旱獭鼠疫疫源地内非宿主动物血清FI抗体测定

我国从60年代中期开始研究鼠疫间接血凝试验(IHA)并用于现场.70年代我国各有关省区将IHA技术广泛应用于鼠疫疫源调查[1].张掖地区IHA是从80年代初开始到现在连续应用了19年.1982～2000年我们在肃南县喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地(Mamota hemanayana简称旱獭)鼠疫监测的同时,对非宿主动物的血清进行了IHA检查,结果如下.     

胶体金免疫层析法检测鼠疫F1抗体技术的应用及效果评价

目的研究鼠疫胶体金免疫层析法(GICA)快速检测鼠疫F1抗体技术在鼠疫血清学诊断、监测及流行病学调查中的应用及效果评价。方法应用GICA、双抗原夹心酶联免疫吸附试验(DAgS-ELISA)和间接血球凝集试验(IHA)对比检测190份啮齿动物血清和11份鼠疫免疫血清中鼠疫F1抗体。结果190份动物血清IHA检测结果均为阴性:GICA检测出1份阳性血清,滴度1:10;DAgS-ELISA检测出3份阳性血清,滴度1:4( ) 2份和1:16( )1份。3种方法检测11份鼠疫免疫血清均为9份阳性,但GICA敏感性低于IHA和DAgS-ELISA (GICA与IHA:t=3．257,P<0．05;GICA与ELISA:t=3．625,P<0．01;IHA与ELISA:t=1.437,P>0．05)。201份血清检测结果,GICA与IHA总符合率99．50％,与DAgS-ELISA总符合率99．00％,3种方法检测结果差异无统计学意义(x2=0．5,P>0．05)。结论GICA检测鼠疫F1抗体敏感特异、简便快速,与DAgS-ELISA同样为鼠疫血清学快速诊断和鼠疫监测中有应用价值的检测技术。     

隆林县鼠疫暴发的流行病学特征及防治效果分析

目的 分析隆林县2000年鼠疫疫情的流行病学特征。方法 对疫区鼠疫病例进行个案调查和描述性分析，用IHA法检测指示动物、鼠和人血清中鼠疫FI抗体。结果 鼠疫疫情波及2个乡(镇)7个村13个自然屯及1个水泥厂，共发生腺鼠疫病人42例，发病率达1．06％。7月份为发病高峰，病人多为天生桥水库库区后靠移民，以0-29岁青少年儿童为主。从53只自毙鼠和11份病人淋巴液中分别分离出鼠疫菌11株和4株。119份鼠血清、71份犬血清、13份猫血清中分别检出FI抗体阳性l份、8份和6份。结论 2000年隆林鼠疫疫情流行特征与云南省相似。静息多年的鼠疫自然疫源地遭到人为破坏后，生态环境发生巨大变化可能是导致本次动物鼠疫流行并波及人间的重要原因。     

2000-2005年广西自治区鼠疫监测与防治

目的分析近几年来广西自治区鼠疫监测结果,为制定鼠疫防治对策提供依据。方法对2000- 2005年广西自治区鼠疫监测结果及鼠疫疫情资料进行分析和评价。结果6年来,共捕鼠95 747只,检蚤21 173匹,培养46 814只鼠脏器,分离出26株鼠疫杆菌;对88 284份鼠血清进行间接血凝试验(IHA),阳性3份;对3 952份指示动物血清进行IHA试验,阳性34份。鼠疫累计发生在2个县的4个乡(镇)34个自然屯。结论广西自治区鼠疫疫情由爆发至扩散到初步遏制,控制效果显著。     

2008年全国鼠疫检验结果及分析

目的分析2008年全国鼠疫检验结果,供全国鼠疫省（区）的专业人员参考。方法查阅2008年全国24个省（市、区）鼠疫监测总结,按照省（市、区）和疫源地类型将其病原学和血清学检验结果进行统计和分析。结果全国用鼠疫细菌学方法检验各种动物102 499只,分离出鼠疫菌147株;检验媒介昆虫24 267组,分离出鼠疫菌43株。用间接血凝（IHA）方法检测各种动物血清131 437份,判定IHA阳性血清300份。用反相间接血凝（R IHA）方法检测各种动物材料6 048份,判定R IHA阳性材料89份。结论2008年我国在旱獭疫源地的1个县发生2例人间鼠疫,动物鼠疫在7个省（区）46个县（市、旗）发生与流行;在12类疫源地中,除黄胸鼠疫源地和阿拉善黄鼠疫源地外,其他10类疫源地动物鼠疫均有不同程度的发生与流行。     

反向血凝抑制试验(RIHI)检测鼠疫F1抗体在疫情监测和疫源地调查中的应用

在鼠疫疫情监测和疫源地调查工作中,将鼠疫 Fl 单克隆抗体致敏红细胞 (FlM_cAb-RBC) 用于反向间接血凝抑制试验 (RIHI),以间接血凝试验为对照,检测鼠疫 Fl 抗体,检测结果用 ELISA 和 SPRIA 验证,非鼠疫疫区6种动物血清1375份,RIHI 全部阴性,IHA 出现假阳性反应89份。鼠疫疫区3种动物血清713份,RIHI 检出 Fl 抗体阳性反应72份,未出现假阳性反应,IHA 检出 F1 抗体阳性反应44份,出现假阳性反应21份,几何平均滴度 RlHl 比 IHA 高2~(1.45)。RIHI 的特异性和敏感性均高于 IHA ,且简便、稳定、快速,是取代 IHA 检测鼠疫 Fl 抗体的理想方法。     

1991～2000年中国鼠疫概况及疫情分析

目的：介绍1991-2000年中国鼠疫概况，并分析10年来中国鼠疫疫情。方法：对1991-2000年全国监测资料进行整理、统计、分析。结果：目前我国有10种类型鼠疫自然疫源地，分布于19个省（区），273个县（市、旗）。10年发生鼠疫病人550例，死亡48例；检出鼠疫菌4711株，检出IHA阳性血清2743份。结论：1991-2000年人和动物间疫情都十分活跃，流行强度明显增强，新的疫源县不断发现，流行范围逐渐扩大，疫情流行呈上升趋势。     

赤峰市黄鼠鼠疫血清流行病学研究

目的了解黄鼠鼠疫现状，分析疫情动态，为防治鼠疫工作提供科学依据。方法选用鼠疫间接血凝试验（IHA）方法，对采集的黄鼠血清进行检测，依据GB16883—1997鼠疫自然疫源地及动物鼠疫现疫流行区判定标准判定疫区，对疫情进行流行病学分析。结果1995～2005年共设调查点99个，检验黄鼠血清21028份，阳性29份，FI抗体滴度在1：40～1：2560之间，阳性血清分布在6个年度8个地区，皆被判定为鼠疫现疫流行区。结论赤峰市黄鼠鼠疫已进入活跃期，建议各地积极采取综合性防治措施。血清流行病学方法调查鼠疫疫情，可缩短有限鼠疫疫源面积的监测周期。     

ELISA双抗原夹心法检测鼠疫FI抗体的效果评价

目的比较ELISA双抗原夹心法与IHA法检测人血清中鼠疫FI抗体的最低检出限,符合率以及检测ELISA的特异性,以确定ELISA检测技术能否在鼠疫监测、诊断和流行病学调查中得到应用。方法分别用ELISA双抗原夹心法和IHA（间接血凝法）检测血清298份和鼠疫阳性诊断血清1份。结果ELISA双抗原夹心法检出4份阳性血清,IHA也检出4份阳性血清,2种方法阳性检出率无差别,符合率为75％,最低检出限均为1：160。结论ELISA特异性强,阳性检出率与IHA相当,结果容易判定,可以在鼠疫病例诊断及鼠疫监测中作为常规方法推广使用。     

甘南州近年来鼠疫监测血清学检测结果分析

目的通过对甘南州近年来鼠疫监测血清学检测结果的分析,预测该疫源地旱獭鼠疫复燃的可能性。方法对1990年以来鼠疫监测中应用IHA、RIP和ELISA方法,检验该块疫源地的动物及人血清的结果进行研究,分析该地区鼠疫流行现状。结果夏河县自1991年至今用IHA方法检出22份旱獭阳性血清,用ELISA方法检出1份人阳性血清(滴度为1∶64);碌曲县用RIP方法检出2份旱獭阳性血清;历史鼠疫疫源地玛曲县用RIP方法检出1份犬阳性血清。结论该块旱獭鼠疫疫源地已渐入复燃期,应进一步加强当地旱獭鼠疫的血清学和病原学监测,开展牧羊犬血清鼠疫FI抗体检测,同时开展历史鼠疫疫源性的调查。做好群众以"三报三不"为主的宣传教育工作,进行基层医疗卫生人员的鼠疫防治全员培训,严防人间鼠疫的发生和流行。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.