中国乙型肝炎疫苗接种及其成效

<正>乙型肝炎(乙肝)是由乙肝病毒(Hepatiits B Virus,HBV)感染引起的一种传染病,可形成慢性感染状态,并可发展为肝硬化和肝细胞癌。乙肝是最大的全球性健康威胁,据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)公布的数据[1],全球慢性HBV感染者超过2.4亿人,每年死于HBV感染相关的约60万人。乙肝也是危害我国人群健康的重大传染病之一。2006年全国乙肝血清流行病学调查数据显示,我国1~59岁人群乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBV Surface Antigen,HBsAg)携带率为7.18%,据此推算,我国的慢性HBV感染者约9300万人,每年死于HBV感染相关的约30万人。乙肝对我国社会造成沉重的经济负担,严重制约着我国社会和经济     

广东省乙型病毒性肝炎疫苗接种指引(试行)

乙型病毒性肝炎(以下简称"乙肝")是由乙肝病毒(HBV)引起的以肝脏损坏为主要病变的传染病。乙肝大多呈慢性感染,少数病例可发展为肝硬化或肝细胞癌。世界卫生组织(WHO)估计全球每年至少有20亿人感染过HBV。据2006年全国人群乙肝血清流行病学调查,我国1～59岁人群乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)流行率为7.18%,推算全国有HBsAg携带者930 0万人,乙肝感染流行率为34.28%,推算     

我国乙肝疫苗接种预防成就及面临的挑战

正乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染是当今世界上亟待解决的主要公共卫生问题。目前,全球大约有20亿人口既往或正在感染HBV,其中慢性感染人口约为2.4亿。每年新增感染者约为500万,每年有78万以上的人死于乙肝相关性疾病,如肝硬化、原发性肝细胞癌、肝衰竭等疾病~([1])。我国属于乙肝高流行区,1992年全国血清流行病学调查结果显示,中国普通人群中HBV感染的比例高达57%,乙肝的表面抗原携带率约为     

章丘市教师乙肝病毒感染情况调查

我国是乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染高发区,慢性乙肝患者约有3000万例,每年急性乙肝新发病例约300万例;HBV总感染率约57％,约7亿人感染过HBV,约1．2亿人携带HBsAg,每年约60万新生儿成为HBsAg携带者。为了解教师这一特定人群中乙肝病毒感染的情况,2006年度我们对章丘市6053名教师进行了乙肝病毒感染情况的调查,现报告如下。     

隐匿性HBV感染

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染是一个严重的公共卫生问题,我国属HBV的高地方性流行地区.2002年全国乙型肝炎(乙肝)血清流行病学调查表明,一般人群HBV流行率为9.09%,估计约有1.2亿人为慢性HBV感染,占全世界慢性HBV感染者的1/3,其中约有2 000～3 000万的人将发展成慢性乙肝,每年因相关肝病而死亡者约30万人.     

乙型肝炎5项血清标志物检测结果分析

我国是乙型肝炎（乙肝）的高发区，据调查统计，我国人群HBsAg的检出率达9．8％，HBsAg携带者总人数达1．2亿左右，现患慢性乙型肝炎病人多达1000万人，年感染率为7％，年发病率158／10万，累计HBV感染人群达60％以上，防治任务十分艰巨.     

绍兴县人群乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查

我国是乙型肝炎的高流行区，自1992年将乙肝疫苗预防接种纳入免疫规划管理以来，我国乙肝控制已取得显著成效，主要表现为乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）携带率、HBV感染率均有不同程度地下降。为了解我县现阶段HBsAg携带率、HBV感染状况，掌握人群感染现状、变化趋势和免疫水平，为制定控制策略和措施提供科学依据，开展了人群乙肝血清流行病学调查，现报告如下。     

外来人员1045例乙型肝炎病毒血清标志物检测和防治知识调查

<正>乙型病毒性肝炎(简称乙肝)病毒(Hepatitis BVirus,HBV)感染已经成为全球性的公共健康问题,目前中国约有6.9亿人感染HBV,中国人群乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)携带率为7.2%,约有9 300万人携带HBV[1]。上海市浦东新区作为一个新兴的开发区,有大量来沪工作的外来人员,根据第六次全国人口普查资料统计,浦东新区的常住人口中,外省市户     

2000年健康体检人员中HBsAg阳性者乙肝五项模式分析

<正> 我国属乙肝病毒的高流行区,每年约有23/10万的人死于与乙肝有关的肝脏疾病。乙肝病毒(HBV)血清免疫标志检查是目前分析和判断患者病程和是否有乙肝病毒感染的重要指标之一。为进一步了解健康体检人群中HBsAg阳性者乙肝血清学标记的表现模式,我们收集了2000年来本站进行健康体检人群中HBsAg阳性者的血清进行了乙肝五项检测。     

乙型肝炎病毒检测技术的研究进展

乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染是一个严重的全球问题,据估计全球大约有20亿人曾经感染过HBV,慢性HBV感染者约3.15-4亿人,每年有50-120万人死于HBV感染。我国是乙型肝炎（乙肝）的高发区,每年约有10%-20%的急性乙肝将转成慢性肝炎、肝硬化甚至发展成肝癌,严重威胁着人们的健康,急性乙肝的慢性化及慢性肝炎癌变的发生机制是多年来肝病研究的重点。     

Adolescent immunization

The dramatic improvements achieved in the control of vaccine-preventable diseases in children have only been shared partially by adolescents and young adults, as today several million adolescents are not receiving the full complement of vaccines recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). This article discusses the reasons for this problem and the tools to bridge this gap. In particular, medical societies and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend a close assessment of the adolescentís immunization status between 11 and 12 years of age, inclusion of school immunization, and providing missing immunizations at any opportunity. The article also addresses other vaccines recommended for groups of adolescents with special needs, reporting information, and provides an update on the vaccines of the future.     

ACIP immunization update

Males ages 11 to 12 years should routinely receive quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus; patients through age 59 years who have diabetes should receive HBV vaccine routinely.     

Improving immunization coverage

A study was made on the causes of unsatisfactory progress in immunization coverage in an area of Tamil Nadu, southern India. The findings led to the appointment of additional community health workers (CHW), improvement in supervision, the enhancement of accessibility to services through an increase in the number of peripheral clinics and the organizing of temporary clinics, and the concentration of effort on underprivileged groups. As a result, immunization coverage was more than doubled. The Community Health and Development Project, a primary health care program serving 68 villages since 1981 with a population of about 80,000 was the site of the study which was conducted by discussions with staff and various members of the community. Issues explored were nonacceptance or dropout reasons, and specific factors affecting immunization coverage. A special effort was made to obtain the views of staff working at the periphery, particularly CHWS. The service area was divided into 4 sectors and the CHWS, auxiliary nurse midwives, community health nurses and other development staff in each were brought together for discussions. Views were also solicited from mothers' clubs and youth groups and in meetings with village leaders. Issues raised were further considered by supervisory staff. Statistical studies and other studies were done to clarify doubtful issues and test hypotheses emerging from the discussion. Poor immunization coverage was linked to inadequate supervision of CHWs, scattered communities (village with houses clustered together had better acceptance rates), difficulty of access to health services (distance factors), and low economic and educational status. In light of the study findings, community health workers were increased from 42 in 1984 to 57 in 1987 to cover all the villages, with modifications in selection method to make the worker acceptable to all sections of the villages; abolishment of the auxiliary nurse midwife and addition of a new category, health aide, to link the CHW and the community health nurse, increase of peripheral clinics from 37 to 75 and holding of more temporary clinics, more efforts to reach all socioeconomic groups and increased health education through film shows, drama, and work with village groups.     

Organising for immunization

In the late 1960s, health workers from a mission hospital in rural Zambia began registering children under 14 years old within 30 miles of the hospital (about 3000 children) by incorporating the cooperation of community leaders. They wanted to give every 0-4 year old child a Road to Health card and every 5-14 year old a vaccine record card and to promote the significance of immunization to parents and community leaders. The mission hospital established mobile health units to conduct regular visits in the center of villages. Staff hugh scales from a tree and borrowed a table to conduct the clinic. They kept a good relationship and communication with the community, leading successful education and communication activities. By 1988, many younger mothers were unfamiliar with a measles or whooping cough epidemic so they tended to not have their infants immunized. Epidemics began killing children nationwide, frightening these mothers so they brought their children for immunizations. The medical mission achieved an 85-90% vaccination coverage rate with immunization clinic attendance climbing quickly. 1 mother even walked 30 miles to have her infant injected with the DPT vaccine, but 10 years earlier, she did not bring her children. Further, measles had not reached her area because the immunization level was so high that it stopped the epidemic.