突发事件卫生应急救援的组织与实务

突发事件是每一个国家和地区不得不面对的挑战.在<国家突发公共事件总体应急预案>的"总则"第一条中指出:突发公共事件是指突然发生,造成或者可能造成重大人员伤亡、财产损失、生态环境破坏和严重社会危害,危及公共安全的紧急事件~([1]).     

US emergency department costs: no emergency.

BACKGROUND: Many perceive emergency department (ED) overuse as an important cause of high medical care costs in the United States. Managed care plans and politicians have seen constraints on ED use as an important element of cost control. METHODS: We measured ED-associated and other medical care costs, using the recently released 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey of approximately 35,000 persons in 14,000 households representative of the US civilian, noninstitutionalized population. RESULTS: In 1987, total ED expenditures were $8.9 billion, or 1.9% of national health expenditures. People with health insurance represented 86% of the population and accounted for 88% of ED spending. The uninsured paid 47% of ED costs themselves; free care covered only 10%. For the uninsured, the cost of hospitalization initiated by ED visits totaled $3.3 billion, including $1.1 billion in free care. Whites accounted for 75% of total ED costs. The ED costs of poor and near-poor individuals accounted for only 0.47% of national health costs. CONCLUSIONS: ED use accounts for a small share of US medical care costs, and cost shifting to the insured to cover free ED care for the uninsured is modest. Constraining ED use cannot generate substantial cost savings but may penalize minorities and the poor, who receive much of their outpatient care in EDs.     

中小学校突发公共卫生事件应急预案现状

了解我国中小学校制定的突发公共卫生事件应急预案的具体内容,为提高中小学校预防和处置突发公共卫生事件的能力提供科学依据.方法 按社会经济发展水平,抽取全国24个省、市、自治区的100所中小学校,从13个方面对100所中小学校突发公共卫生事件应急预案的内容进行统计分析,并将城市学校与农村学校以及中学和小学的应急预案进行分类比较.结果 100所学校中,82所学校在应急预案中设立了突发公共卫生事件应急领导机构,21所公布了事件报告电话,59所学校制定了常规防范措施,28所学校建立了逐级报告制度,所有调查学校都没有制定相关的应急演练方案,33所学校制定有突发公共卫生事件的监测制度.城市学校与农村学校应急预案内容各指标的报告率差别无统计学意义,中学与小学应急预案内容报告率除工作职责和任务外其余差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).结论 中小学校制定的突发公共卫生事件应急预案,绝大多数存在内容不全面、没有针对性、可实践性较差等问题,且没有制定相应的应急演练方案.     

狗咬伤的家庭急救

现在,不少家庭都养狗,毛茸茸的小狗成了孩子的好玩伴。平时家养狗是很温驯的,但感染了狂犬病毒后,温驯乖巧的狗就成了极其危险的动物。如果不小心被猫咬伤后,伤口局部会出现红肿、疼痛,严重的可引起淋巴管炎、淋