82例巨大原发性肝癌的伽玛刀放射治疗

目的:巨大肝癌手术难度大,一般多采用非手术疗法,效果较差。本研究旨在评价无法手术切除巨大肝癌伽玛刀放射治疗疗效。方法:2004年10月至2006年10月,对82例无法手术切除的直径≥10cm原发性肝癌进行伽玛刀治疗,按照UICC分期(2002),其中T2期21例,T3期33例,T4期28例,均为N0,合并有门脉癌栓(PVTT)35例,根据Chind-Pugh肝硬化分级,A级60例,B级22例,可见肿瘤体积(GTV)为(710±213)cm3,(510-1532)cm3,每次分割剂量4-8Gy,照射次数为(10±2)次(8-14)次,肿瘤剂量(50.4±5.8),每周2-5次。结果:11例患者伽玛刀治疗后3个月内死亡,未能评价疗效,总有效率51%(36/71),1、2和3年生存率分别为45%、24%和19%。T分期、门脉癌栓、TACE和分割剂量方法对生存率的影响差异无显著性,Chind-Pugh分级是独立的预后因子(P=0.051,相对危险度=2.513)。结论:伽玛刀对于无法手术切除巨大肝癌有一定的疗效,Chind-Pugh分级是独立预后因子。     

原发性肝癌大分割三维适形放疗的预后因素分析

目的评价大分割三维适形放射治疗(3DCRT)对原发性肝癌的疗效,探讨其预后影响因素。方法对128例原发性肝癌进行大分割3DCRT。按UICC/AJCC分期,T3期83例,T4期45例,均为N0。合并有门脉癌栓(PVTT)34例,无PVTT94例。根据肝硬化Child-Pugh分级,A级108例,B级20例。大体肿瘤体积(GTV)为(458.92±429.8)cm3,中位值304.5cm3;每次分割剂量4~8Gy,照射次数7~15次;肿瘤剂量38~74Gy,每周3次,隔日一次。结果7例患者大分割3DCRT后3个月内死亡,诊断为放射性肝病,未能评价疗效。总有效(CR+PR)率为55.4%(67/121),1,2,3年生存率分别为65.0%、43.3%和33.1%。T分期、GTV、PVTT和Child-Pugh分级对预后的影响有统计学意义(P均<0.01),GTV和Child-Pugh分级是独立的预后因子(P=0.044和0.015,RR=1.001和2.528)。结论UICC/AJCCT分期和PVTT对肝癌大分割3DCRT的生存率有影响,GTV和Child-Pugh分级是独立预后因子。     

82例巨大原发性肝癌的伽玛刀放射治疗

目的：巨大肝癌手术难度大,一般多采用非手术疗法,效果较差。本研究旨在评价无法手术切除巨大肝癌伽玛刀放射治疗疗效。方法：2004年10月至2006年10月,对82例无法手术切除的直径≥10cm原发性肝癌进行伽玛刀治疗,按照UICC分期（2002）,其中R期21例,T3期33例,T4期28例,均为N0,合并有门脉癌栓（PVTT）35例,根据Chind—Pugh肝硬化分级,A级60例,B级22例,可见肿瘤体积（GTV）为（710±213）cm3,（510—1532）cm3,每次分割剂量4—8Gy,照射次数为（10±2）次（8—14）次,肿瘤剂量（50．4±5．8）,每周2—5次。结果：11例患者伽玛刀治疗后3个月内死亡,未能评价疗效,总有效率51％（36／71）,1、2和3年生存率分别为45％、24％和19％。T分期、门脉癌栓、TACE和分割剂量方法对生存率的影响差异无显著性,Chind—Pugh分级是独立的预后因子（P=0．051,相对危险度：2．513）。结论：伽玛刀对于无法手术切除巨大肝癌有一定的疗效,Chind—Pugh分级是独立预后因子。     

大剂量分割三维适形放疗对原发性肝癌门静脉癌栓的疗效

目的观察大剂量分割三维适形放疗（3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy,3DCRT）对不能手术切除的原发性肝癌（hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）门静脉癌栓（portal vein tumor thrombus,PVTT）的疗效。方法对56例不能手术切除的HCC伴PVTT患者,根据肿瘤体积大小行大剂量分割3DCRT,放疗剂量为4～8Gy,每周3次,48～58Gy,3.0～3.5周完成。大体肿瘤靶区（GTV）包括癌栓及靠近的原发灶,90%等剂量曲线覆盖计划靶区（PTV）。结果有效率（CR＋PR）为58.9%（33/56）,1、2年生存率分别为47.4%和17.5%。患者耐受性好,无严重放疗并发症。结论大剂量分割3DCRT对HCC合并PVTT有较好的疗效。     

原发性肝癌三维适形放疗后放射性肝病的影响因素

目的探讨原发性肝癌(PLC)三维适形放疗(3DCRT)后放射性肝病(RILD)的影响因素,以指导PLC的3DCRT,避免和减少RILD的发生。方法采用8MVX线直线加速器对128例PLC患者进行3DCRT。肿瘤剂量38～74Gy,分割剂量4～8Gy/次,照射7～15次,3次/周,隔日1次。对性别、年龄、T分期、GTV、HBV状况、TACE、门脉癌栓、肝硬化ChildPugh分级、BED和分割剂量与RILD的发生进行统计分析。对具有完整剂量体积直方图(DVH)资料的84例进行统计以找出与RILD发生有关的剂量学因素。结果RILD19例,发生率为14.8%。T分期、GTV、门脉癌栓和肝硬化分级单因素分析与RILD有关,但只有肝硬化分级是独立预后因子(P=0.000)。全肝平均剂量与RILD的发生有关(P=0.027)。当V5、V10和V20≤81%、69%和42%且全肝平均剂量≤28Gy时RILD的发生概率<5%(P=0.029、0.044、0.029和0.043)。结论制定PLC3DCRT计划时,充分考虑患者T分期、GTV、门脉癌栓、肝硬化分级和全肝平均剂量,尤其是肝硬化ChildPugh分级,可减少RILD的发生率。     

283例原发性肝癌三维适形放疗的预后因素分析

目的评价三维适形放射治疗（3DCRT）对原发性肝癌的疗效，探讨其预后影响因素。方法对283例原发性肝癌患者进行3DCRT，肿瘤剂量（51．85±6．55）Gy，每次分割剂量（4．55±1．02）Gy，照射次数（10±4）次，每周3次，隔日1次。结果原发性肝癌3DCRT总有效率（CR＋PR）为47．35％（134／283），1、3、5年总生存率分别为57．0％、29．0％和18．0％，性别、CLIP分期、GTV、PVTT和Child—Pugh分级对预后影响的差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．01），性别、GTV、PVTT、和Child—Pugh分级是独立的预后因素（P=0．008、0．007、0．006和0．003）。结论性别、GTV、PVTT和Child—Pugh分级是影响原发性肝癌3DCRT独立的预后因素。     

放射性肝病影响因素及肝脏放射耐受剂量的研究

目的探讨PLC三维适形放射治疗(3DCRT)后放射性肝病(RILD)的影响因素,以指导PLC的3DCRT,避免和减少RILD的发生。方法采用8MVX线直线加速器对109例原发性肝癌(PLC)患者进行3DCRT。UICCAJCCT3期65例,T4期44例。B超或CT提示有门脉癌栓者28例。根据肝硬化Child-Pugh分级,A级93例,B级16例。肿瘤剂量54Gy(38～68Gy),每次分割剂量4.6Gy(4～6Gy),每周3次,隔日1次。肝脏耐受剂量应用Logistic模型和ROC曲线进行估计。结果所有患者3DCRT治疗后中位随访时间12个月(1～52个月),RILD发生率为16%(17109)。T分期、GTV、门脉癌栓(PVT)、肝硬化分级和肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗(TACE)与RILD的发生有关(P=0.006、0.036、0.037、0.000和0.017),肝硬化分级是独立的影响因子(P=0.000)。16例肝硬化Child-PughB级患者中发生RILD9例,发生率916(56%),无法找出与RILD发生相关的剂量学因素。93例Child-PughA患者中,发生RILD的正常肝平均剂量(MDTNL)(24.9Gy±3.9Gy)和不发生RILD患者(19.9Gy±5.4Gy),有显著性差异(P=0.008)。经剂量学分析,23Gy可能是MDTNL的耐受剂量。V586%,V1068%,V1559%,V2049%,V2535%,V3028%,V3525%,和V4020%可能是DVH中的耐受剂量。结论肝硬化Child-Pugh分级是影响RILD的主要因素,Child-PughA级患者比B级患者有更好的放射耐受性。MDTNL23Gy。对于肝硬化,上述3DCRT方法需改进,以减少RILD的发生。     

三维适形放疗联合肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗伴门静脉癌栓的临床观察

目的观察三维适形放疗联合肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的疗效。方法 50例不能手术切除的PHC伴PVTT患者随机分为2组,A组根据癌栓位置先行TACE治疗1~2次,1~4周后行3DCRT,或先行3DCRT,1~2周后再行TACE治疗1~2次;B组仅行TACE治疗1~2次。大体肿瘤体积(GTV)仅包括癌栓,照射剂量为40~50 Gy,单次剂量为2~3 Gy,5次/周。比较两组疗效及不良反应。结果 A组1年生存率为28%,中位生存时间为10.3个月,有效率(CR+PR)为36%;B组1年生存率为24%,中位生存时间10.0个月,有效率为24%;P>0.05。结论3DCRT联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌伴PVTT疗效略优于TACE,但无统计学差异。     

肝癌介入治疗和三维适形放疗的临床Ⅰ/Ⅱ期试验

目的:探讨利用介入治疗和3-DCRT对肝癌进行综合治疗的疗效.方法:建立肝癌的三维适形放疗(3-DCRT)技术,对有病理组织学或细胞学证实的原发性肝癌或单发的转移性肝癌患者进行3-DCRT临床Ⅰ/Ⅱ期试验,观察其毒、副反应和近期疗效.计划常规分割照射总剂量50 Gy至58 Gy.3-DCRT之前所有患者进行经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)介入治疗.治疗计划中≥90%的等剂量面包绕PTV(planning target volume),平均肝脏剂量均小于30 Gy,V30 Gy(接受≥30 Gy剂量照射的正常肝百分体积)均小于33%.结果:30例肝癌患者包括21例原发性肝癌入组研究.部分缓解(PR)24例,一年生存率76%,中位生存时间8个月.肝脏急性不良反应反应1级2例,肝脏急性不良反应反应≥2级0例.治疗后随访至今无严重放射性肝损伤发生.结论:系统建立可靠、安全的肝癌的3-DCRT技术,在平均肝脏剂量≤30 Gy且接受≥30 Gy剂量照射的正常肝百分体积均小于33%的剂量学条件下,常规分割照射剂量58 Gy以上是可行的.     

原发性小肝癌三维适形放疗的初步结果

目的:评价三维适形放疗(3DCRT)对未行手术切除小肝癌的治疗疗效.方法:2000年1月至2005年12月期间,对28例无法进行手术切除,或患者拒绝手术的原发性小肝癌进行3DCRT.可见肿瘤体积(CTV)为58.47 26.46cm3(13.85cm3-95.36cm3),每次分割剂量2Gy-6Gy,照射次数为6-35次(11±3次),肿瘤剂量53.6±6.6Gy,每周3-5次.结果:CR16例(59%),PR10例(37%),SDO例,PD1例(3.7%).1、2和3年生存率分别为100%、85%和60%.结论:3DCRT是原发性小肝癌有效的治疗手段,毒副反应较小.     

Organ motion in image-guided radiotherapy: lessons from real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy

External radiotherapy using imaging technology for patient setup is often called image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). The most important problem to solve in IGRT is organ motion. Four-dimensional radiotherapy (4DRT), in which the accuracy of localization is improved – not only in space but also in time – in comparison to 3DRT, is required in IGRT. Real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy (RTRT) has been shown to be feasible for performing 4DRT with the aid of a fiducial marker near the tumor. Lung, liver, prostate, spinal/paraspinal, gynecological, head and neck, esophagus, and pancreas tumors are now ready for dose escalation studies using RTRT.     

国产威达（WD－H·D·R18）后装腔内治疗机的临床应用（附380例疗效观察）

我院自１９９２年６月至１９９３年６月使用广东威达（ＷＤ·Ｈ·Ｄ·Ｒ·１８型）后装腔内治疗机，施行腔内放疗、组织间插植、术中置管和表面敷贴放疗等方法，治疗各种癌瘤共３８０例，其近期疗效为：完全消失７９．７４％（３０３／３８０）部分消失：１４．７４％（５６／３８０）无效：５．５３％（２１／３８０）；总有效率：９４．４８％（３５９／３８０）。全组随诊时间为１－１２个月。结合临床应用的若干问题对该机作出初步评价。     

2019年中国大陆地区放疗人员和设备基本情况调查研究

[目的]了解我国大陆地区放疗人才及设备情况。[方法]2019年4月10日至9月20日期间,中华医学会放射肿瘤治疗学分会通过线上问卷的形式进行了全国第九次行业调查,调查2018年度全国各个医院从事放疗的人员、设备、技术、年放疗人次以及主要放疗病种等数据。[结果]本次问卷回收率100%,所有放疗单位数据通过各省医学会再次确认。中国大陆地区放疗单位1463家。从事放疗的工作人员共29096人,其中放疗医师14575人、物理师4172人、技师8940人、维修师1409人。共有直线加速器2021台(含进口和国产),钴60远距离治疗机66台,近距离治疗机339台,质子重离子机5台,常规模拟机1453台,CT模拟机355台。能开展二维放疗1002家,三维适形放疗1272家,静态调强放疗1121家,Rapid Arc145家,容积旋转调强放疗279家,立体定向放射治疗297家,近距离治疗273家,全身X线治疗75家,全身电子线治疗73家,Tomo治疗38家,质子/重离子治疗5家。病床数97836张(含综合医院肿瘤科病床),放疗年治疗人数1259602人。[结论]中国大陆地区放疗单位数目缓慢增长,放疗从业人员较前稍减少,开展放疗新技术单位逐年增加,全国每百万人口放疗设备(加速器+钴60)仅1.5,仍低于WHO的要求。     

Clinician's guide to prostate IMRT plan assessment and optimisation

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) offers dosimetric benefit for irregularly shaped treatment volumes compared to three-dimensional conformal approaches. Some groups advocate IMRT as the standard of care for prostate radiotherapy. For clinicians, assessment of an IMRT plan can introduce new opportunities and challenges. Although a standard IMRT plan may be deemed acceptable by meeting pre-set dose constraints, further optimisation may yield a superior treatment plan by further reducing dose to critical structures or improving target volume homogeneity. The aim of this article is to present aspects of IMRT planning relevant to clinicians to aid in plan critiquing.     

Evaluation of a Novel Field-placement Algorithm for Locoregional Breast Cancer Radiotherapy Including the Internal Mammary Chain

Aims

Irradiation of the internal mammary chain (IMC) is increasing following recently published data, but the need for formal delineation of lymph node volumes is slowing implementation in some healthcare settings. A field-placement algorithm for irradiating locoregional lymph nodes including the IMC could reduce the resource impact of introducing irradiation of the IMC. This study describes the development and evaluation of such an algorithm.

Radiothérapie adaptative : stratégies et bénéfices selon les localisations tumorales

Adaptive radiotherapy (ART) is a complexe image-guided radiotherapy modality that comprises multiple planning to account for anatomical variations occurring during irradiation. Schematically, two strategies of RTA can be distinguished and combined according to tumor locations. One or more replanning can be proposed to correct systematic variations such as tumor shrinkage. A library of treatment plans with day-to-day plan selection from cone-beam CT imaging can also be proposed to correct random variations such as uterine motion or bladder/rectum volume changes. Because of strong anatomical variations occurring during irradiation, RTA appears therefore particularly justified in head and neck, lung, bladder, cervical and rectum and pancreas tumors, and to a lesser extent for prostate tumors and other digestive tumors. For these tumor locations, ART provides a fairly clear dosimetric benefit but a clinical benefit not yet formally demonstrated. ART cannot be proposed in a routine practice but must be evaluated medico-economically in the context of prospective trials. A rigorous quality control must be associated.     

非小细胞肺癌3D-CRT与IMRT立体定向放疗剂量学比较

目的:研究三维适形(3D-CRT)和逆向调强(IMRT)两种计划方式在进行早期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)立体定向放射治疗(SBRT)的剂量学差异。方法:选取接受放射治疗的早期NSCLC患者12例,分别采用3D-CRT和IMRT技术设计SBRT治疗计划。比较两种计划方式下PTV的相关剂量学参数(CI、HI、D1%、D99%),肺、胸壁、心脏及脊髓的剂量学参数(Vx、Dmean、Dmax),以及加速器的机器跳数、治疗时间等差异。结果:在PTV相关参数比较中,3D-CRT计划的CI、HI以及D1%均差于IMRT,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05;但是两者的D99%差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。在危及器官受量的比较中,3D-CRT与IMRT计划的患侧肺V5～V40、健侧肺V5～V15、双侧肺V5～V40、胸壁V5～V40、Dmean、心脏V20～V40、Dmean及脊髓Dmax的差异均无统计学意义,P>0.05。3D-CRT计划的机器跳数及治疗时间较IMRT计划分别减少了53%和78%,P<0.05。在绝对剂量体积比较中,3D-CRT的V60～V75及V45～V60均大于IMRT,V20～V45小于IMRT,差异均无统计学意义,P>0.05。结论:IMRT计划在早期NSCLC行SBRT治疗中不具有明显的剂量学优势。考虑到IMRT实施过程的复杂性和不确定性,早期NSCLC行SBRT治疗时3D-CRT可作为首选。     

The Long and the Short of it: the Role of Short-course Radiotherapy in the Neoadjuvant Management of Rectal Cancer

Total mesorectal excision is the cornerstone of treatment for rectal cancer. Multiple randomised trials have shown a reduction in local recurrence rates with the addition of preoperative radiotherapy, either as a 1-week hypofractionated short-course (SCRT) or a conventionally fractionated long-course (LCRT) schedule with concurrent chemotherapy. There is also increasing interest in the addition of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to radiotherapy with the aim of improving disease-free survival. The relative use of SCRT and LCRT varies considerably across the world. This is reflected in, and is probably driven in part by, disparity between international guideline recommendations. In addition, different approaches to treatment may exist both between and within countries, with variation related to patient, disease and treatment centre and financial factors. In this review, we will specifically focus on the use of SCRT for the treatment of rectal cancer. We will discuss the literature base and current guidelines, highlighting the challenges and controversies in clinical application of this evidence. We will also discuss potential future applications of SCRT, including its role in optimisation and intensification of treatment for rectal cancer.     

A Randomised Phase II Clinical Trial Comparing the Deliverability and Acute Toxicity of Wide Tangent versus Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy to the Breast and Internal Mammary Chain

AimsInclusion of the internal mammary chain in the radiotherapy target volume (IMC-RT) improves disease-free and overall survival in higher risk breast cancer patients, but increases radiation doses to heart and lungs. Dosimetric data show that either modified wide-tangential fields (WT) or volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) together with [AQ1]voluntary deep inspiration breath hold (vDIBH) keep mean heart doses below 4 Gy in most patients. However, the impact on departmental resources has not yet been documented. This phase II clinical trial compared the time taken to deliver IMC-RT using either WT and vDIBH or VMAT and vDIBH, together with planning time, dosimetry, set-up reproducibility and toxicity.Materials and methodsLeft-sided breast cancer patients requiring IMC-RT were randomised to receive either WT(vDIBH) or VMAT radiotherapy. The primary outcome was treatment time, powered to detect a minimum difference of 75 min (5 min/fraction) between techniques. The population mean displacement, systematic error and random error for cone beam computed tomography chest wall matches in three directions of movement were calculated. Target volume and organ at risk doses were compared between groups. Side-effects, including skin (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group), lung and oesophageal toxicity (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v 4.03) rates, were compared between the groups over 3 months. Patient-reported outcome measures, including shoulder toxicity at baseline, 6 months and 1 year, were compared.ResultsTwenty-one patients were recruited from a single UK centre between February 2017 and January 2018. The mean (standard deviation) total treatment time per fraction for VMAT treatments was 13.2 min (1.7 min) compared with 28.1 min (3.3 min) for WT(vDIBH). There were no statistically significant differences in patient set-up errors in between groups. The average mean heart dose for WT(vDIBH) was 2.6 Gy compared with 3.4 Gy for VMAT(vDIBH) (P = 0.13). The mean ipsilateral lung V_17Gy was 32.8% in the WT(vDIBH) group versus 34.4% in the VMAT group (P = 0.2). The humeral head (mean dose 16.8 Gy versus 2.8 Gy), oesophagus (maximum dose 37.3 Gy versus 20.1 Gy) and thyroid (mean dose 22.0 Gy versus 11.2 Gy) all received a statistically significantly higher dose in the VMAT group. There were no statistically significant differences in skin, lung or oesophageal toxicity within 3 months of treatment. Patient-reported outcomes of shoulder toxicity, pain, fatigue, breathlessness and breast symptoms were similar between groups at 1 year.ConclusionVMAT(vDIBH) and WT(vDIBH) are feasible options for locoregional breast radiotherapy including the IMC. VMAT improves nodal coverage and delivers treatment more quickly, resulting in less breath holds for the patient. This is at the cost of increased dose to some non-target tissues. The latter does not appear to translate into increased toxicity in this small study.