Body size of young Australians aged five to 16 years

In 1983-1984, 4578 Perth primary and secondary schoolchildren were studied. The selected sample was broadly representative of the ethnic groups that make up the Perth population and of the different social ranks within that population. The age, sex, weight, height, country of birth of the child and the parents, and occupation of the father were recorded for each subject. Weight, height and body mass index (BMI) increased with age. Age and sex were the most important determinants of body size. However, children of lower social rank and those with a southern European background were over-represented among the overweight children (greater than the 90th centile for BMI), particularly in adolescence. Children with an Asian background who were 11 years of age and younger were over-represented among the underweight children (less than or equal to the 10th centile for BMI). Results from this study indicate a continuing, though small (1.5 cm to 1.6 cm), secular increase in height over the past 13 to 14 years.     

Physical size of 1887 aboriginal schoolchildren in the Kimberley region

This study has documented the weights and heights of 1887 Aboriginal schoolchildren from communities throughout the Kimberley region of Western Australia. The data have been analysed in relation to age and sex. Median weights and heights of the Aboriginal children approximated the 10th percentile for weight, and the 25th percentile for height of non-Aboriginal WA children. The data show that Aboriginal children who live in the more remote communities of the Kimberley region were smaller in weight and height than were those who lived in the towns. Retrospective data indicate that these differences between children from remote and town communities were present at their birth and through childhood. Median body mass indices (BMIs) approximated the 10th percentile values for BMI of non-Aboriginal children in the earlier years. The expected increase in BMI with age occurred later in Aboriginal children (at 11-12 years) than in non-Aboriginal children (eight years); in the older Aboriginal children (older than 11-12 years) median values approximated 25th percentile values of non-Aboriginal boys and 50th percentile values of non-Aboriginal girls of the same age.     

Nationwide reference data for height, weight and body mass index of Indian schoolchildren

BACKGROUND. The assessment of growth is crucial for child care and reference data are central to growth monitoring. We aimed to assess the height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of Indian schoolchildren in order to develop genderappropriate growth charts for children 5-18 years of age. METHODS. Cross-sectional evaluation of anthropometric parameters (height, weight and BMI) was done in Indian schoolchildren (3-18 years) randomly selected from both fee-paying (upper socioeconomic strata) and non-fee paying (lower socioeconomic strata) schools from 4 regions (north, south, east and west) of India. A total of 106 843 children were evaluated, of which 42 214 children (19 303 boys, 22 911 girls) were from the lower socioeconomic strata and 64 629 children (34 411 boys, 30 218 girls) were from the upper socioeconomic strata. Normative charts, using the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method to smoothen the curves, were drawn from children belonging to the upper socioeconomic strata, in view of the gross discrepancy between the two socioeconomic strata. RESULTS. Height, weight and BMI percentile (3rd, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th and 97th) data were calculated and charts generated. The height of boys and girls was consistently higher at all ages when compared with earlier India data, but the final height was 2-4 cm lower than that reported in the WHO multicentre study of 2007. Weight centiles showed a rising trend both in boys and girls compared not only to earlier Indian data published in 1992, but also to that reported by the WHO multicentre study. The median weight at all ages in both boys and girls was approximately 4 kg more than that reported in affluent Indian children two decades earlier. CONCLUSION. This large nationwide study indicates secular trends in height, weight and BMI in Indian children from the upper socioeconomic strata. We suggest that the height and weight percentiles reported by us may be used as reference standards for India.     

24年来武汉市幼儿生长发育动态观察

本文探讨了武汉市3～6岁儿童生长发育的现状和特点,并将1983年所获得的资料与1959年的同类资料作了对比,得知男女孩的身高均值每十年平均增长1.36cm(男)和11.42cm(女)。体重均值的增加不如身高明显,胸围均值普遍下降。武汉市幼儿的身体发育水平与日本幼儿相比存在较大的差距,值得引起重视。     

长春市1958～1982年7～15岁儿童、少年生长发育水平的动态分析

7—15岁儿童24年四项形态指标平均每10年增长值:男童身高增2.85cm;体童增1.7kg,胸圆增1.2cm,坐高增0.9cm;女童身高增2.67cm,体童增1.45kg,胸围增0.92cm,坐高增0.84cm。第一交叉年龄,身高由11岁提到10岁,坐高由11岁提到9岁,胸围与体重交叉年龄未变。第二交叉年龄,身高由14岁提到13岁,坐高和体重均由15岁提到14岁。58年胸围15岁未出现,82年提到14岁。上述儿童发育水平提高的事实,说明长春市物质和精神文明的进步与保健工作质量的提高。     

高危早产儿生后1年内生长状况分析

目的 探讨高危早产儿出生至1岁期间的生长发育状况.方法 回顾性分析2009年4月-2010年4月在本院出生并在高危儿门诊随访到1岁的早产儿34例(早产小于胎龄儿9例)与足月儿34例,并用SPSS 16.0软件分别比较出生后12个月内体重、身高、头围的生长速度.结果 早产儿2月、4月龄体重、身高、头围均明显低于正常足月儿...     

榆林市高新区学龄儿童体格发育状况

目的 分析榆林市高新区儿童体格发育状况,为促进榆林市儿童健康成长提供科学依据。方法 采用随机整群抽样方法,抽取高新区4所小学在校学生,共3 180人。检测身高、体重、坐高、胸围、腰围、视力等身体发育指标,由医务人员一对一严格按照规范进行测量。结果 榆林市高新区6~12岁儿童的身体发育各项指标随着年龄的增大而增加,各个年龄段男童、女童的身高和体重,均高于2005年制定的全国同龄儿童标准（均为P<0.05）;6~12岁男童身高平均值范围为125~156 cm,女童身高平均值范围为123~156 cm,10岁之前,各年龄段男童均高于女童（均为P<0.05）;各个年龄段男童坐高个体差异较大,女童分布比较集中,在10岁之前,各年龄段男童身高均高于女童（均为P<0.05）;6~12岁男童体重平均值范围为26.53~50.30 kg,女童体重平均值范围为24.65~48.02 kg,12岁之前,各年龄段男童高于女童（均为P<0.05）,男童的超重和肥胖率为19.53%,高于女生的15.40%,表现在9~、10~岁;各个年龄段男童胸围分布比较分散,女童较男童集中,在12岁之前,各年龄段男童均高于女童（均为P<0.05）;各个年龄段男童的腰围分布较分散,女童分布较集中,各年龄段男童均高于女童（均为P<0.05）。结论 榆林市高新区儿童的各种生长发育指标随年龄的增大而增加,符合儿童生长发育规律,但超重和肥胖率较高,应引起相关部门的重视。     

The 1977 Busselton children's survey

A health survey of 551 high school students in the coastal town of Busselton, Western Australia, was undertaken in November, 1977. Physical measurements showed that approximately 17% of the boys and 24% of the girls were overweight (115% or more of their standard weight for height and age). Blood pressures ranged from 108/64 mmHg at 13 years to 129/70 mmHg at 17 years for boys, and 109/63 mmHg to 116/66 mmHg for girls of the same age group. Fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride values were also obtained. Twenty-seven per cent of the girls and 17% of the boys were regular smokers, a habit often acquired by the age of 12 years. Most of the children watched television from two to four hours daily during the week, and for longer periods at weekends. Although most had satisfactory levels of physical fitness, there was a trend towards poor performance in overweight children, and there was a significant decrease in participation in regular sports by the older teenagers.     

低出生体重对儿童青春期生长发育的影响

目的　研究低出生体重儿童 (LBW)青春期生长发育状况和胰岛素样生长因子 1(IGF 1)水平 ,并与正常出生体重儿童 (NBW )进行比较 ,以探讨LBW儿童生长迟缓的发病机制。方法　对处于不同年龄及青春发育阶段的LBW儿童和NBW儿童的身高和身高标准差得分 (HtSDS)、体重和体重标准差得分 (WtSDS)以及血清IGF 1水平进行了比较 ,采用放射免疫法测定血清IGF 1水平。结果　①LBW儿童的身高、体重与相同青春发育分期的NBW儿童相似 ,但HtSDS与WtSDS在 - 2～ - 1的比例显著高于NBW儿童 ,分别为 ( 16 1%vs 5 7% ,P <0 0 1) ,( 2 1 4 %vs 5 5 % ,P <0 0 1)。②两组儿童血清IGF 1浓度均随年龄增长逐渐升高 ,且与年龄、身高、体重呈正相关关系。除 9～ 10岁组外 ,LBW儿童的IGF I水平均显著低于同年龄组NBW儿童。③两组儿童的青春期发育指标相似 ,各青春发育阶段LBW组平均IGF 1水平明显低于NBW组。结论　部分LBW儿童在青春期的身高、体重等生长发育指标仍处于较低水平 ,IGF 1水平低下可能是导致LBW儿童青春期生长迟缓的原因之一。     

Nutritional status of schoolchildren in an urban area of Sri Lanka

BACKGROUND: As in many other Asian countries, Sri Lanka is in the phase of a rapid demographic, nutritional and epidemiological transition. As a result dietary habits and lifestyle are changing. These have led to new health problems in the region. Childhood overweight and obesity are examples of such problems. OBJECTIVE: To provide information on the nutritional status of 8-12 years old schoolchildren in an urban area of Sri Lanka. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Seven schools situated in the city of Colombo were randomly selected. They showed a fair representation of children of all social levels. Fifty students from each grade (years 4, 5, 6, 7) of each school were randomly selected. Their height was measured using a stadiometer to the closest 0.1cm and weight measured using an electronic weighing scale (Seca, France) to the closest 100 g. Calibration was checked with a standard weight at each 25 measurements. Information regarding behaviour, feeding practices and socioeconomic factors were obtained by a questionnaire filled by the parent or the guardian. To define obesity and overweight, sex and age specific body mass index (BMI) criteria recommended by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were used. The age and sex specific BMI 5th percentile from revised NCHS (2000) growth charts were used to define thinness. Weight and height Z score of less than -2 from the median of height for age and weight for age derived using the ANTHRO software (CDC, USA) were used to define stunting and underweight respectively. Data were analysed using Epilnfo 2000 (CDC, USA) computer package. RESULTS: Anthropometric data of 1 224 children (48% boys), and feeding practices and behaviour pattern data of 1 102 children (44% boys) were analysed. Obesity prevalence among boys (4.3%) was higher than in girls (3.1%). The prevalence of thinness was 24.7% in boys and 23.1% in girls. 5.1% of boys and 5.2% of girls were stunted. 7.0% of boys and 6.8% of girls were underweight. 66% of obese children and 43.5% of overweight children belonged to high-income category (monthly family income more than Rs. 20,000). Apart from family income, behaviour patterns did not significantly influence the nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: Although the data are not representative of the entire country, nutritional transition is evident in the city of Colombo. Obesity and overweight in older children are some emerging nutritional problems that may be the consequence of emerging patterns of the lifestyle and diet in response to social and cultural changes.     

Increases in Height among Chinese Children and Adolescents by Gender: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis

Objective To examine increases in average height among Chinese children and adolescents. Methods The data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey conducted during the period 1989–2015. A stratified multistage cluster sampling method was utilized to select participants aged 2–22 years in each province. Linear regression was used to examine the effects of age, birth cohort, and survey period on height. Results A total of 15,227 males and 13,737 females were included in the final analysis. Age (A) showed a continuous effect on height. The average heights of the investigated groups increased continuously during the investigation period. By 2015, the average height of the overall group increased by 7.87 cm compared to the average height during the 1989 survey. Moreover, birth year (cohort, C) also had a stable effect on height. Using the height of individuals born in or before 1975 as a reference, the average height of each birth cohort increased in comparison to the previous birth cohort. Conclusions The height of Chinese children and adolescents was affected by age, period, and cohort effects, and this effect is governed by certain rules. The age-period-cohort model can be used to analyze the trends of children's and adolescent's heights. The findings provide a scientific basis for the formulation of children's and adolescents' growth and development policies in China.     

Height centile curve for child and adolescents in Shaanxi province

Objective:It has been recommended that age-related centile curves of anthropometric indexes(such as height,weight)be used rountinly to evaluate the growth and development statues in children.Prewsented here is the age-related height centile curves for children aged 0-18 years in Shaanxi,China,1995.Methods:Data of the Shaanxi population were retrieved from The Third Nationwide Growth Survey to construct the age-related height centile curves.The LMS method was used for curve fitting;all analyses were carried out on the basis of different sexes through a special program for LMS(λ-median-coefficient)method which was devised by Cole TJ.Results:Centile curves for boys and girls,showing similar age-related features but girls‘ puberty coming two years earlier than boys‘.The period of puberty growth increment was about 2 years longer for boys.At age 18,boys were taller than girls for about 14 cm.Compared with beight standard of NCHS(national center of bealth statistics).Shaanxi children were taller than American children before 14 years for boys,12 years for girls,but after 15 years for boys and 13 years for girls,Shaanxi chilgren were shorter than American ones.At age 18,Shaanxi children was 5.6 cm for boys and 4.9 cm for girls shorter than NCHS.Shaanxi children‘s height increase range from 1958 to 1995 at the same age was 4.9-15.1 cm,with the mean of 9.59 cm for boys,and 3.7-12.5 cm,with the mean of 8.38 cm for girls.Between 1958-1995,the increasing velocity every ten years were 2.57 cm for boys and 2.26 cm for girls,which indicated that the children have reached the optimum.Conclusion:By means of LMS method,we constructed age-related height centile curves for Shaanxi children aged 0-18 years,these height centile curves are the first one for the Chinese children.It can be used as a reference for assessing growth and development status of Shaanxi children aged 0-18 years.     

0～6岁小儿体重、身高生长纵向观察

纵向随访432名(男234、女198)0～6岁地段小儿的体重和身长(高)。地段小儿体格生长超过1985年上海市标准,但自8个月起落后于WHO生长参考值,直到2.5岁及5岁时,身长和体重分别达到WHO生长参考值。根据连续两次测量值的绝对增值计算生长速度,与Tanner的英国小儿生长速度比较,地段小儿在最初2～3个月生长速度超过英国小儿,但此后减慢。身高速度在18个月赶上,体重速度在3岁赶上。提示离乳期是我国小儿生长的关键时期。     

贵州省0—6岁儿童体格发育1年纵向观察

对我省１３３４例０－６岁儿童体格发育纵向观察１年，按城乡，年龄，性别分组计算体重，身高，侈围的均值，标准差以及季增长，半年增长与年增长平均值差，结果提示农村儿童体格发育水平仍低于城市，但总趋势均在增高。     

The effect of fetal and placental weight at birth on weight during early childhood.

A study of children whose birth weights or placental weights were above the 90th or below the 10th percentile for gestational age indicated that bigness at birth tends to be an innate quality, as the majority of those who were large at birth remained oversized. The small at birth are not all destined to remain diminutive, as the children in this category attained a normal distribution curve for weight during the first year of life. Thus smallness at birth may represent intrauterine nutritional deprivation and be overcome with normal access to calories. The influence of the placenta on infant size is temporary and is modified by extrauterine nutrition. Thus, although there was a direct relationship between birth weight and placental weight, the distribution of weight of children with either large or small placentas was not significantly different from the expected normal distribution at one year of age.     

新生儿期生长发育及影响因素调查

对370例新生儿的生长发育进行了监测,本组新生儿出生体重平均为3277g,平均身长49.9cm,低体重儿(<2500g)的发生率为1.6%,出生后8～14d生长最快,28d平均累计增重981g、增长6cm、母乳喂养儿的身长和体重的增长速度和幅度均优于其他喂养方式。并对母乳喂养年龄,妊娠周数,出生体重等影响生长发育的因素进行了分析。     

The Influence of Secular Trends in Body Height and Weight on the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Chinese Children and Adolescents

Objective To explore the influence of secular trends in body height and weight on the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents. Methods The data were obtained from five cross-sectional Chinese National Surveys on Students’ Constitution and Health. Overweight/obesity was defined as BMI-for-age Z-score of per the Wold Health Organization (WHO) reference values. Body height and weight for each sex and age were standardized to those reported in 1985 (standardized height: SHY; standardized weight: SWY) and for each sex and year at age 7 (standardized height: SHA; standardized weight: SWA) using the Z-score method. Results The prevalence of overweight/obesity in Chinese children was 20.2% among boys and 10.7%among girls in 2010 and increased continuously from 1985 to 2010. Among boys and girls of normal weight, SHY and SHA were significantly greater than SWY and SWA, respectively (P < 0.001). Among boys and girls with overweight/obesity, SHY was significantly lower than SWY (P < 0.001), and showed an obvious decreasing trend after age 12. SHA was lower than SWA among overweight boys aged 7-8 years and girls aged 7-9 years. SHY/SHW and SHA/SWA among normal-weight groups were greater than among overweight and obese groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion The continuous increase in the prevalence of overweight/obesity among Chinese children may be related to a rapid increase in body weight before age 9 and lack of secular increase in body height after age 12.     

麦胚饼干对儿童生长发育的影响

从托幼机构选取58名健康学龄前儿童,分为食麦胚饼干组(实验组)和普通饼干组(对照组),观察12周。实验组身高、体重、血红蛋白分别增长2.04cm、0.94kg、15.4g/L;对照组分别为1.51cm、0.64kg和14.6g/L,两组之间有显著差别(P<0.05)。上臂围、下肢围、皮褶厚度则无差别。提示麦胚饼干对皮下脂肪的储存无影响。     

Very low birthweight infants: a follow-up study

This study was undertaken to determine the outcome of infants delivered at the Royal Hospital for Women during the years 1971 to 1975 who weighed 1500 g or less at birth and who survived the first 28 days of life. Of the 104 neonatal survivors, 79 were seen by one of the writers, nine were seen by other medical practitioners, four had died after the neonatal period, the parents of two children could not be induced to bring their child to be examined, and the remaining ten could not be traced. Abnormalities were found in 15 of the 88 children examined. Three had major physical handicaps (problems causing a restriction of normal lifestyle), 11 had minor handicaps (problems which did not restrict normal lifestyle), and eight had evidence of developmental delay. Infants who were small for gestational age tended to be below the 10th percentile for height or weight at follow-up more often than infants of the appropriate weight for gestational age.