胰腺组织及血清VCAM-1、ICAM-1在胰腺癌手术治疗前后的变化研究

目的 研究胰腺组织与血清血管细胞黏附分子-1(VCAM-1)和细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)在胰腺癌手术治疗前后的变化.方法 选择90例胰腺癌患者(胰腺癌组)、90例急性胰腺炎患者(急性胰腺炎组)和90例同期健康体检者(正常组),于术前和术后第7天检测3组患者血清可溶性血管细胞黏附分子-1(sVCAM-1)、可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)、糖链抗原19-9(CA19-9)和癌胚抗原(CEA)水平;胰腺癌组和急性胰腺炎组患者均于术中切取胰腺典型部位组织行VCAM-1、ICAM-1水平检测,并对上述指标进行分析.结果 术前和术后第7天,胰腺癌组患者血清sVCAM-1、sICAM-1、CA19-9和CEA水平均高于急性胰腺炎组、正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).术前,急性胰腺炎组患者血清sVCAM-1、sICAM-1、CA19-9和CEA水平均高于正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).术前,胰腺癌组中胰腺组织VCAM-1、ICAM-1水平均明显高于急性胰腺炎组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01).术后第7天,急性胰腺炎组患者血清sVCAM-1、sICAM-1、CA19-9、CEA水平与正常组比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).胰腺癌组中,术后第7天患者血清sVCAM-1、sICAM-1、CA19-9和CEA水平均明显低于术前,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01).胰腺癌组患者血清sVCAM-1、sICAM-1与CA19-9均呈正相关(P﹤0.05);胰腺癌组患者血清sVCAM-1、sICAM-1与CEA无相关性(P﹥0.05).结论 胰腺癌患者的血清sVCAM-1、sICAM-1水平明显升高,术后迅速降低,其血清sVCAM-1、sICAM-1与CA19-9呈正相关,在早期诊疗胰腺癌过程中有较高的应用价值.     

多项肿瘤标志物联合应用对肝癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨甲胎蛋白(AFP)、α-L-岩藻糖苷酶(AFU)、癌胚抗原(CEA)和糖链抗原19-9(CA19-9)四种肿瘤标志物对肝癌的诊断价值.方法 收集70例肝癌患者(肝癌组)、80例慢性肝病患者(慢性肝病组)和80例健康体检者(对照组)的临床资料,比较3组研究对象的血清AFP、AFU、CEA和CA19-9水平及其阳性率,比较原发性肝癌与转移性肝癌患者的血清AFP、AFU、CEA和CA19-9水平,分析多指标联合应用对乙肝表面抗原(HB-sAg)(+)肝癌与HBsAg(-)肝癌患者的诊断价值.结果 肝癌组患者的血清AFP、AFU、CEA、CA19-9水平及阳性率均高于对照组和慢性肝病组(P﹤0.05).原发性肝癌患者的血清AFP和AFU水平明显高于转移性肝癌患者(P﹤0.01),血清CEA水平明显低于转移性肝癌患者(P﹤0.01).不同的筛查组合对HBsAg(+)肝癌患者的诊断灵敏度均高于HBsAg(-)肝癌患者,其中AFP+AFU+CEA筛查对HBsAg(+)肝癌患者的灵敏度和约登指数最高,分别为91.11%和0.80.结论 应用AFP+AFU+CEA进行肝癌筛查的诊断效率较好,适合作为HBsAg(+)肝癌高危人群的筛查项目,且有助于区别原发性肝癌和转移性肝癌.     

甲胎蛋白、癌胚抗原和糖链抗原19-9联合检测诊断消化系统恶性肿瘤的价值分析

目的 探讨甲胎蛋白(AFP)、癌胚抗原(CEA)和糖链抗原19-9(CA19-9)联合检测对消化系统恶性肿瘤的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析300例消化系统恶性肿瘤患者和108例消化系统良性病变患者的临床资料,记录患者的血清AFP、CEA和CA19-9水平,评价其诊断效能.结果 肝癌患者的血清AFP、CEA和CA19-9水平均高于肝硬化患者,胃癌、胰腺癌和结直肠癌患者的血清CEA和CA19-9水平分别高于胃溃疡、胰腺炎和溃疡性结肠炎患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).单项检测中,AFP对肝癌的诊断敏感度(78.5%)高于CEA和CA19-9(P<0.05);CA19-9对胰腺癌的诊断敏感度(78.2%)高于AFP和CEA(P<0.05).对于肝癌、胃癌、胰腺癌和结直肠癌,3项联合检测的敏感度均高于单项检测(P<0.05).结论 血清AFP、CEA和CA19-9联合检测对消化系统恶性肿瘤的早期诊断具有重要意义,可提高诊断的敏感度,且不会降低特异度.     

肠镜联合血清肿瘤标志物检测对结直肠癌的诊断价值分析

目的 分析肠镜联合血清肿瘤标志物检测对结直肠癌的诊断价值.方法 将103例结直肠癌患者纳入恶性组,以同期收治的103例结直肠良性病变患者作为良性组,比较两组患者血清肿瘤标志物[糖类抗原72-4(CA72-4)、糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)、癌胚抗原(CEA)]水平,全部患者均接受肠镜检查;以病理检查结果为金标准,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析肠镜、血清肿瘤标志物单独及联合检测对结直肠癌的诊断价值,分析各项检测方法诊断结果与金标准的一致性,计算诊断效能.结果 恶性组患者血清CA19-9、CEA、CA72-4水平均明显高于良性组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01).肠镜与血清肿瘤标志物联合诊断结直肠癌的各项诊断效能均高于各项单独应用,灵敏度为89.32％,特异度为99.03％,准确度为94.17％;各项诊断结果与金标准的一致性均为良(0.6﹤Kappa值≤0.8,P﹤0.01).肠镜具有中等诊断价值[曲线下面积(AUC)=0.883,P﹤0.01];3项血清肿瘤标志物均具有中等诊断价值,其中CA19-9最高(AUC=0.854,P﹤0.01);肠镜与血清肿瘤标志物联合应用具有较高的诊断价值(AUC=0.942,P﹤0.01).结论 肠镜联合血清肿瘤标志物检测对结直肠癌具有较高的诊断价值.     

外周血内CA19-9、CA242及CEA对胰腺癌诊断及病理分期评估的价值

目的：分析糖类抗原19-9（carbohydrate antigen 19-9,CA19-9）、CA242、癌胚抗原（carcino-embryonic anti-gen,CEA）联合检测诊断胰腺癌的临床价值及其对临床分期判断的指导作用。方法选取95例胰腺癌患者为患者组,及同期60例健康体检者为对照组,比较两组受试者血清CA19-9、CA242和CEA的表达水平,计算血清CA19-9、CA242、CEA单独检测及联合检测诊断胰腺癌的敏感度、特异度和准确性,并比较不同临床分期胰腺癌患者血清CA19-9、CA242、CEA的差异,评价上述指标对胰腺癌临床分期判断的指导作用。结果患者组血清 CA19-9、CA242、CEA水平均高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义（均P＜0．05）。联合检测诊断胰腺癌的敏感度、特异度和准确性分别为96．8％、66．7％、85．2％,其敏感度、准确性均优于单项检测。随着患者病理分期的增加,其血清CA19-9、CA242、CEA水平均升高,差异均具有统计学意义（均P＜0．05）。患者组治疗后6个月血清CA19-9、CA242、CEA水平均较术前降低,差异均具有统计学意义（均P＜0．05）。肿瘤直径≥5 cm者、肿瘤位于胰腺体／尾部者,其血清CA19-9、CA242、CEA水平均高于肿瘤直径＜5 cm 者及肿瘤位于胰腺头部或全胰腺者,差异均具有统计学意义（均 P＜0.05）。结论联合检测血清CA19-9、CA242和CEA有助于胰腺癌的早期诊断及分期判断,具有较高的临床价值。     

血清miiRNA-196a联合糖类抗原125、糖类抗原19-9对宫颈癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨血清miRNA-196a联合糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)及CA125诊断宫颈癌的临床价值.方法 选取180例宫颈癌患者(宫颈癌组)、50例宫颈良性肿瘤患者(良性组)及50例健康体检者(对照组)为研究对象,比较不同临床分期宫颈癌患者血清miRNA-196a、CA125、CA19-9水平,比较3组研究对象血清miRNA-196a、CA125、CA19-9水平,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清miRNA-196a、CA125、CA19-9三者单独及联合检测对宫颈癌的诊断效能.结果 Ⅲ～Ⅳ期宫颈癌患者血清miRNA-196a、CA125、CA19-9水平均高于Ⅱ期与Ⅰ期患者,Ⅱ期宫颈癌患者血清miRNA-196a、CA125、CA19-9水平均高于Ⅰ期患者,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).宫颈癌组患者血清miRNA-196a、CA125、CA19-9水平均高于良性组和对照组,良性组患者血清miRNA-196a、CA125、CA19-9水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).miRNA-196a、CA125、CA19-9诊断宫颈癌的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.793、0.791、0.857,三者的诊断截断值分别为3.17、54.18 U/ml、23.72 U/ml,三者联合检测的AUC为0.950,大于三者单独诊断(P﹤0.05).结论 血清miRNA-196a联合CA19-9、CA125能够显著提高诊断效能,有助于宫颈癌的早期筛查及诊疗.     

肿瘤标志物在胃癌早期诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨血清中常见肿瘤标志物在胃癌早期诊断中的应用价值.方法 选择64例胃癌患者(A组),45例胃良性囊肿患者(B组),42例胃黏膜正常的人(C组)作为研究对象.对3组患者血清中CA242、CA724、CA19-9和CEA水平进行比较、癌症各期患者血清中各肿瘤标志物表达水平的检测以及各种肿瘤标志物单测及联合检测对胃癌诊断有效率进行比较.结果 恶性肿瘤组(A组)患者血清中CA242、CA724、CA19-9和CEA水平均显著性高于良性(B组)、对照组(C组)患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组患者血清中肿瘤标志物水平显著性的高于C组患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).随着肿瘤分期的不断延长,胃癌患者血清中CA242、CA724、CA19-9和CEA的表达水平均显著增加;各标志物中CA724的灵敏度最高,CEA标志物的特异性最高,CA724标志物的有效诊断率最高,4项标志物联合检测的灵敏度、特异性以及有效诊断率要显著高于单测肿瘤标志物,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 采用CA242、CA724、CA19-9和CEA联合检测是诊断胃癌的理想组合,联合检测能够有效提高诊断的特异性、灵敏度以及有效率,对于胃癌早期的诊断、治疗具有十分重要的意义.     

糖类抗原125、糖类抗原15-3、糖类抗原19-9和人附睾蛋白4单独及联合检测对卵巢癌的诊断价值

目的研究糖类抗原125(CA125)、CA15-3、CA19-9和人附睾蛋白4(HE4)单独及联合检测对卵巢癌的诊断价值,探讨最优的联合诊断方案。方法选取90例卵巢癌患者、90例良性卵巢疾病患者及90同期健康体检者,分别作为肿瘤组、良性组和健康组。比较3组受试者血清CA125、CA15-3、CA19-9和HE4水平及阳性率,比较上述四种肿瘤标志物单独及联合检测对卵巢癌的诊断灵敏度、特异度及准确度。结果肿瘤组患者CA125、CA15-3、CA19-9和HE4水平及阳性率均高于良性组患者和健康组受试者,良性组患者血清CA125、CA15-3和CA19-9水平均高于健康组受试者,良性组患者血清CA125、CA15-3、CA19-9和HE4阳性率均高于健康组受试者,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。CA125+CA15-3+HE4、CA125+CA15-3+CA19-9+HE4诊断卵巢癌灵敏度最高,均为91.11%。HE4单独诊断卵巢癌的特异度最高,为94.44%。CA125+CA15-3+HE4诊断卵巢癌的准确度最高,为85.93%。结论CA125+CA15-3+HE4三项联合检测可提高卵巢癌诊断效率,对临床诊断卵巢癌有参考价值。     

超声联合血清糖类抗原125、糖类抗原19-9诊断卵巢癌的临床价值

目的 探究超声联合血清糖类抗原125(CA125)、糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)对卵巢癌的临床诊断价值.方法 选取卵巢癌患者47例作为观察组,同期卵巢良性疾病患者60例作为对照组.两组患者术前均实施超声检查和血清CA125、CA19-9检测.统计两组患者超声评分、血流阻力指数(RI)、血清CA125和CA19-9水平,对比不同分期观察组患者超声评分、RI、血清CA125和CA19-9水平,并对超声、血清CA125、血清CA19-9单独及联合检测对卵巢癌的诊断价值进行分析.结果 观察组患者超声评分、血清CA125和CA19-9水平均明显高于对照组,RI明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01).Ⅰ、Ⅱ期卵巢癌患者超声评分、血清CA125和CA19-9水平均明显低于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者,RI明显高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01).受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析结果显示,超声检查、血清CA125、血清CA19-9联合检测对卵巢癌的曲线下面积高于各项指标单一检测(P﹤0.01).结论 超声、血清CA125、CA19-9三者联合能将各自优势相互结合,有效提高卵巢癌的诊断价值.     

LRG1及CA19-9在胰腺癌患者血清中的表达及临床意义

目的:研究富含亮氨酸的α-2糖蛋白 1(leucine rich alpha-2 glycoprotein 1,LRG1)在胰腺癌患者血清中的表达,探讨联合检测LRG1、CA19-9对胰腺癌的诊断价值。方法:共纳入50例胰腺癌患者、30例慢性胰腺炎患者、50例健康志愿者;分别采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA法)检测三组血清中LRG1和CA19-9水平,分析其与肿瘤临床分期的关系,比较单独检测LRG1和CA19-9与两者联合检测诊断胰腺癌的敏感性和特异性。结果:与慢性胰腺炎组及健康查体组相比,胰腺癌组血清中LRG1和CA19-9水平明显偏高(P<0.01),慢性胰腺炎组和正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);胰腺癌临床分期与患者血清LRG1水平相关,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期恶性肿瘤患者血清LRG1水平明显高于I、Ⅱ期恶性肿瘤患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);联合检测LRG1、CA19-9 受试者工作特征曲线下面积大于单独检测CA19-9(P<0.05)。结论:LRG1可作为胰腺癌诊断潜在的生物标志物,联合检测血清LRG1及CA19-9水平可提高胰腺癌的早期诊断率。     

Prostate-specific antigen

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is serine protease produced at high concentrations by normal and malignant prostatic epithelium. It is mainly secreted into seminal fluid, where it digests the gel forming after ejaculation. Only minor amounts of PSA leak out into circulation from the normal prostate, but the release of PSA is increased in prostatic disease. Thus PSA is a sensitive serum marker for prostate cancer but its specificity is limited by a high frequency of falsely elevated values in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Approximately two-thirds of all elevated values (>4 microg/l) in men over 50 years of age are due to BPH. In serum, most of the PSA immunoreactivity consists of a complex between PSA and alpha1-antichymotrypsin (PSA-ACT) whereas approximately 5-40% are free. The proportion of PSA-ACT is larger and the free fraction is smaller in prostate cancer than in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Determination of the proportion of free PSA has become widely used to improve the cancer specificity of PSA especially in men with PSA values in the 'grey zone' (4-10 microg/l). PSA also occurs in complexes with other protease inhibitors and determination of these and other markers may further improve the diagnostic accuracy for prostate cancer. Interpretation of the results for many different markers is complicated, but this can be simplified by using statistical methods. The diagnostic accuracy can be further improved by using logistic regression or neural networks to estimate the combined impact of marker results and other findings like digital rectal examination (DRE), transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and heredity.     

Prostate-specific antigen

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has revolutionized the diagnosis and management of men with prostate cancer. Significant advances have been made since the early development of immunoassays. While PSA is useful for staging and monitoring of established disease, it has shown the greatest utility in the realm of early detection realm. PSA is the most important tumor marker; its importance in evaluating men for the possibility of prostate cancer is irrefutable. Enhancing specificity is a pressing need. In this regard, the recognition of the molecular forms of free PSA and complex PSA have shown the most promise and undoubtedly will result in fewer false-positive PSA test results. The salient literature is reviewed and commentary made on the current status of PSA with particular emphasis on methods to enhance its specificity in early detection and applications.     

Breast epithelial antigen levels and breast tumor antigen content

The relationship between the primary tumor expression of a breast epithelial antigen, called non-penetrating glycoprotein (NPGP) or breast epithelial mucin, and the same patient's serum level of this antigen at the time of relapse was studied in 23 cases. The expression of NPGP on breast tumors was measured by immunoperoxidase staining using monoclonal antibody Mc5, and quantitated by a histopathological index created for this purpose. Serum levels were measured by a competitive RIA using the same monoclonal antibody. An inverse correlation between these parameters was found, such that tumors having high NPGP levels in serum had a low index, while low NPGP serum levels had a high index. These results show that cellular events in breast tumors could participate in determining NPGP serum levels in breast cancer.     

Immunological heterogeneity of carcinoembryonic antigen: purification from meconium of an antigen related to carcinoembryonic antigen

Two antigens cross-reactive with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and distinct from the nonspecific cross-reacting antigen were identified in meconium by double immunodiffusion with a conventional goat anti-CEA antiserum. These two antigens together competitively inhibited cross-reacting antibodies against them in CEA radioimmunoassay and contributed to the measurement of meconium CEA levels which averaged 6 times higher than that determined with anti-CEA specific antibody. A purification method for one of these antigens, tentatively designated meconium antigen, is described and uses a combination of ethanol fractionation, ion-exchange and molecular sieve chromatography, and adsorption to an immunoadsorbent containing a cross-reactive murine monoclonal antibody to CEA. Preliminary characterization of the purified meconium antigen showed it to be a glycoprotein, migrating as an alpha-globulin and having a molecular size similar to that of CEA (Mr 185,000 versus 200,000). Antigenically, it lacks at least one determinant present on CEA and differs further from CEA by being weakly reactive with concanavalin A and resistant to proteolytic digestion with Pronase E. Although these properties of meconium antigen suggest that it may be nonspecific cross-reacting antigen 2, additional chemical and antigenic studies are required to establish its relationship to CEA and other CEA-related antigens in meconium.     

The prostate stem cell antigen represents a novel glioma-associated antigen

Gliomas of WHO grades III-IV are malignant brain tumors mostly resistant to conventional therapies. Therefore, novel strategies for the treatment of gliomas are warranted. Although immunotherapy is gaining increased attention for the treatment of malignant gliomas and in particular of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), this approach requires the identification of appropriate antigens. Our aim was to investigate the expression of the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), a highly N-glycosylated phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein, in gliomas of different WHO grades in order to evaluate its potential as a diagnostic marker and as a target for immunotherapy. Tumor specimens and controls were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The samples investigated in the study consisted of 210 human glial tumors, among which 31 were oligodendrogliomas, 9 ependymomas and 170 were astrocytomas (including 134 glioblastomas). PSCA was absent in normal brain tissue, but was detected in WHO grade III-IV gliomas. Weak PSCA protein expression was also recognized in some WHO grade I and WHO grade II tumors. The difference between WHO grade I-II tumors and WHO grade III-IV tumors was statistically significant (p<0.001). Our results suggest that increased PSCA expression levels are linked to gliomas of WHO grades III and IV, and may represent a suitable additional target for immunotherapy of gliomas.     

Next-generation prostate-specific antigen test: precursor form of prostate-specific antigen

An urgent need exists to develop a more sophisticated screening system in order to improve diagnostic accuracy of clinically significant cancer and also to reduce the drawbacks of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening including overdetection and overtreatment. The most promising next-generation PSA test, which can improve the management of prostate cancer, may be proenzyme PSA (proPSA) or precursor PSA (pPSA). proPSA has pro-leader peptide sequences of seven or less amino acids and previous studies demonstrated that [?2]proPSA, which contains only a 2-amino-acid propeptide leader, could be more useful not only to distinguish between men with and without cancer, but also between tumors with aggressive features with performance exceeding other classical PSA-related indices including ratio of free PSA to total PSA (%f-PSA) and PSA density. Recently, it was demonstrated that baseline [?2]proPSA-related indices were independent factors to predict pathological reclassification at one year or several years after entering active surveillance. Furthermore, a retrospective study suggested that [?2]proPSA might be a useful predictive marker for future developing clinically manifested prostate cancer as well as aggressive tumors. ProPSA-related indices may have the potential for developing a more ideal risk classification for men at risk for prostate cancer, with a screening system maintaining the sensitivity of detecting clinically significant prostate cancer while saving cost, individualized treatment strategies, and follow-up procedures of active surveillance or active treatments. At a minimum, proPSA will be one of the most important new markers on the prostate cancer management in the near future.     

Tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen, tissue polypeptide antigen, and carbohydrate antigen 19/9 in liver diseases

The tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), and carbohydrate antigen 19/9 (CA19/9) have been compared with regard to their sensitivity to liver diseases. All three markers have been found to be sensitive to liver diseases, but to a different degree: TPA rises the most; CEA the least. The sensitivities of TPA and CA19/9 are higher in a group of liver diseases than, for comparison, in a group of colorectal carcinomas.