体代谢平衡具有良好的维护作用。但在稳定血流动力学和预后等相关方面,微量注射泵给药还未显示出优势。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.