半月板撕裂与股骨髁半月板区关节软骨损伤的关系（附271例半月板手术治疗病例分析）

通过对近４年来收治的２７１例半月板损伤手术治疗病人的总结分析，对半月板损伤后与股骨髁半月板区关节软骨损伤的关系及是否应早期手术切除半月板进行了讨论，并对本组病例的病程、年龄、不同人群及半月板单纯损伤和合并伤与股骨髁半月板区软骨损伤的情况进行了对比。结果发现：同时发生股骨髁半月板区关节软骨损伤的共７２例，占２６．５７％；股骨髁半月板区关节软骨损伤及程度与半月板损伤后病程的长短有明显关系，而与年龄无关。作者认为：半月板损伤后经过一段时间（运动员在半年以内，普通人不超过２年）的保守治疗，仍有明显症状者，应及时手术切除半月板。     

膝关节隐性骨折的影像学诊断

膝关节是人体最大而且构造最复杂的关节，损伤最多，是由股骨髁、胫骨髁及髌骨、腓骨构成的活动关节，股骨髁及胫骨髁为松质骨，表面覆盖软骨，关节内有呈“C”形的内侧半月板和“O”形的外侧半月板以及前后交叉韧带。膝关节的骨髓腔由富含水分的造血细胞及脂肪组成。当膝关节外伤时，这些结构一般都会有不同程度的损伤，因此，膝关节外伤造成的影像学表现也不尽相同。     

膝部骨挫伤的MRI评估

目的：进一步认识膝部骨挫伤的ＭＲＩ表现以及与其他结构损伤的关系。材料和方法：回顾性分析膝部外伤后６周内行ＭＲＩ检查的５８例连续性资料，骨挫伤与其他结构损伤诊断由两位骨关节放射专家一致认可，采用相关分析法确定二者有无关系。根据损伤机理，就其挫伤部位推断其他哪些结构可能出现损伤。并将２１例骨挫伤ＭＲＩ表现与退变对照比较。结果：骨挫伤与其他结构损伤有关系（ＯＲ＝５．１５），扭伤为骨挫伤最常见的原因，胫骨平台后外侧与股骨外髁中部骨挫伤多见，常伴有前交叉韧带及内侧副韧带撕裂，软骨、内侧半月板损伤及创伤性滑膜炎。其次为胫骨平台内侧与股骨内髁挫伤，多伴有外侧副韧带撕裂、软骨、内侧半月板损伤及创伤性滑膜炎。根据病变部位、形态及Ｔ２Ｗ信号特点等，结合临床可与膝关节退变鉴别。结论：根据骨挫伤的ＭＲＩ表现可引导发现相关隐匿性损伤，避免误诊与漏诊     

前交叉韧带断裂后半月板和软骨损伤的临床研究

目的　研究前交叉韧带 (ACL)断裂所致的膝关节不稳对关节半月板及软骨的影响。方法　回顾分析 1992～ 2 0 0 2年间收治的 4 8例ACL断裂患者半月板和软骨损伤的分布、程度、发生率与伤后不同时段的关系。　结果　半月板损伤率从急性期组→亚慢性期组→慢性期组分别为6例 (5 5 % ,6 11)、13例 (6 8% ,13 19)、17例 (94 % ,17 18) ,差异具有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;各组中内侧半月板损伤率明显高于外侧半月板 ;慢性期组内侧半月板后角损伤 10例 (5 6 % ,10 18) ,是该期半月板损伤的主要类型 ;亚慢性期、慢性期组内髁软骨损伤率明显高于外髁 ;随病程延长软骨损伤程度加重 ,至慢性期组 ,Ⅲ度软骨损伤达 32处 (6 8% ,32 4 7) ;内髁软骨损伤与内侧半月板并内髁软骨损伤发病率差异无显著性意义 ,而外髁软骨损伤与外侧半月板并外髁软骨损伤发病率差异具有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　ACL断裂后可并发半月板及软骨损害 ,并随病程延长而加重 ,ACL损伤后胫骨向前半脱位和过度内旋是造成内髁软骨损伤的主要原因 ,而外髁软骨损伤主要是由于外侧半月板损伤所致。     

急性前交叉韧带撕裂患者股骨外侧髁切迹征与半月板撕裂的关系

目的:探讨MRI显示急性前交叉韧带撕裂患者异常加深的股骨外侧髁压迹与半月板撕裂间的关系。方法 :选取180例急性膝关节外伤行MRI检查诊断为前交叉韧带撕裂的患者,测量股骨外侧髁压迹的深度,观察内、外侧半月板撕裂情况。统计分析股骨外侧髁切迹征(深度 2 mm)与半月板撕裂的关系。结果:180例中,48例股骨外侧髁切迹征阳性,其中外侧半月板撕裂19例(39.58%),内侧半月板撕裂9例(18.75%),内、外侧半月板同时撕裂2例(4.17%);132例股骨外侧髁切迹征阴性,其中外侧半月板撕裂4例(3.03%),内侧半月板撕裂7例(5.30%)。股骨外侧髁切迹征合并外侧半月板撕裂比例高于合并内侧半月板撕裂(P=0.025)。股骨外侧髁切迹征合并内、外侧半月板撕裂比例均明显高于阴性患者(P=0.005,P=0.000)。结论:股骨外侧髁切迹征是前交叉韧带断裂的间接征象,与外侧半月板撕裂密切相关。     

基于磁共振MERGE序列膝关节软骨厚度的定量研究

目的 运用多回波梯度成像(MERGE)序列研究健康志愿者膝关节软骨分布特点和正常软骨的平均厚度值,比较不同程度骨性关节炎(OA)患者之间软骨厚度差异.方法 健康志愿者20例及OA患者45例均行4个常规膝关节扫描序列后,附加矢状位MERGE序列、矢状位脂肪抑制序列(OSAG-STIR)、三维抑脂扰相梯度回波序列(FS-3D-FSPGR)扫描.参照WORMS将健康志愿者膝关节软骨划分为15个小亚区,定量记录每个亚区软骨厚度,比较各亚区合并后大部位的厚度差异,总结膝关节整体软骨分布特点.用两独立样本t检验比较健康志愿者组与轻、重度膝骨性关节炎(KOA)组软骨厚度之间的差异性.结果 (1)健康志愿者组膝关节软骨平均厚度从厚到薄依次为髌骨区(3.31 mm)、股骨外侧滑车区(3.27 mm)、胫骨外侧平台区(2.59 mm)、股骨外侧髁区(2.26 mm)、胫骨内侧平台区(2.09 mm)、股骨内侧髁区(2.05 mm).(2)健康志愿者组与轻度()A患者组之间软骨厚度比较后P值＞0.05,无统计学意义;健康志愿者组与重度OA患者组之间除胫骨内外侧平台软骨厚度变化不明显外,其余部位P值＜0.01,差异有显著统计学意义.结论 (1)膝关节软骨厚度由厚到薄依次为髌骨区、股骨外侧滑车区、胫骨外侧平台区、股骨外侧髁区、胫骨内侧平台区、股骨内侧髁区.(2)随着软骨退变的发展,软骨厚度及体积逐渐变小,胫骨平台软骨最后缺失.     

兔同种异体新鲜半月板移植的实验观察

目的:探讨兔同种异体新鲜半月板移植的可行性。方法:成年新西兰大白兔35只,随机分为三组:第一组5只,切除内侧半月板,制成半月板缺失模型,作为对照,观察切除半月板后关节软骨损伤情况;第二组15只,作为半月板移植的受体;第三组15只,作为供体,切取半月板后处死。半月板缺失组和半月板移植组均饲养12个月后处死。半月板缺失组处死后观察内侧胫骨平台和股骨髁关节软骨损伤情况。半月板移植组术后12个月先行MRI检查,观察半月板与关节囊愈合情况以及移植半月板有无信号改变,处死后观察大体半月板愈合情况和关节软骨损伤情况,并行石蜡切片检查。结果:半月板缺失组胫骨平台和股骨髁关节软骨出现磨损。半月板移植组半月板愈合好,外形、质地和弹性均接近正常半月板,胫骨平台和股骨髁软骨无额外磨损。结论:同种异体新鲜半月板移植能够成活,一年后观察时具有正常的结构和功能,防止了膝关节退变。     

外伤性膝关节前外侧韧带损伤的MR影像特征及相关性分析

目的探讨外伤所致膝关节前外侧韧带损伤病人的MR影像特征,并分析其与前交叉韧带撕裂、外侧半月板撕裂及骨挫伤的相关性,为深入研究前外侧韧带对膝关节稳定性的作用提供可靠依据。方法回顾性分析2016年1月—2017年2月间因外伤进行膝关节MRI检查的320例病人(共321膝)的影像资料。采用美国GE公司生产的Signa HDe 1.5 T MR扫描设备,分别行膝关节斜矢状面T1WI、质子密度加权成像(PDWI)和冠状面、横断面PDWI扫描。根据前外侧韧带的完整性和损伤部位对所有病人进行分类统计。采用独立性卡方检验对前外侧韧带撕裂与前交叉韧带撕裂、外侧半月板撕裂及骨挫伤的相关性进行分析。结果全部病人膝关节MR影像均可显示前外侧韧带,显示率为100%。151/321膝(47.0%;95%CI为41.6%~52.5%)存在前外侧韧带损伤,其中累及胫骨部、股骨部及半月板部的分别为97膝、96膝及65膝。前交叉韧带撕裂158膝,外侧半月板撕裂98膝,股骨外侧髁挫伤58膝,外侧胫骨平台挫伤71膝,分别与前外侧韧带撕裂具有相关性(均P0.001)。结论 MRI检查可以很好地显示前外侧韧带解剖及其损伤情况。膝关节前外侧韧带损伤与前交叉韧带撕裂、外侧半月板撕裂及膝外侧骨挫伤具有相关性。     

膝关节类风湿关节炎与骨关节炎MRI对比研究

目的对比分析晚期膝关节类风湿关节炎(RA)和膝关节骨关节炎(OA)的MRI表现。资料与方法对2010年7月—2012年8月经我院确诊的膝关节RA病人33例(共40个膝关节)和OA病人58例(共60个膝关节)行MRI检查并分组,统计RA组和OA组半月板、关节软骨、软骨下骨、滑膜病变的发病率和发病程度,比较两组间统计学差异。结果 RA组内、外侧半月板各部位损伤程度均重于OA组(均P<0.05);RA组胫股外侧关节软骨病变程度重于OA组(股骨外侧髁和胫骨外侧平台的Z值分别为5.702和7.534,均P<0.05),两组的髌股关节及胫股内侧关节软骨病变程度的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);RA组的胫股内、外侧关节软骨下骨病变程度重于OA组(股骨内、外侧髁的χ2值分别为6.730和23.938,胫骨内、外侧平台的χ2值分别为12.033和41.017;均P<0.05),两组的髌股关节软骨下骨病变的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。RA组膝关节共有97.5%(39/40个膝关节)的滑膜弥漫性增厚,其中半数(20个膝关节)有关节裸区骨质结构破坏;OA组共有21.7%(13/60个膝关节)的滑膜增厚,范围较局限,无一例关节裸区骨质结构破坏。结论膝关节RA可造成滑膜弥漫肥厚,易造成半月板弥漫破坏、关节软骨及骨质广泛受累。膝关节OA可造成滑膜局限增厚,病变易累及内侧半月板后角和体部、胫股内侧关节及髌股关节。     

关节镜下盘状半月板损伤治疗效果影响因素分析

目的探讨关节镜下盘状半月板损伤疗效的影响因素。方法将我院2000年12月～2011年12月198例膝关节（212膝）盘状半月板损伤的关节镜手术,通过12个月以上的随访,观察患者年龄、症状持续时间、软骨损伤、损伤类型、手术方式对盘状半月板疗效的影响。术后采用Ikeuehi评价标准对膝关节功能进行评定。结果依据Ikeuehi评分标准：优74膝,良67膝,中71膝。患者年龄〈20岁,持续症状〈1年,无软骨损伤程度,半月板成型术均有利于盘状半月板损伤治疗,而损伤类型和疗效无关。结论患者年龄、症状持续时间、软骨损伤程度、手术方式对盘状半月板的治疗效果影响较大。     

MR assessment of meniscal movement during knee flexion: correlation with the severity of cartilage abnormality in the femorotibial joint

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of meniscal movement during knee flexion on MR images and to correlate it with the severity of cartilage damage in the femorotibial joint. METHOD: Sagittal MR images were obtained at extension and 45 degrees of flexion in 35 knees. A shortening ratio in the distance between the anterior and posterior horns at 0-45 degrees of knee flexion was calculated in each meniscus and was correlated with the degree of cartilage abnormality in the femorotibial joint. RESULTS: The shortening ratio of the meniscus was reduced in knees with cartilage abnormality in the femorotibial joint. The shortening ratio of the medial meniscus was inversely correlated with the degree of cartilage abnormality in the medial femoral condyle and with that in the medial tibial plateau. CONCLUSION: Restricted shortening ratio of the meniscus may be related to cartilage damage in the femorotibial joint.     

Anterior rim tibial plateau fractures and posterolateral corner knee injury

The aim of this study was to review MRI findings of clinically suspected posterolateral corner knee injuries and their associated internal derangements. Sixteen knees in 15 patients who had evidence of a posterolateral corner knee injury on the physical exam underwent MRI to evaluate the posterolateral corner of the knee and to look for associated injuries. Two musculoskeletal radiologists reviewed the scans. Surgery was performed on 10 of the knees. Tibial plateau fractures were present in 6 knees; 5 of the fractures were anteromedial rim tibial plateau fractures. The popliteus muscle was injured in 13 knees and the biceps femoris in 6 knees. The lateral collateral ligament was ruptured in 12 knees. The posterior cruciate ligament was completely ruptured in 7 knees and avulsed from its tibial attachment in 1 knee. Eleven knees had a complete anterior cruciate ligament rupture. The anterior cruciate ligament was edematous without complete disruption of all fibers in 3 knees. There was excellent correlation between the MRI results and operative results in regard to the presence of a posterolateral corner injury of the knee (9 of the 10 knees had a posterolateral corner injury). In our study MRI readily detected posterolateral corner injuries. Posterolateral corner injuries of the knee are frequently associated with a variety of significant injuries, including cruciate ligament tears, meniscus tears, and fractures. Fractures of the peripheral anteromedial tibial plateau are not common; however, given their relatively common occurrence in this study, they may be an indicator of a posterolateral corner injury to the knee.     

The posteromedial corner of the knee: medial-sided injury patterns revisited

BACKGROUND: Medial-sided knee injury patterns have been poorly defined in the available literature. The lack of definition can be attributed to the differing anatomic perspectives of physician authors and the functional significance they assigned to the posteromedial structures of the knee. HYPOTHESIS: Many so-called medial collateral ligament injuries can involve significant damage to the posteromedial corner structures that may not be appreciated. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHOD: The authors reviewed the charts of 93 patients (93 knees) with operatively treated isolated and combined medial-sided knee injuries and described the associated medial injury patterns. RESULTS: Ninety-nine percent of the knees were found to have an injury of the posterior oblique ligament. In the series, 70% of the knees also had an injury of the semimembranosus capsular attachment, and 30% were found to have complete peripheral detachment of the meniscus. Injury to the posterior oblique ligament was the common injury, but other sites of disruption capable of disabling this dynamic meniscocapsular complex were present. CONCLUSIONS: Before assigning function to the various posteromedial structures of the knee, we must better define medial-sided injury patterns, the purpose of the current work. From this review of medial-sided injuries in this series of patients, the authors have come to realize that a subgroup of these knee injuries involves injuries to the posteromedial structures that are under-appreciated.     

Long-term outcome of knee and ankle injuries in elite football

To estimate the risk and evaluate the long-term outcome of knee and ankle injuries in former national team elite football, 69 players were randomly selected, followed by clinical and stress radiographic examinations. Thirty-nine players (49 knees) had had knee injuries and 29 ankle injuries (35 ankles). The median time from injury until study examination was 25 years. The knee injuries were tears of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) in 24 cases combined with rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscus lesions in three. Meniscus lesions had occurred in 17 cases including three combined with ACL and MCL and another two with ACL ruptures. Isolated rupture of the ACL had occurred in four cases. The ankle lesions were in 26 of 35 cases ruptures of the lateral ligaments. In all, 12 players had completely stopped football and three had changed occupation. Signs of arthritis were present in 63% of the injured knees and in 33% of the injured ankles. The incidence of arthritis in the group of 17 uninjured players was 26% in the knee and 18% the ankle. In elite football players knee and ankle injuries seem to have a serious long-term outcome, but also uninjured players have a higher risk of developing arthritis than the normal population.     

Radiographic joint space narrowing and histologic changes in a rabbit meniscectomy model of early knee osteoarthrosis

The purpose of this study was to compare weightbearing radiographs with histologic cartilage evaluation in a rabbit meniscectomy model of the early stage of osteoarthrosis. Fifteen rabbits had a medial meniscectomy performed in one knee and a sham operation in the other knee. Five rabbits each were sacrificed at 13, 25, and 40 weeks after surgery. Radiographic joint space width and histologic cartilage changes of the medial knee compartment were quantified. Five non-operated knees and five knees in which the meniscus had been removed immediately before the evaluations served as control specimens. Overall, the joint space of the peripheral part of the medial knee compartment was narrower in knees operated on for meniscus removal than in sham-operated knees (P < 0.003). In the knees with the meniscus removed, more cartilage changes were seen at the joint surface area of contact on radiographs than in the sham-operated knees (P < 0.0015). Indeed, the area of contact had cartilage changes similar to those in the whole medial compartment. However, there was no correlation between the degree of histologic cartilage change and the corresponding joint space measurements. Joint space width as measured on weightbearing radiographs is reduced after meniscectomy in the rabbit, but it does not reflect the degree of cartilage damage of the loaded joint surfaces in early stages of osteoarthrosis.     

单纯后交叉韧带断裂继发关节内损伤的临床研究

自 1 973年至 2 0 0 2年间我所诊治单纯后交叉韧带断裂共 5 4例 ,其中进行了关节内探查的有 40例 ,急性伤 9例 (≤ 6周 ) ,慢性伤 3 1例 ( >6周 )。分别对这 40例病例的关节软骨损伤发生率、损伤部位和损伤程度及半月板损伤的发生率、损伤部位及损伤类型进行了统计学研究 ,同时对前、后交叉韧带断裂之间和运动员与非运动员之间的继发关节内损伤进行了统计学比较 ,对创伤机制也进行了相应的研究。结果显示 ,后交叉韧带断裂最常见创伤机制为胫前伤 ( 5 1 85 % )。非运动员中摩托车伤最多见 ( 2 3 5 3 % )。伤后慢性期软骨损伤发生率明显高于急性期 (P <0 0 5 )。前、后交叉韧带断裂后急性期与慢性期之间及运动员与非运动员之间软骨损伤发生率无明显差异。后交叉韧带断裂后软骨损伤最易发生于髌股关节 (P <0 0 1 ) ,其次为股骨内髁负重区 ,与前交叉韧带断裂更易发生于内、外髁相比 ,明显不同。非运动员软骨损伤程度要重于运动员 (P <0 0 5 )。后交叉韧带断裂后急慢性期半月板损伤发生率相近。慢性期外侧半月板损伤居多 (P <0 0 1 )。运动员更易发生半月板损伤 (P <0 0 1 )。后交叉韧带断裂后内外侧半月板损伤均少于前交叉韧带 ,慢性期尤甚 (P <0 0 0 1 )。后交叉韧带断裂后半月板损伤的部位以外侧     

The appearance of kissing contusion in the acutely injured knee in the athletes

Background: Bone contusions are often identified at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the acutely injured knee. Contusions of both surfaces of the joint are known as kissing contusions.

Objective: To determine the frequency, type, and distribution of kissing contusions occurring in association with injuries of the knee joint.

Methods: 255 MRI examinations in athletes with acutely injured knees (197 men; 58 women; mean age 24.2 years) were reviewed by two independent examiners; 219 MRIs were done within the first month after the injury and 36 within two to four months. None of the knees had been injured before. No fractures were present on x ray.

Results: Bone contusions were diagnosed in 71 cases (27.8%); 55 (22.5%) were identified as single contusions and 16 (6.3%) as kissing contusions. Eight of the kissing contusions were associated with anterior cruciate ligament tears, three with menisceal tears, four were isolated lesions, and one was delayed, following a menisceal tear. The 32 bone contusions (16 kissing contusions) were located as follows: lateral femoral condyle (n = 14; 8 type I, 6 type II); lateral tibial condyle (n = 9; 3 type I, 1 type II, 5 type III); medial tibial condyle (n = 7; 2 type I, 5 type III); medial femoral condyle (n = 2; both type I). The associated injuries were confirmed by arthroscopy in 12/16 patients.

Conclusions: Kissing contusion is a significant injury often associated with ligamentous or menisceal injuries. Type I lesions are most common on the lateral femoral condyle and type III on the lateral tibial condyle.

     

Evaluation of knee braces in Swedish ice hockey players.

In this retrospective investigation we have determined the rate and types of knee injuries among Swedish ice hockey players, and related these data to the use of knee braces. Thirty-seven of the originally selected 50 hockey teams (74%) of elite or first division calibre took part in the study, and 600 players answered a questionnaire. A total of 254 previous knee injuries sustained while playing hockey were reported by 243 players; tears of the medical collateral ligament (60%), meniscus (15%) or anterior cruciate ligament (12%) were the most commonly reported injuries. Prophylactic knee braces were worn by 138 (23%) of the players. Of these, 122 (88%) had earlier sustained a knee injury, and 16 had not. A total of 17 knee injuries had occurred while the players were wearing a brace. Six of these players had previously uninjured knees while 11 had repeat injury in a brace despite earlier successful rehabilitation or operation. The most common injury in braced knees was a tear of the medial collateral ligament. We conclude that the number of knee injuries is high among Swedish ice hockey players, and that the efficacy of functional knee braces to reduce knee injuries is questionable.     

Articular cartilage injury of the posterior lateral tibial plateau associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament injury

Thirty-nine knees in 39 patients with recent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture (age 14–55 years; with a mean age of 22.8 years) were selected from our cases of ACL reconstruction from July 2005 to June 2006, to take part in a study on articular cartilage injury of the posterior lateral tibial plateau associated with acute ACL injury and on the correlation between bone bruises depicted on MRI and cartilage injury of the posterior lateral tibial plateau detected at arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. Using preoperative MRI, we evaluated whether there were bone bruises or not in the lateral compartment of the knee and divided them accordingly into two groups: the bone bruise positive group and the negative group. The differences in the proportions of the lateral meniscus (LM) tears and the cartilage injuries in the two groups were evaluated using Fisher’s exact probability test. Thirty-five cases out of 39 arthroscopic ACL reconstructions (89.7%) were regarded as bone bruise positive in the lateral compartment and four cases (10.3%) were regarded as negative. At arthroscopic ACL reconstruction, 33 cases (84.6%) had tears in the LM posterior horn, 34 cases (87.2%) had articular cartilage injuries in the lateral femoral condyle and 29 cases (74.3%) had articular cartilage injuries in the posterior lateral tibial plateau. From 35 bone bruise positive cases, 32 cases (91.4%) had tears in the LM posterior horn, 33 cases (94.3%) had articular cartilage injuries in the lateral femoral condyle and 28 cases (80%) had articular cartilage injuries in the posterior lateral tibial plateau. Of four bone bruise negative cases, one case (25%) had a tear in the LM posterior horn, articular cartilage injury of the lateral femoral condyle and of the posterior lateral tibial plateau. There was a statistically significant correlation between the proportion of bone bruise and cartilage injury of the lateral femoral condyle (P = 0.004), that of the posterior lateral tibial plateau (P = 0.04) and that of tears in the LM posterior horn (P = 0.008). This current study has demonstrated that we need to pay attention to cartilage damage of the posterior lateral tibial plateau as well as to posterior horn tears in LM, when acute ACL injury is shown. We also have to ensure that we follow the long-term progress of cartilage injuries, with the aim of preventing these injuries becoming osteoarthritis after ACL reconstruction.