精神专科医院中层管理者人格特征与心理健康状况的调查

目的探讨精神专科医院中层管理者的人格特征,并了解其心理健康状况。方法采用卡氏16种人格因素测验(16PF)和症状自评量表(SCL-90)对精神专科医院中71名中层管理者进行测查,然后对测查数据进行统计学分析。结果在精神专科医院男中层管理者群体中,乐群性、聪慧性、稳定性、兴奋性、有恒性、敢为性、世故性、自律性得分显著高于中国成人常模得分(t=8.794,P0.001;t=2.215,P0.05;t=18.099,11.183,4.888,7.352;P0.001;t=2.362,P0.05;t=7.070,P0.001);怀疑性、忧虑性、实验性、独立性、紧张性得分显著低于中国常模得分(t=-11.020,-8.775;P0.001;t=-2.169,P0.05;t=-4.790,-12.121;P0.001)。女中层管理者群体中,乐群性、聪慧性、稳定性、兴奋性、有恒性、敢为性、自律性得分显著高于中国常模得分(t=6.905,P0.001;t=3.027,P0.01;t=10.001,8.469,3.956,9.519,5.522;P0.001);怀疑性、忧虑性、独立性、紧张性得分显著低于中国常模得分(t=-9.010,-12.746,-3.668,-10.763;P0.001)。SCL-90各因子的得分都显著低于中国常模得分(P0.001)。11个人格因素与SCL-90因子均存在不同程度的相关。结论精神专科医院中层管理者中,中层管理者普遍具有外向、热情、富有才识、稳定成熟、轻松兴奋、做事有恒、尽职尽责、冒险敢为、果断、机灵能干、自律严谨、随和自信等优秀的人格特征。中层管理者的心理健康水平相对而言较高。在一些优秀的人格特征基础上,中层管理者们能够进行相对有效地心理调节。     

警校大学生人格特点调查分析

目的探讨警校大学生人格特点，为培养警校大学生良好的人格素质提供依据。方法采用卡特尔16种人格问卷（16PF）对137名警校大学生进行测试。结果警校男生乐群性、聪慧性、兴奋性、敢为性显著高于男大学生常模，有恒性、怀疑性、忧虑性、实验性、独立性、世故性、敏感性显著低于男大学生常模。警校女生乐群性、兴奋性、敢为性显著高于女大学生常模，稳定性、有恒性、怀疑性、幻想性、忧虑性、实验性、独立性显著低于女大学生常模。警校男生乐群性、敏感性、忧虑性显著低于女生，稳定性、恃强性、独立性显著高于女生。结论警校大学生有较好的人格特征，并表现出了明显的性别差异。     

青少年适应障碍患者人格特质分析

目的对青少年适应障碍患者与正常青少年的人格特质进行比较。方法采用《修订卡氏16种人格因素量表》,对88例青少年适应障碍患者与88例正常青少年进行测评。结果适应障碍组的因素A（乐群性）、C（稳定性）、F（兴奋性）、Q 2（独立性）、H（敢为性）均分别低于正常人组（P〈0.001或P〈0.05）,因素O（忧虑性）、Q 4（紧张性）、I（敏感性）、L（怀疑性）均分别高于正常人组（P〈0.001或P〈0.05） 适应障碍组的心理健康因素、新环境中的成长能力因素均分低于正常人组（P〈0.001） 适应障碍组适应与焦虑型均分明显高于正常人组（P〈0.001）,适应障碍组内向与外向型、感情用事与安详机警型、怯懦与果断型均分明显低于正常人组（P〈0.05）。结论青少年适应障碍患者人格特质与正常青少年之间存在显著性差异。     

远航前护航舰队官兵应对方式与人格特征的相关性

目的:探讨舰艇官兵应对方式与人格特征的关系。方法:采用应对方式问卷和卡特尔16种人格因素问卷(16PF)对467名远航前舰艇官兵进行测评。结果:1舰艇官兵应对方式首选解决问题,其次是求助、合理化、退避、幻想和自责,官兵更易采取积极的应对方式;2解决问题与乐群性、聪慧性、稳定性、有恒性、敢为性正相关(P0.05),与怀疑性、忧虑性和紧张性负相关(P0.05);自责与乐群性、聪慧性、稳定性、敢为性负相关(P0.05),与兴奋性、怀疑性、忧虑性、紧张性正相关(P0.05);幻想与稳定性和有恒性负相关(P0.05),与怀疑性、幻想性正相关(P0.05);合理化与乐群性、稳定性、恃强性、兴奋性、有恒性和敢为性负相关(P0.05),与忧虑性和紧张性正相关(P0.05)。解决问题对心理健康有正向预测作用(P0.05),自责对心理健康有显著的负向预测作用(P0.01),合理化对心理健康有负向预测作用(P0.05)。结论:舰艇官兵具有良好的应对方式,应对方式与个性特征密切相关,应对方式对心理健康有正负向预测作用。     

武警官兵个性特征与症状自评测试调查及其分析

目的综合分析武警官兵个性特征及心理健康状况,为增进官兵身心健康提供科学依据。方法随机抽取武警某部1343名官兵为点查对象,采用卡特尔16项个性因素问卷和症状自评量表SCL-90作为测评工具进行调查分析。结果人格特质中,乐群性、稳定性、恃强性、兴奋性、敢为性、自律性高于全国常模,敏感性、怀疑性、忧虑性、实验性、独立性、紧张性则明显低于全国常模。心理健康水平高于全国常模,也高于全国军人常模;SCL-90各因子均分与16PF次级人格因素心理健康及内外向均呈显著负相关,与16PF次级人格因素心理适应呈正相关。结论武警官兵的个性特点与其任务相适应,有其特殊性。官兵个性特点影响着官兵的心理健康水平。     

3017名新兵心理健康状况调查分析及综合评估模型的构建

目的:调查部队新兵心理健康状况并构建综合评估模型。方法:使用DXC群体心理测评仪对某部队的3017名2014年入营新兵进行卡特尔16种个性因素测验。使用SPSS软件进行判别分析后构建出综合评估模型,并检验该模型的应用价值。结果:除乐群性量表外,其他量表与常模具有显著性差异,其中聪慧性、稳定性、恃强性、兴奋性、有恒性、敢为性、世故性、实验性、自律性、内向外向性、感性用事与安详机警性、心理健康因素、专业成就个性因素、新环境成长能力因素得分高于常模(t=8.38~59.29,P0.01),其他量表如敏感性、怀疑性、幻想性、忧虑性、独立性、紧张性、适应焦虑性、怯懦与果敢型、创造能力个性因素得分均低于常模(t=-55.90~-7.14,P0.01)。最后根据16PF的24个因子,构建综合评估模型为Y=0.723*忧虑性+1.589*怯懦与果敢型-0.633*心理健康因素+0.201*稳定性-0.255*恃强性-0.164*紧张性+0.5374*适应焦虑性-10.821,此模型的各项指标的效度良好。结论:某部队新兵心理健康水平较好,综合评估模型为我们提供了一个排除心理异常者的参考和研究心理健康综合评估的新思路。     

大学生学习成绩与16PF测定相关分析

目的：探讨大学生的学习成绩与人格特征之间的相关性。方法：根据各门课程学习成绩的综合评定结果，将某大学2年级全体学习划分为优良、落后、普通三个组，并采用卡特尔16PF人格测验对他们进行测试，然后进行人格特征比较及学习成绩与人格特征因素之间的相关分析。结果：学习成绩优良组在自律性、有恒性上显著高于学习成绩落后组，在恃强性、世故性、次级因素内向与外向型上显著低于学习成绩落后组，在稳定性、次级因素内向与外向型、心理健康因素和感情用事与安详机警型上显著低于普通组，在忧虑性上高于普通组；学习成绩落后组在稳定性上低于普通组，在忧虑性上高于普通组；学习成绩与恃强性、有恒性、自律性等人格因素之间存在显著相关关系。结论：学习成绩优良的大学生有较强的自我约束、自我管理能力，较能把精力集中在学业上，但性格偏内向，对周围的人或事过于敏感，抗挫折能力弱，心理健康水平欠佳；学习成绩落后的大学生自我管理能力较差，缺乏自信心，难以集中精力于学业，且思维能力欠强，心理健康水平欠佳。     

维吾尔族警察心理健康与人格特征

目的深入研究维吾尔族警察的心理健康水平及人格特征,为开展有针对性的心理服务提供科学依据。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和卡特尔16种人格因素问卷(16PF)对新疆15个地州的3817名维吾尔族警察进行测试。结果维吾尔族警察在SCL-90的总均分上与全国常模有显著性差异(t=15.207,P0.01),其它各因子得分,除人际关系敏感因子得分低于全国常模外,躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖(t=19.08,P0.01)、偏执、精神病性的得分均高于全国常模(t=7.212,25.72,13.02,4.993,19.04,9.51,19.08,13.90,19.10;P均0.01);男性维吾尔族警察在16PF各因子上的得分与全国成人(男性)常模相比,除有恒性因子没有差异外,其中乐群性、稳定性、恃强性、兴奋性、敢为性、敏感性、幻想性、世故性、忧虑性、实验性、自律性、紧张性的得分均高于全国常模(t=7.682,6.133,10.245,15.43,25.57,8.453,27.45,10.65,25.02,-9.930,2.64,21.22;P0.01);聪慧性(t=-66.71,P0.01)、怀疑性(t=-37.078,P0.01)、独立性(t=-63.06,P0.01)3个因子的得分均低于全国常模(t=-66.71,-37.078,-63.06;P0.01);女性维吾尔族警察与中国成人(女性)常模相比:女性维吾尔族警察在乐群性、稳定性、恃强性、兴奋性、敢为性、世故性、忧虑性7个因子上的得分高于全国常模(t=8.441,6.691,4.531,4.041,10.916,2.767,3.577;P0.01);在聪慧性、怀疑性、独立性3个因子上的得分低于全国常模(t=-17.32,-7.17,-11.62;P0.01);结论维吾尔族警察的心理健康水平低于全国常模,男、女维吾尔族警察在人格特征上均表现出高乐群性、高稳定性、高恃强性、高兴奋性、高敢为性、高世故性、高忧虑性、低聪慧性、低怀疑性、低独立性的共同特点。     

贫困大学生心理健康状况的研究

目的 探讨贫困大学生心理健康状况,为更好地开展助困的心理健康教育工作提供理论依据.方法 用SCL-90量表、16PF量表及Zung氏抑郁量表,对3637名大学生做心理测试.结果 贫困学大学生的心理卫生问题发生率及抑郁发生率均显著高于非贫困大学生;贫困大学生在SCL-90量表各项得分都比非贫困大学生高,且差异呈显著性.贫困大学生的性格在乐群性、兴奋性、敏感性、怀疑性、世故性、幻想性以及心理健康方面不及非贫困大学生,在忧郁性、独立性,创造力、感情用事、成长能力方面分数比非贫困大学生高.而且贫困大学生更多地表现为内向的性格特点.结论 贫困大学生的心理健康状况与非贫困生相比要差,解决贫因大学生的心理问题,应与解决其生活实际困难结合起来,两方面缺一不可.     

心理咨询师儿童期虐待和生活事件的调查

目的:探讨咨询师儿童期虐待与生活事件的特点以及"受伤的治疗者"的涵义。方法:本次调查采用儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ)和生活事件量表(LES),选择90名心理咨询师为研究组,60名非心理咨询师为对照组。结果:两组被试在躯体虐待上得分差异显著(P<0.05)。不同性别、不同年龄的咨询师在童年虐待各个因子得分差异均不显著,不同婚姻状况的咨询师在正性事件刺激量上得分差异显著(P<0.05);学历与情感虐待、躯体虐待、情感忽视、躯体忽视、童年总创伤(P<0.05,0.01,0.001,0.05,0.01)显著负相关;不同家庭住址的咨询师在躯体忽视(P<0.01)、正性事件刺激量(P<0.05)上得分差异显著。咨询师负性事件与童年虐待多项评定结果显著相关。结论:与非心理咨询师相比,心理咨询师没有经历更多的童年创伤,但其主观感受高于前者;这可能与其激活了内在的"治疗者"原型有关。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.