肩胛上神经阻滞治疗肩周炎的应用解剖

目的：为肩胛上神经阻滞治疗肩周炎提供形态学依据。方法：在34例经常规固定的成人尸体标本上部剖观测了肩胛上神经及其分支的走行及分布,拟定了穿刺点及其体表定位方法,并进行募拟穿刺。结果：肩胛上神经起于臂上干,斜向后外下径斜方肌深面及肩胛切迹至网上窝。起干臂丛上干处的外径为1.86±0.25mm,干长为43.0±6.0mm。主要分支有冈上肌支,冈下肌支及较为细小的肩关节支。冈上肌支外径为0.08±0.12mm,干长为26.6±3.9mm;冈下肌支的外径为1.07±0.13mm,干长为41.5±5.7mm。结论：根据肩胛上神经恒定的走行和分支分布,对其定位阻滞可作为治疗肩周炎的一种有效方法。     

小针刀治疗肩胛上神经嵌压症的应用解剖

目的为小针刀减压治疗肩胛上神经嵌压症提供形态学基础.方法在34侧常规固定的成人尸体标本上解剖出冈上孔、冈下孔和肩胛上神经及血管,观察冈上孔、冈下孔及其与肩胛上神经、血管的走行位置关系,测量有关数据.结果冈上孔位于锁骨锥状结节的后端深面,由肩胛切迹和横架于其上方的肩胛上横韧带围成,距体表(4.75±0.79)cm.冈下孔位于肩胛冈中外1/3交界处下方2cm处的深面,由冈盂切迹和连于肩峰根部及肩胛骨背面的肩胛下横韧带围成,距体表(3.93±0.95)cm.肩胛上神经起自臂丛上干,行向后外下,穿冈上孔人冈下窝,再向后穿冈下孔入冈下窝,沿途发支至冈上肌、冈下肌和肩关节.肩胛上血管经肩胛上横韧带的外上方入冈上窝与神经伴行.结论本文提出同时扩大或开放两孔进行治疗的新思路,提供的有关数据和定位方法,可提高小针刀治疗肩胛上神经嵌压症的准确性和安全性.     

三边孔的解剖学观测及其临床意义

目的:了解三边孔的形态,为临床制作旋肩胛血管蒂肩胛骨骨皮瓣、肌瓣和肌皮瓣提供解剖学依据。方法:解剖观测32侧成尸肩胛区三边孔的形态及经过三边孔的旋肩胛动、静脉的外径及其位置毗邻关系。结果:三边孔外侧壁长(15.51±1.8)mm,上壁长(25.1±5.4)mm,,下壁长(25.7±4.5)mm。旋肩胛动脉宽径(2.6±0.7)mm;旋肩胛静脉上支宽径(2.6±0.7)mm,下支宽径(2.4±0.7)mm。肩胛下神经宽径(2.1±0.6)mm。旋肩胛动、静脉在入三边孔前与肩胛下神经伴行。结论:旋肩胛动脉在三边孔内的投影点,对手术寻找该血管具有指导作用。     

肩胛提肌瓣的应用解剖

作者在22具(男9、女13)成人尸体上对44侧肩胛提肌的形态、血供和神经进行了解剖和测量.肩胛提肌长129.13±3.06mm,中部宽19.01±0.60mm,厚6.90±0.31mm.共发现有141支营养该肌的分支动脉,平均3.20支,上中部主要来自颈升动脉(51支),下部主要来自颈横动脉(43支)和肩胛上动脉(27支).神经支配主要是肩胛背神经.肩胛提肌瓣可用作颈部肿瘤根治术后覆盖和保护颈动脉及修复口咽部和面颊部缺损.     

肩胛上血管肩峰支肩胛冈骨瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的为锁骨肩峰端骨不连修复提供新的手术方法.方法在40侧成人尸体标本上,解剖观测肩胛上血管肩峰支的走行、分支及分布;1侧标本上摹拟手术设计.结果肩峰支自肩胛上动脉发出后,向外走行于斜方肌、冈上肌之间,穿斜方肌在肩峰处的附着点达肩峰,并与胸肩峰动脉的肩峰支吻合构成肩峰动脉网.其长度为4.6±1.1cm,外径1.7±0.4mm.其主要分支肩胛冈支外径0.8±0.1mm,长度2.0±0.5cm.结论可以肩峰支为蒂设计切取肩胛冈骨瓣移位修复锁骨肩峰端骨不连.     

腋神经的血供

本文在25具(男13,女12)研究用经动脉灌注带色乳胶液的成人尸体上,应用显微外科解剖技术,解剖和观察了50侧腋神经干的营养动脉及其来源动脉.50侧腋神经中,有45侧有59支营养动脉进入,平均1.31±0.06支.营养动脉的外径和长度分别为0.35±0.01和8.74±0.47mm,多从神经干的前内侧进入(86.40%)和以升降支形式走行(76.27%).这些营养动脉的来源动脉是旋肱后动脉、肩胛下动脉、臂丛营养动脉、腋动脉、胸外侧动脉和旋肩胛动脉.     

肩袖合并肩胛上神经损伤原因的解剖学研究

目的:探讨肩袖损伤合并肩胛上神经损伤的解剖学原因及其临床意义。方法:在44侧经常规防腐处理的成人尸体上肢标本上解剖观测肩袖和肩胛上神经,观测肩胛上神经及其分支的数目、直径、起始、走行、分布以及与肩袖的解剖关系。结果:肩胛上神经行程迂曲,有起点、入肌点两个固定点,另有肩胛上孔、肩胛下孔两个约束点,在冈盂切迹处形成大约50°左右的转折角,发出冈上肌支44支、冈下肌支44支、上关节支42支、下关节支53支、感觉支37支,分布于冈上肌、冈下肌和肩关节等处。肩胛上神经分别在肩胛上、下孔处贴近肩胛上韧带、肩胛下韧带,活动余地较小,肩部外展活动时神经张力增大,肩袖和肩胛上神经干之间有筋膜相隔。结论:肩胛上神经内在的解剖因素是肩袖合并肩胛上神经损伤的基础,肩袖的牵拉是其受伤的直接原因,肩袖损伤时可合并肩胛上神经损伤。     

针刀微创手术治疗肩胛上神经卡压的解剖学研究

目的观测肩胛上横韧带,肩胛上动脉、肩胛上神经及其冈上肌支,为针刀治疗肩胛上神经卡压提供解剖学依据。方法解剖观测肩胛上横韧带的长度、宽度和厚度;观察肩胛上动脉和肩胛上神经以及它们的冈上肌支与肩胛上横韧带的位置关系,测量它们在肩胛切迹处的直径;以韧带内侧附着处下点的骨面为基点,确定体表穿刺点和穿刺深度。结果肩胛上横韧带下缘长(0.901±0.234)cm,韧带中间窄厚,内、外侧附着点宽薄;肩胛上神经走行于肩胛切迹内,肩胛上横韧带的下方;肩胛上动脉有16.67%走行于切迹内神经的外侧,83.33%走行在切迹外韧带外上方;肩胛上神经的冈上肌支经肩胛切迹内上角走行入冈上肌;体表穿刺定位角为(24.102±3.681)°。穿刺定位距离计算的回归方程是:Y=2.560+0.615X,穿刺深度为(4.342±0.629)cm。结论针刀切断韧带的方向应从韧带内侧部下缘切向内上,可避免损伤韧带下方的肩胛上神经和韧带外上的肩胛上动脉,且可更有效地解除对肩胛上神经及其冈上肌支的卡压;直线回归方程使穿刺的体表定位因人而异,更为准确。     

腋动脉的观察

在125具(250侧)成年尸体(男88具,女37具)上进行了腋动脉及其分支的观察,在44具(男27具,女17具)尸体上测量了各分支起点距胸小肌上缘的距离。腋动脉平均长度为11.39±1.42厘米,男女之间有显著的差别。腋动脉第一、二、三段的平均长度分别为1.30±0.74;2.74±0.63;7.36±0.90厘米。腋动脉的分支中,以胸外侧动脉和肩胛下动脉的起源变化较大,不直接起源于腋动脉而与其他支共干的分别为30.40±2.91％和48.40±3.16％。上肩胛下动脉的出现率为54.80±3.15％,系分布于肩胛下肌上份的支,可起于腋动脉的任何一段。考虑到上肩胛下动脉的出现率,腋动脉的典型分支应为7支,而一般教科书的叙述为6支。此外本文尚发现腋动脉发出少数属于锁骨下动脉和肱动脉的分支。     

四边孔综合征的解剖学基础

目的:为四边孔综合征的病因和诊治提供解剖学基础。方法:解剖观察成尸胸上肢标本36(男30、女6)侧四边孔的组成、内容及毗邻关系,并摹拟观察四边孔综合征的成因。结果:①四边孔上下径(18.4±1.9)mm,左右径(18.6±4.3)mm;②腋神经外径为(4.3±1.2)mm,腋动脉外径为(3.0±0.9)mm,腋静脉外径为(2.1±0.9)mm;③腋神经位于四边孔内上壁处,肩关节外展90°或过度活动时,腋神经被绷紧在肩胛下肌腱、肱骨外科颈和肩关节囊之间。结论:肩关节持续的过度屈、伸、展及四边孔长期受压和周围骨骼肌病变,是挤压腋神经引发四边孔综合征的解剖学基础。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.