2～6岁儿童广泛性发育障碍的3年后随访

目的:对2004年北京市2～6岁儿童广泛性发育障碍调查中诊断为广泛性发育障碍的儿童进行随访研究,了解广泛性发育障碍儿童的近期预后。方法:在3年后对2004年调查中确诊的广泛性发育障碍儿童进行随访,由儿童精神科医师根据美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版进行诊断,随访时用儿童孤独症评定量表、Gesell发展诊断量表或中国修订韦氏儿童智力量表、Achenbach儿童行为量表、儿童感觉统合能力发展评定量表的评定及总体调查问卷、精神专业调查问卷进行调查。结果:2004年确诊的29名广泛性发育障碍儿童中共有26名儿童得到随访。随访时间间隔(38.1±0.9)个月。21名(80.8%)儿童诊断同前;另5名(19.2%)儿童的诊断发生变化,1名儿童孤独症诊断转变为不典型孤独症。2名孤独症诊断儿童及2名不典型孤独症诊断儿童不再符合广泛性发育障碍的诊断标准。疾病严重程度转归为显著好转、好转、无变化、加重者分别为4人(15.4%)、4人(15.4%)、15人(57.7%)、2人(7.7%),1名儿童转归无法确定。随访确诊广泛性发育障碍的儿童中,90.9%伴有精神发育迟滞,76.2%伴有感觉统合失调,52.4%伴有过度活动,18.2%伴有肢体残疾,18.2%伴有癫痫。患儿既往康复治疗明显不足,教育安置有限。结论:多数广泛性发育障碍儿童近期预后不良,少数患儿近期预后良好。     

儿童广泛性发育障碍危险因素的病例对照研究

本文对2004年北京市2—6岁儿童精神残疾调查中确诊的广泛发育障碍儿童进行病例对照研究，确定广泛发育障碍的危险因素。 1．1对象2004年北京市2—6岁儿童精神残疾现况凋查中确诊的所有广泛发育障碍儿童（详见本期290页，包括克氏评分t〉7分16人，     

孤独症儿童的智力水平与社会适应能力

儿童孤独症是一种广泛发育障碍,其中社会交往障碍、语言障碍和刻板行为是孤独症的3个主要症状,约有2/3的患者伴有智力缺陷[1].国外研究显示该病患病率约为1.3‰～6‰,且呈上升趋势 [2-3].2001年中国残疾人联合会全国六省市0～6岁儿童抽样调查显示孤独症的患病率为1‰ [4],2004年北京市2～6岁儿童抽样调查儿童孤独症的患病率为1.53‰[5].本研究选取100例孤独症儿童,探讨其智力水平与社会适应能力的关系.     

儿童孤独症患者的电生理分析

目的：探讨脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）、脑电图（EEG）检测在儿童孤独症患者中的作用。方法：对42例确诊为儿童孤独症作BAEP、EEG检测并进行分析。结果：本组42例儿童孤独症中,BAEP异常27例（64％）,EEG异常13例（31％）。BAEP与EEG两者的异常率比较,经χ^2检验,P〈0．01。结论：研究发现虽然BAEP异常率和EEG的异常率有显著差异,但可以说有部分儿童孤独症存在BAEP、EEG异常是无可置疑的,提示皮层下（包括脑干、丘脑）和相关皮层功能受损的可能,可能与孤独症本身的特性有关,对临床诊断有帮助。     

CCMD-3与DSM-Ⅳ儿童孤独症两种诊断标准的比较

目的：比较中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第三版（CCMD-3）与美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第四版（DSM-Ⅳ）儿童孤独症诊断的一致性，探讨CCMD-3儿童孤独症诊断中存在的问题，确定诊断标准中各症状条目的出现频率。方法：运用CCMD-3和DSM-Ⅳ儿童孤独症诊断标准对连续首次就诊的255名可疑发育障碍儿童进行诊断。结果：两种诊断系统儿童孤独症、不典型孤独症、非孤独症诊断的总体一致率为96．08％；诊断差异主要来自于儿童孤独症和不典型孤独症的诊断不一致；个别症状在孤独症儿童中出现频率较低。结论：CCMD-3和DSM-Ⅳ儿童孤独症诊断标准具有较好的诊断一致性；为进一步提高诊断一致性，对CCMD-3中个别症状条目予以调整有所必要。     

供精人工授精与供精体外受精胚胎移植的临床结局

目的总结供精人工授精（AID）及供精体外受精（IVF—D）的临床结局，探讨其最佳治疗方案。方法总结我院2004年11月～2006年6月686例接受供精人工授精（AID）及93例接受供精体外受精（IVF—D）胚胎移植患者的临床结局，分析其相关影响因素。结果686例接受供精人工授精（AID）患者共行1309个人工授精周期，均采用宫颈管内人工授精（ICI），周期临床妊娠率16．88％（221／1309）。单次排卵前授精周期妊娠率19．89％（37／186）；单次排卵后授精周期妊娠率14．46％（134／927）；双次授精周期妊娠率25．51％（50／196）。3种授精时机相比妊娠率有统计学差异（X^2=15．49，P=0．001），双次授精妊娠率最高，单次排卵前授精妊娠率次之，单次排卵后授精妊娠率较低。3个周期累积成功率60．2％（153／254）。接受供精IVF患者93例，共135个移植周期。新鲜移植周期妊娠率53．76％（50／93），解冻移植周期妊娠率50％（21／42）。平均周期妊娠率52.59％（71／135）。AID单胎妊娠率高于IVF—D（91．86％与60．56％；X^2=39．65，P=0．001），AID多胎妊娠率低于IVF—D（1．36％与26．77％；X^2：68．4，P=0．001），AID宫外孕率与IVF—D组相比无统计学差异（0与1．41％，Fisher检验，P=0．24），AID自然流产率与IVF—D组相比无统计学差异（6．79％与11．27％；X^2=1．49，P=0．22）。AID妊娠率低于IVF—D（16．88％与52．59％；X^2=96、73，P=0．001）。结论采用双次宫颈管内供精人工授精（ICI）方法简单，妊娠率满意，供精体外受精（IVF—D）妊娠率高，但多胎率高于AID。     

CD14启动子-159位点基因多态性与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的相关性研究

目的研究湖北地区汉族人群CD14启动予-159（C→T）多态性分布，探讨该多态性与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）的相关性。方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术对湖北地区汉族162例冠心病患者及196名正常对照组者CD14基因启动子-159位点进行基因型分析。结果CD14启动子-159位点基因型频率和等位基因频率在冠心病组和对照组间比较差异有统计学意义，（基因型：X^2=0．654，P〈0．05，CT vs CC，OR=1．245，95％CI：1．001～1．473，TT vs CC，OR=2．374，95％CI：2．012～2．649；等位基因：X^2=0．547，P〈0．05，TvsC，X^2=0、547，P〈0、05，OR=3．105，95 ％CI：2．493～3．539）：CD14启动子-159位点基因型频率和等位基因频率在非心肌梗塞组和心肌梗塞组间比较差异有统计学意义（基因型：X^2=0．782，P〈0．05，CF vs CC，OR=2．375，95％CI：2．017～2．689，TT vs CC．OR=3．459，95％CI：3．003～3．846；等位基因：X^2=2．374，P〈0．05，T vs C，X^2=2．374，P〈0．05，OR=4．011，95％CI：3．814～4．279），然而，我们没有发现往冠心病狭窄血管支数之间存存差异。结论CD14启动子-159（C→T）基因多态性中的T等位基因可能是心肌梗塞的遗传学风险因素。     

HLA Ⅰ、Ⅱ类基因多态性与白塞病的相关性研究

目的 探讨HLAⅠ、Ⅱ类基因在白塞病（BD）易感性中的作用。方法 应用LABType^TM SSO技术（又称序列微珠综合分析实验系统）对40例BD患者及100例正常对照的HLAⅠ、Ⅱ类基因进行检测。结果 与正常对照组相比，BD患HLA＊51（30％vs12％，X^2=5．312，OR=3．143，P〈0．05）、HLA-DRB1＊14（22．5％vs8％，X^2=4．354，OR=3．339，P〈0．05）的频率显著增高，HLA-DRB1＊15（10％vs30％，X^2=5．175，OR=0．259，P〈0．05）的频率显著降低。结论 本研究结果提示HLA-B＊51、HLA-DRB1＊14可能是BD的易感基因，HLA-DRB1＊15可能是BD的保护性基因。     

2010—2011年西城区（南区）手足口病原监测结果分析

目的对2010—2011年北京市两城区（_幸j区）手足口病患者进行肠道病毒病原体检测，分析肠道病毒病原学特征，为手足口病防控提供科学依据。方法采集医疗机构临床诊断为手足r1病患者咽拭子和粪便标本共418份，应用Realtime—PCR检测咽拭子标本病毒核酸；并对粪便标本进行病毒分离。结果418份标本中，肠道病毒总体检出率为53．59％（224／418）。2010年咽拭子标本未分型肠道病毒阳性枪出率（36．26％）高于2011年（16．89％），结果差别有统计学意义（X^2=13．80，P〈0．005）；2011年咽拭子标本CoxA16型病毒阳性检出率（26．03％）高于2010年（10．99％），差别有统计学意义（x^2=8．58，P〈0．005）。分别比较两年采集的咽拭子标本，发病3大内和3天以上采集的标本检出率差异均有统计学意义（2010年：x^2=5．85，P〈0．05；2011年：X^2=15．26，P〈0．005）。结论引起北京市西城区（南区）手足口病流行的主要肠道病原体，2010年为未分型肠道病毒，2011年为CoxA16。在发病3天内采集患者咽拭子标本，有助于提高病毒检出率。     

异常行为量表评估干细胞治疗儿童孤独症的临床疗效及效度评价

目的探索脐血单核细胞（CBMNCs）与脐带间充质干细胞（UCMSCs）治疗儿童孤独症的初步疗效,并对异常行为量表（ABC）的效度进行评价。方法选取2009年3月-2009年9月在山东省交通医院住院行干细胞治疗的儿童孤独症患者23例,分为CBMNCs＋康复训练治疗组（脐血组）和CBMNCs联合UCMSCs＋康复训练治疗组（混合组）;选取在济南明天儿童康复中心行康复训练治疗的儿童孤独症患者14例为对照组。治疗组患者共接受4次干细胞治疗,每周1次,分别收集患者基线、首次治疗后2、4、8、16、24周的儿童孤独症评定量表（CARS）及ABC评分结果,评价干细胞治疗儿童孤独症的临床疗效,并检验ABC量表评价儿童孤独症临床疗效的效度。结果①混合组、脐血组与对照组ABC评分在随访时间内均有一定程度的下降,24周时下降百分比分别为59．9％、38．0％、17．4％,三组间ABC评分比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;②ABC分项分析：嗜睡、刻板行为因子6个月时混合组与脐血组和对照组比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;混合组评分（16．00±7．92,9．33±5．81）明显低于脐血组（24．14±9．65,17．07±9．93）和对照组（30．54±5．03,17．31±4．05）;③ABC评分与CARS评分呈正相关,6个月时,两者之间相关系数r=0．87（P〈0．001）。结论应用干细胞联合康复训练治疗儿童孤独症疗效显著高于单纯康复训练治疗;对于ABC量表中嗜睡与刻板行为因子分析,三组都有显著改善,且CBMNCs联合UCMSCs＋康复治疗组的疗效最好;ABC量表在评价儿童孤独症临床疗效时具有较高的效度。     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.     

Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats

Polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic amines and have important roles in maintaining normal cellular function, regulating neurotransmitter receptors and modulating learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests a role of putrescine in hippocampal neurogenesis, that is significantly impaired during aging. The present study measured the polyamine levels in memory-related brain structures in 24- (aged), 12- (middle-aged) and 4- (young) month-old rats using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In the hippocampus, the putrescine levels were significantly decreased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and increased in the CA2/3 with age. Significant age-related increases in the spermidine levels were found in the CA1 and CA2/3. There was no difference between groups in spermine in any sub-regions examined. In the parahippocampal region, increased putrescine level with age was observed in the entorhinal cortex, and age did not alter the spermidine levels. The spermine level was significantly decreased in the perirhinal cortex and increased in the postrhinal cortex with age. In the prefrontal cortex, there was age-related decrease in putrescine, and the spermidine and spermine levels were significantly increased with age. This study, for the first time, demonstrates age-related region-specific changes in polyamines in memory-associated structures, suggesting that polyamine system dysfunction may potentially contribute to aged-related impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory.     

休克过程中肾上腺髓质素变化的研究进展

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a new peptidergic regulator of vascular function. AM serves as a hormone, which has many biological properties, plays an important role in the many pathophysiological processes, especially shock. This review will highlight the structure, biological properties of AM and the relationship between AM and shock.     

Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia

Between December 1999 and December 2004, 40 081 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasmosis with Toxo-IgG, Toxo-IgM enzyme immunoassay. Women with positive results were then retested with the Toxo-IgG avidity assay for recent toxoplasmosis. Recent acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be significantly more frequent (p < 0.01) during winter than summer. The incidence of acute toxoplasmosis during winter-spring was also significantly more frequent (p < 0.025) than summer-autumn. This phenomenon should be taken into account when formulating preventive measures for toxoplasmosis, especially for pregnant women.     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Uteroglobin in the developing rabbit conceptus in vivo and in vitro

Summary Uteroglobin (UGL) was measured in day- 4 to day-10 rabbit conceptuses by a competitive ELISA. Levels in blastocyst fluid, tissues, coverings and in the early fetus were determined separately. The total amount of UGL increased from 18.4 ng to 6.8 g per conceptus. The UGL content of individual day-6 blastocysts was studied in vitro. Culturing was carried out up to 60 h in Ham's F10 medium with polyvinylpyrrolidone as macromolecular component, with and without progesterone, and with progesterone plus estradiol. UGL was determined in the blastocyst fluids, tissues with coverings and in the culture media. After labelling with [³⁵S]-methionine, protein patterns of total blastocysts and of culture media were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The morphology of cultured blastocysts was examined by electron microscopy. During 60 h of culture, the blastocysts expanded in diameter by 84%, and released 19% of their initial UGL content into the medium, independent of the hormonal substitution. Neither de novo synthesis, nor degradation of UGL was found: the protein remained unlabelled in fluorography, and its total quantity was not significantly different from that of non-cultured controls. Trophoblast, endoderm and embryoblast cells showed well preserved cell organelles and intercellular junctions, while the morphological differentiation of the germ layer was inhibited.