盐酸吡格列酮片的HPLC含量测定方法

目的用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸吡格列酮片剂中盐酸吡格列酮的含量。方法采用C18柱(Novapack)乙腈水乙酸(45∶55∶03)为流动相,流量1ml·min1,检测波长269nm。采用尼群地平作为内标物质。结果线性范围为10～400μg·ml1;样品溶液至少在7d内稳定;平均回收率1001%,RSD=09%。结论采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸吡格列酮片剂中盐酸吡格列酮的含量,方法简便,结果准确。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中盐酸吡格列酮浓度

目的建立以高效液相色谱法测定盐酸吡格列酮血药浓度的方法。方法色谱柱为HypersilC18(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-磷酸盐缓冲液(40∶60,V/V),流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长为229nm,血样用二氯甲烷萃取。结果线性浓度范围为25～4000ng/ml(r=0.9998,n=8),最低检测浓度为25ng/ml;高、中、低3种浓度的提取回收率分别为(73.33±1.22)%、(76.92±6.57)%、(84.50±3.40)%,方法回收率分别为(103.26±3.31)%、(97.31±9.07)%、(99.61±6.48)%;日内RSD<4.30%,日间RSD<8.17%(n=25)。结论本法能够满足盐酸吡格列酮血药浓度测定及人体药动学研究的需要。     

RP—HPLC法测定盐酸吡格列酮含量及有关物质的方法学研究

目的 :采用反相高效液相色谱法测定盐酸吡格列酮的含量及其有关物质。方法 :采用ODSC18色谱柱 (4 6mm× 2 5 0mm ,填料 :Kromasil,粒度 :5 μm) ,以乙腈 -水 -乙酸 (45∶5 5∶0 3,用氨水调节体系的pH为 5 5±0 0 5 )为流动相 ,流速 1 2mL·min-1,紫外检测器于 2 6 9nm测定。结果 :反相HPLC法测定的线性范围为 0 0 1～1 0mg·mL-1,相关系数r=0 9999;最低检测限 0 2ng ;样品溶液在 10d内稳定 ;日内精密度 (RSD <1 0 % )和日间精密度 (RSD <2 0 % )良好。结论 :采用反相HPLC法测定盐酸吡格列酮的含量及其有关物质方法简便 ,结果准确。     

RP-HPLC法测定盐酸吡格列酮片的含量

目的　 建立盐酸吡格列酮片的含量测定方法。方法 　采用反相 HPLC法。色谱条件 :色谱柱 Hypersil C1 8(4 .6mm× 15 0 mm,5μm) (大连依利特科学仪器有限公司装填 )。流动相 :乙腈 :0 .0 1mol.L- 1醋酸铵缓冲液 (p H6.0 ) (60 :40 ) ,流速 :1.0 ml.min- 1 ,检测波长为 2 3 0 nm。结果 　在10 μg～ 160 μg.ml- 1浓度范围线性良好 ,平均回收率为 99.3 % (RSD=1.0 9% )。结论 　本方法简便、快速 ,可用于盐酸吡格列酮片的质量控制标准。     

固相萃取—高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中对乙酰氨基酚

目的 :建立一快速、灵敏的对乙酰氨基酚 (PAC)体内浓度的测定方法 ,并用于其生物利用度的研究。方法 :以茶碱为内标 ,采用固相萃取的 HPL C分析法 ,取样 0 .2 m l。YWG- C1 8色谱柱 ,流动相为甲醇 /乙腈 /水 (2 5 /15 /36 0 ,V/V) ,流速 1.0 ml/min,检测波长 2 5 4nm。结果 :PAC的最低检测浓度为 0 .0 5︼g/m l。线性范围 0 .2 0～ 15 .0︼g/ml。平均批内、批间 RSD均 <6 % ,方法回收率接近 10 0 % ,RSD<5 %。结论 :本方法快速灵敏、干扰少、重现性好 ,符合 PAC生物利用度研究的要求。     

盐酸万乃洛韦人血浆浓度的HPLC-荧光法测定及其药物动力学

建立了盐酸万乃洛韦 (1)体内活性代谢物阿昔洛韦 (2 )浓度的蛋白沉淀 -荧光检测 HPL C法。采用 Genesis C1 8柱 (10 0× 3mm ,3μm ) ,流动相为 0 .1m ol/ L磷酸 (0 .6 m l/ m in,恒流速 )和乙腈 (0 .0 0 5～ 0 .1m l/ m in,变速 ) ;柱温35°C;荧光激发波长 2 85 nm,发射波长 370 nm。最低检测浓度 10 ng/ ml,最低定量浓度 (L OQ) 2 0 ng/ m l,2 0～ 15 0 0ng/ m l浓度范围线性良好。 8名志愿者口服 30 0 m g 1片后 ,t1 /2 为 3.19± 0 .36 h,AUC为 95 73.37± 16 40 .0 9h· ng· m l- 1 ,Cmax为 2 5 87.0 4± 710 .16 ng/ ml,Tmax为 1.2 5± 0 .46 h     

高效液相色谱法测定苯巴比妥、苯妥英、卡马西平的血药浓度

目的 :建立 HPL C法测定抗癫药苯巴比妥 (PB)、苯妥英 (PT)、卡马西平 (CBZ)的血药浓度。方法 :反相柱 ODS- Hy-persil(4.6 m m× 10 0 mm ,5︼m ) ,流动相为甲醇∶水 (5 2∶ 48) ,流速 0 .8m l/ m in,紫外检测波长 2 5 4nm ,以上 3药互为内标。标本经 CH2 Cl2 提取 ,蒸干后用流动相重溶进样。结果 :PB、PT、CBZ的保留时间分别为 3.2 2、5 .5 7、6 .80 m in;最低检测浓度分别为 0 .2 5、0 .5、0 .0 5︼g/ m l;线性范围分别为 2 .5～ 40、2 .5～ 40、1.2 5～ 2 0︼g/ ml;相对回收率分别为 10 1.49%、10 4.19%、98.70 % ;日内 RSD分别为 1.81%、5 .94%、1.81% ;日间 RSD分别为 6 .0 6 %、3.35 %、3.96 %。结论 :本法具快速、灵敏、实用等优点。     

注射用盐酸地尔硫(艹卓)的HPLC测定

采用 HPL C法测定注射用盐酸地尔硫的含量及有关物质。色谱柱为 Diamonsil C1 8( 15 0 mm× 4.6 m m,5μm ) ,0 .1m ol/ L醋酸钠缓冲液 ( p H6 .2 ) -甲醇 -乙腈 ( 5∶ 6∶ 6 )为流动相 ,检测波长为 2 40 nm。检测限为 0 .2 ng,线性范围为 6～ 14μg/ ml( r=0 .9998) ,RSD为 0 .11% ,平均回收率为 10 0 .2 % ,RSD为 0 .5 2 %。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中吡格列酮浓度及其药动学

目的:建立测定人血浆中吡格列酮浓度的高效液相色谱方法。方法:采用Hypersil C_(18)色谱柱,以0.1 mol·L~(-1)醋酸铵-乙腈(305:195)为流动相,罗通定为内标,流速1 mL·min~(-1),检测波长269 nm,血浆样品经固相萃取后直接进样。结果:该法线性范围为50～1600 μg·L~(-1),回归方程为A_s/A_i=0.0127+2.6242×10~(-3) C,r=0.9997(n=5),最低检测浓度为25 μg·L~(-1),提取回收率大于80％,日内日间RSD均小于10％。结论:本法简便灵敏,适用于盐酸吡格列酮血药浓度测定和人体药动学研究。     

反相高效液相色谱法快速测定环孢菌素A在全血中的药物浓度

建立反相高效液相色谱法测定环孢菌素 A (Cy A)在全血中的血药浓度的方法。色谱条件 :以 C8柱为固定相 ,流动相为乙腈 -甲醇 -水 (55∶ 2 0∶ 2 5,V/ V) ,流速 0 . 8ml/ min,柱温 6 5℃ ,紫外检测波长2 14nm。环孢菌素 D(Cy D)作内标 ,以环孢菌素 A与 D的峰面积比定量 ,用单步萃取法提取全血中的环孢菌素 A和 D样品。本法线性范围为 50～ 2 0 0 0 ng/ ml,最低检测浓度为 12 . 5ng/ ml。方法回收率 98. 8%～ 10 0 .9% ,直线 y=0 . 0 0 12 x 0 . 192 ,r=0 . 9998     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.